Marine Automation and Control System_MET425

1. What is Automation?
Automation:↳
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Automatic + COperation
The utilization of devices, mechanisms, control system and information technology,
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to optimize productivity, safety, and economical operation.

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2. Compare automated and non-automated system?

In non-automated system, the human is fully involved and directly connected to the plant;
hence the system is fully affected by human reactions and errors that could be less reliable or
safe.
An automated system can be configured by introducing a control system (controller) to fully
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separate between the human and the plant.
This configuration can:
①o Enhance personal safety
①o Increase overall system quality by reducing the possible human errors.
③o Achieve complex tasks and control operation sequences with less time and more
productivity.

Non-automated
systems

3. What does an Automated System consist of?

① ② ⑤ ⑪ ⑤ ③
Human, command devices, information devices, sensing devices, actuator devices, control
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devices, plant. 7
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4. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of automated system?

①
Advantages: speed, reliability, repeatability, rollback, safety.
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Disadvantages:
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High initial cost
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Security Threats/ Vulnerability
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Unpredictable/ excessive development cost: the research and development cost of
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automating a process may exceed the cost saved by the automation itself.

5. Explain close loop and open loop and draw the block diagram?
In closed loop control system, the system is self-adjustable as data is fed back though a sensor
or to the controller, telling it to adjust itself accordingly.
Typical controller for such closed loop system are microcontrollers (𝜇𝑐) ,digital
signal processor (DSP), and modern PLCs

• An open-loop system is a control system where the output is not directly regulated by
feedback.
• The output signal of OLCS is not fed back to influence the control action.
• The control action of an OLCS depends only on the input signal.
• OLCS are not capable of filtering disturbances or noise.
• OLCS are suitable when input signal for satisfactory system performance can be
estimated/approximated and does not change.

6. Compare open loop and closed loop in terms of advantages and disadvantages.
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③ -
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7. Describe the terms of PID controller?

Proportional (P) Term: to handle the present, it multiplied by a negative constant and add to
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the control quantity. The proportional term is directly proportional to the current error, which
is the difference between the desired setpoint and the actual process variable. Its effect is to
provide an immediate response to the error. The larger the error, the larger the control effort
applied. However, using only the proportional term can lead to steady-state error, where the
system never quite reaches the setpoint.
Integral (I) Term: to handle the past, error is added up over a period, multiplied by negative
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constant and added to control quantity. The integral term accumulates the error over time and
integrates it into the control signal. It acts to eliminate the steady-state error by continuously
adjusting the control effort based on the accumulated error. The integral term is crucial for
systems with non-zero steady-state error or those affected by disturbances.
Derivative (D) Term: to handle the future, the first derivative of the error is calculated,
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multiplied by negative constant and added to the control quantity. The derivative term considers
the rate of change of the error. It provides damping or anticipatory control, counteracting rapid
changes in the error. The derivative term helps in improving stability and reducing overshoot
and oscillations in the system's response.

8. What are the types of mechanical systems, and what are the main component of each
system?
Translational mechanical systems: Translational mechanical systems move along a straight
line.
•Q Mass: Mass is the property of a body, which stores kinetic energy.
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•0 Spring: Spring is an element, which stores potential energy.

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•3 Dashpot or Damper: It is defined as the force which opposes the relative motion.
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Rotational mechanical systems: Rotational mechanical systems move in a circular motion

about fixed axis.
•Q Moment of inertia: moment of inertia stores kinetic energy.
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•⑳ -
Torsional spring: torsional spring stores potential energy
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 •③ Dashpot.
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9. What are the types of Systems based on Stability?

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① Absolutely stable system: is the system that provides bounded output even for the variation in
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the parameters of the system.

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② Conditionally stable system: it gives bounded output for the only specific conditions of the
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system that is defined by the parameter of the system.

③ Marginally stable system: is the one that generates a signal which is oscillating with constant
frequency and amplitude when a bounded input is provided to it.

10. What is relay logic and its applications?

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Relay logic is a method of implementing combinational logic in electrical control circuits by

using several electrical relays wired in a particular configuration.
Applications:
①▪ Distribution Panels
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②▪ Power Distribution Panels

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③▪ Power Factor Control Panel

Q
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▪ DG Synchronization Panels
⑤▪ Fire Fighting Panel
⑥ ▪ MCC Panel
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⑦ ▪ Oven Control Panel

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⑧▪ Heat Control Panel

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- ▪ PCC Panel
⑭ ▪ VFD Control Panel
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11. What is the function and theory of operation ofA

Contactor?
T -
The contactor is used as an operating device in circuits. Contactors have coil inside, once it
receives signal from control circuit the coil get magnetized and push movable contact to
connect it to the three phase terminals.

12. What is the -

soft starter and its application?
A soft starter is an additional device (or a control system) that can be added to a typical AC
electric motor to allow a different startup method for the motor. The purpose of this device is
to temporarily reduce electric current surge of the motor during start-up.
QPump Applications
- Conveyor Belts
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③ Fans and Similar Systems

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④ Electrical Helicopters
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13. What is the difference between fuse and circuit breaker?
Fuse: small resistance resistor that has sacrificial parts which burn at high current to protect
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other electric devices. Fuses need to be changed in case of burning.

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Circuit breaker: unlike fuse can be used again it stops high the high current once it detects it.
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To protect other devices from damage.

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14. Draw the power and relay logic circuit of a MCC that can be used to start the motor from
two locations.

F
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Fuse

& start 2 start !

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G
D

⑭to
&

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