ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Contour Integration
Evaluation of Real Integrals
The evaluation of certain types of real definite integrals of complex functions over
suitable closed paths or contours and applying Cauchy’s Residue theorem is known as
Contour Integration.
Type 1: Integration round the unit circle
2𝜋
Integrals of the form ∫0 𝑓(cos 𝜃, sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 where f is a rational function in 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and
sin 𝜃
To evaluate this type of integrals
We take the unit circle |𝑧| = 1 as the contour C.
On |𝑧| = 1, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧
⟹ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧
𝑑𝑧
∴ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧
1
𝑒 𝑖𝜃+𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧+
𝑧 𝑧 2+1
Also, cos 𝜃 = = =
2 2 2𝑧

𝑒 𝑖𝜃−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧 2−1

and, sin 𝜃 = =
2𝑖 2𝑖𝑧

|𝑧| = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋

2𝜋 𝑧 2+1 𝑧 2 −1 𝑑𝑧
∴ ∫0 𝑓 (cos 𝜃, sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝑐 𝑓 ( , ) 𝑖𝑧
2𝑧 2𝑖𝑧
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝜽
Example: Evaluate ∫𝒐 using Contour integration.
𝟓+𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Solution:

Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 −1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑖𝑧
𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
∴ ∫𝑜 = ∫𝑐 𝑖𝑧
𝑧2 −1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
5+4 sin 𝜃 5+4( )
2𝑖𝑧

𝑑𝑧
𝑖𝑧
= ∫𝑐 5𝑖𝑧+2𝑧2 −2
𝑖𝑧

𝑑𝑧
= ∫𝑐 2𝑧 2+5𝑖𝑧−2

= ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 . . . (1)
1
Where, 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 2 +5𝑖𝑧−2

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

To Evaluate, ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), put 2𝑧 2 + 5𝑖𝑧 − 2 = 0
−5𝑖 ± √−25 + 16 −5𝑖 ± 3𝑖
𝑧= =
4 4
𝑖
𝑧 = − 2 , −2𝑖 are poles of order one

Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
𝑖
Consider 𝑧 = − 2
−𝑖 1
⇒ |𝑧 | = | 2 | = 2 < 1
𝑖
∴ 𝑧 = − 2 lies inside 𝐶

Consider 𝑧 = −2𝑖
⇒ |𝑧| = |−2𝑖 | = 2 > 1
∴ 𝑧 = −2𝑖 lies outside 𝐶.
𝑖
Find the residue for inside pole 𝑧 = − 2
𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)] 𝑖 = lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 2) 𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑧=−
2 𝑧→−
2

𝑖 1
= lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 2) 𝑖
𝑧→− 2(𝑍+ )(𝑍+2𝑖)
2 2

1 1
= 𝑖 = 3𝑖
2(− +2𝑖)
2

∴ By Cauchy’s residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 (3𝑖 ) = 3
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫0 5+4 sin 𝜃 = 3
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝜽
Example: Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝟏𝟑+𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 using Contour Integration.

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2−1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = and sin 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑖𝑧
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫0 13+5 sin 𝜃 = ∫𝑐 𝑧2 −1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
13+5( )
2𝑖𝑧

𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
=∫𝑐 26𝑖𝑧+5𝑧2 −5
2𝑖𝑧

𝑑𝑧
= 2∫𝑐 5𝑧 2 +26𝑖𝑧−5

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

= 2∫ 𝑐
𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 5𝑧 2 +26𝑖𝑧−5

To evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), put 5𝑧 2 + 26𝑖𝑧 − 5 = 0
−26𝑖±√−676+100 −26𝑖±24𝑖
𝑧= =
10 10
𝑖
⇒ 𝑧 = − 5 , −5𝑖 are poles of order one.

Given C is |𝑧| = 1
𝑖
Consider 𝑧 = − 5
𝑖 1
⇒ |𝑧| = |− | = < 1
5 5
𝑖
∴ 𝑧 = − 5 lies inside C

Consider 𝑧 = −5𝑖
⇒ |𝑧| = |−5𝑖 | = 5 > 1
∴ 𝑧 = −5𝑖 lies outside 𝐶.
𝑖
Find the residue for inside pole 𝑧 = − 5
𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)] 𝑖 = lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 5) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧= −
5 𝑧→−
5

𝑖 1
= lim𝑖 (𝑧 + )
5 5𝑧 2 +26𝑖𝑧−5
𝑧→−
5

𝑖 1
= lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 5) (5𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧+5𝑖)
𝑧→−
5

𝑖 1
= lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 5) 𝑖
𝑧→− (5(𝑧+ )(𝑧+5𝑖)
5 5

1 1
= 𝑖 = 24𝑖
5(− +5𝑖)
5

∴ By Cauchy’s residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]
1 𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 (24𝑖 ) = 12
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ ∫0 = 2 (12) =
13+5 sin 𝜃 6
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝜽
Example: Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒂+𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 , 𝒂 > 𝑏 > 0 𝑏𝑦using contour integration.

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 +1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑧
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫𝑜 = ∫𝑐 𝑧2 +1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
𝑎+𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑎+𝑏( )
2𝑧

𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
= ∫𝑐 2𝑎𝑧+𝑏𝑧2+𝑏
2𝑧

2 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑖 ∫𝑐 𝑏𝑧 2+2𝑎𝑧+𝑏
2
= 𝑖 ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑏𝑧 2 +2𝑎𝑧+𝑏

To evaluate ∫𝑐 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑧 2 + 2𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏
−2𝑎±√4(𝑎 2−𝑏2 ) −𝑎±√𝑎 2 −𝑏 2
𝑧= =
2𝑏 𝑏

−𝑎+√𝑎 2 −𝑏2 −𝑎+√𝑎 2−𝑏2

𝑧= , are poles of order one.
𝑏 𝑏

−𝑎+√𝑎 2 −𝑏2
Clearly, 𝑧 = =∝ lies inside 𝑐
𝑏

−𝑎−√𝑎 2−𝑏2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = = 𝛽 lies outside 𝑐
𝑏

Since a > b, we can write 𝑏𝑧 2 + 2𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏 = 𝑏(𝑧 − 𝛼)(𝑧 − 𝛽)

Find the residue for inside pole 𝑧 = 𝛼
1
𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=𝛼 = lim (𝑧 − 𝛼 ) 𝑏(𝑧−𝛼)(𝑧−𝛽)
𝑧→𝛼
1
= 𝑏(𝛼−𝛽)
1
=
2√𝑎 2 −𝑏2

∴ By Cauchy residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]
1
= 2𝜋𝑖 [ ]
2√𝑎 2 −𝑏2
𝜋𝑖
= √𝑎2
−𝑏2
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2 𝜋𝑖
(1) ⟹ ∫𝑜 = 𝑖 [√𝑎2 ]
𝑎+𝑏 cos 𝜃 −𝑏 2
2𝜋
= √𝑎2
−𝑏2
𝟐𝝅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜽 𝒅𝜽
Example: Evaluate ∫𝑶 using contour integration.
𝟓−𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Solution:

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 +1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑧

cos 3𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 𝑖3𝜃 = 𝑅. 𝑃 (𝑧 3 )

(𝑍3 )𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 cos 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋 𝑅.𝑃 𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫𝑂 5−4 cos 𝜃 = ∫𝑂 𝑧2+1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
5−4( )
2𝑧

𝑧 3𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
= 𝑅. 𝑃∫𝑐 5𝑧−(2𝑧2 +2)
𝑍

1
= 𝑅. 𝑃 (− 𝑖 ) ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑧3
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 2𝑧 2 −5𝑧+2

To evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑝𝑢𝑡 2𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 2 = 0
5+√25−16 5±3
𝑧= =
4 4
1
⇒ 𝑧 = 2, are poles of order one.
2

Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
1
Consider 𝑧 = 2
1 1
⇒ |𝑧| = |2| = 2 < 1
1
∴ 𝑧 = 2 lies inside 𝐶
Consider 𝑧 = 2
⇒ |𝑧| = |2| = 2 > 1
∴ 𝑧 = 2 lies outside 𝐶
1
Find the residue for inside pole 𝑧 = 2
1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=1 = lim1 (𝑧 − ) 𝑓(𝑧)
2 2 𝑧→
2

1
= lim1 (𝑧 − ) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→ 2
2

1 𝑧3
= lim1 (𝑧 − 2) (2𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
𝑧→
2

1 𝑧3
= lim1 (𝑧 − 2) 1
𝑧→ 2(𝑧− )(𝑧−2)
2 2

1 3
( ) 1
2
= 1 = − 24
2( −2)
2

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]
1 𝜋𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 (− 24) = − 12
2𝜋 cos 3𝜃 1 𝜋𝑖 𝜋
(1) ⇒ ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑅. 𝑃 (− 𝑖 ) (− 12) = 12
5−4 cos 𝜃
2𝜋 sin2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2𝜋 cos 2𝜃𝑑𝜃
Example: Evaluate ∫𝑂 = ∫𝑂
5−3 cos 𝜃 10−6 cos 𝜃

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 +1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑧

cos 2𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 𝑖2𝜃 = 𝑅. 𝑃 (𝑍 2 )

(𝑧2)𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 sin2 𝜃 1−𝑅.𝑃
𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫𝑂 5−3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝑂 𝑧2 +1
10−6( )
2𝑧

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
(1−𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
= 𝑅. 𝑃 ∫𝐶 10𝑧−3𝑧2 −3
𝑧

1 (1−𝑧 2)𝑑𝑧
= 𝑅. 𝑃 (− 𝑖 ) ∫𝐶 3𝑧 2 −10𝑍+3
1
= 𝑅. 𝑃 (− 𝑖 ) ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1−𝑧 2
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 3𝑧 2 −10𝑧+3

To evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑝𝑢𝑡 3𝑧 2 − 10𝑧 + 3 = 0
10±√100−36 10±8
𝑧= =
6 6
1
∴ 𝑧 = 3, 3 are poles of order one.

Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
1
Consider 𝑧 = 3
1 1
⇒ |𝑧| = |3| = 3 < 1
1
∴ 𝑧 = 3 lies inside 𝐶
Consider 𝑧 = 3
⇒ |𝑧| = |3| = 3 < 1
∴ 𝑧 = 3 lies outside 𝐶
1
Find the residue for inside pole 𝑧 = 3

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=1 = lim1 (𝑧 − ) 𝑓(𝑧)
3 3 𝑧→
3

1 (1−𝑍 2)
= lim1 (𝑧 − 3) 1
𝑧→ 3(𝑍− )(𝑍−3)
3 3

1 2
1−( ) 1
3
= 1 = −9
3 ( −3)
3

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1
= 2𝜋𝑖 (− 9 )
2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 2𝜋𝑖 2𝜋
(1) ⇒ ∫𝑂 = 𝑅. 𝑃 (− 𝑖 ) (− )=
5−3 cos 𝜃 9 9
𝜋 1+2 cos 𝜃
Example: Using Contour Integration, evaluate the real integral ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃
5+4 cos 𝜃

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑍 2 +1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑍
𝜋 1+2 cos 𝜃 1 2𝜋 1+2 cos 𝜃
Now, ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃
5+4 cos 𝜃 5+4 cos 𝜃

2𝑎 𝑎
[∵ ∫𝑂 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫𝑂 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥)]
𝑧2 +1) 𝑑𝑧
1 2𝜋 1+2 cos 𝜃 1 1+[1+2 ( )]
2𝑧 𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫𝐶 2
2 𝑂 5+4 cos 𝜃 5+4 (
𝑧 +1)
)
2𝑧

1 (𝑧 2+𝑧+1)
= 2𝑖 ∫𝐶 𝑧(2𝑧 2 +5𝑧+2

1
= 2𝑖 ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑧 2+𝑧+1
Where, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑍(2𝑧 2 +5𝑧+2)

To evaluate ∫𝑪 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧(2𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 + 2) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 0; 2𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 + 2 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑧 = 0; 𝑧 = −2, 𝑧 = − 2 are poles of order one.

Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
Consider 𝑧 = 0
⇒ |𝑧 | = | 0 | = 0 < 1

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

∴ 𝑧 = 0 lies inside 𝐶
Consider 𝑧 = −2
⇒ |𝑧| = |−2| = 2 > 1
∴ 𝑧 = −2 lies outside 𝐶
1
Consider 𝑧 = − 2
1 1
⇒ |𝑧| = |− 2| = 2 < 1
1
∴ 𝑧 = − 2 lies inside 𝐶

Find the residue for the inside pole

(i) When 𝑧 = 0
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=0 = Lt (𝑧 − 0)𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑧→𝑂
(𝑧 2+𝑧+1) 1
Lt 𝑧 =2
𝑧→𝑂 𝑍(2𝑍 2+5𝑧+2)
1
(ii) When 𝑧 = − 2
1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑧=−1 = lim1 (𝑧 + 2) 𝑓 (𝑧)
2 𝑧→−
2

1 𝑧 2 +𝑧+1
= lim1 (𝑧 + 2) 𝑍(2𝑧+1)(𝑧+2)
𝑧→−
2

1 𝑧 2 +𝑧+1
= lim1 (𝑧 + 2) 1
𝑧→− 𝑍 2(𝑧+ )(𝑧+2)
2 2

1 1
− +1
4 2
= 1 1
2(− )(− +2)
2 2
3
4 1
= 3 = −2
−
2

∴ By Cauchy's Residue Theorem

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1 1
= 2𝜋𝑖 [2 − 2] = 0
1 2𝜋 1+2 cos 𝜃 1
(1) ⇒ ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑖 [0] = 0
2 5+4 cos 𝜃

Type II: Integration around semi – circular contour

∞ 𝑓(𝑥)
Integrals of the form ∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥,

where 𝑓 (𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are polynomials in 𝑥, such that the degree of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is less than that of
𝑔(𝑥) atleast by two and 𝑔(𝑥) does not vanish for any value of 𝑥.
Let C be a closed contour of real axis from −𝑅 to 𝑅 and semicircle ′𝑆′ of radius 𝑅 above real
axis.

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Thus,
𝑓(𝑧) 𝑅 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑧)
∫𝐶 = ∫−𝑅 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑆 𝑑𝑧
𝑔(𝑧) 𝑔(𝑧)

𝑓(𝑧)
As 𝑅 → ∞, ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 → 0 by Cauchy’s lemma
𝑔(𝑧)

𝑓(𝑧) ∞ 𝑓(𝑥)
= ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = ∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑧)

∞ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Example: Evaluate ∫−∞ (𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) where 𝑎 > 𝑏 > 𝑂

Solution:
Replacement 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
∞ 𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 𝑧 2𝑑𝑧)
∴ ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+𝑎2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) = ∫𝐶 (𝑧 2+𝑎 2)(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

Where C is the upper semi circle

= ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑧2
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 2+𝑎2 )(𝑧2+𝑏2 )

To find the poles, put (𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑧 2 + 𝑏2 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖, 𝑧 = ±𝑏𝑖, are poles of order one.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖, 𝑏𝑖 lies in upper, half of the 𝑧 −plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole
(i) When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
𝑧2
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧→𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 )
𝑧→𝑎𝑖 (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)(𝑧 2 +𝑏2 )

−𝑎 2
= 2𝑎𝑖 (𝑏2−𝑎2 )
𝑎
= 2𝑖 (𝑎2−𝑏2 )

(ii) When 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑏𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖 )𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑧→𝑏𝑖
𝑧2
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖 ) (𝑧 2
𝑧→𝑏𝑖 +𝑎 2 )(𝑧+𝑏𝑖)(𝑧−𝑏𝑖)

𝑏2
= − (𝑎2−𝑏2 )2𝑏𝑖
𝑏
= − 2𝑖 (𝑎2−𝑏2 )

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

𝑎 𝑏
= 2𝜋𝑖 [2𝑖(𝑎2−𝑏2 ) − 2𝑖 (𝑎2 −𝑏2 )]

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

2𝜋𝑖 𝑎−𝑏
= [(𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎+𝑏)]
2𝑖
𝜋
= 𝑎+𝑏
∞ 𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 𝜋
(1) ⇒ ∫−∞ 2 2 2 2 =
(𝑥 +𝑎 )(𝑥 +𝑏 ) 𝑎+𝑏
∞ 𝒅𝒙
Example: Evaluate ∫𝑶 , 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒃 > 𝟎
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )

Solution:
∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
∫𝑂 (𝑥 2+𝑎 2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 )
= 2 ∫−∞ (𝑧 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2 )

Replacement put 𝑥 = 𝑧
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
∴ 2 ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+𝑎2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) = 2 ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+𝑎2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 )

Where C is the upper semi circle

1
= 2 ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 2
+𝑎 2 )(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )

To find the poles, put (𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑧 2 + 𝑏2 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖, ±𝑏𝑖 are poles of order one.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖, 𝑏𝑖 lies in the upper half of the z- plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole
(i) When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 )𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
1
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
1 1
= 2𝑎𝑖(𝑏2 −𝑎2 ) = − 2𝑎𝑖 (𝑎2 −𝑏2 )

(ii) When 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑏𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖 )𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
1
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖 ) = (𝑧 2 +𝑎2 )(𝑧+𝑏𝑖)(𝑧−𝑏𝑖)
𝑧→𝑏𝑖
1
= (𝑎2−𝑏2 )2𝑏𝑖

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

1 1
∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [− 2𝑎𝑖 (𝑎2−𝑏2 ) + 2𝑏𝑖 (𝑎2−𝑏2 )]
2𝜋𝑖 1 1
= 2𝑖(𝑎2−𝑏2 ) [− 𝑎 + 𝑏]

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

𝜋 𝑎−𝑏
= (𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎−𝑏) ( 𝑎𝑏 )
𝜋
= 𝑎𝑏 (𝑎+𝑏)
1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋
(1) ⟹ 2 ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) = 2 𝑎𝑏 (𝑎+𝑏)
𝜋
= 2𝑎𝑏 (𝑎+𝑏)
∞ 𝒅𝒙
Example: Evaluate ∫−∞ (𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )𝟐

Solution:
Replacement 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
Now, ∫𝑜 = 2 ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)
(𝑥 2+𝑎 2 )2

1 𝑑𝑧
= 2 ∫𝑐 where C is the upper semi circle
(𝑧 2+𝑎 2 )2

1
= 2 ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 2+𝑎2 )2

To find the poles, put (𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 )2 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖 are poles of order 2 here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖 lies in the upper half of z – plane. Find the
residue of the inside pole.
(i) When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = Lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 )2 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑑𝑧 𝑧→𝑎𝑖
𝑑 1
= lim [(𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 )2 (𝑧−𝑎𝑖)2 ]
𝑧→𝑎𝑖 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)2

𝑑 1
= lim [ ]
𝑧→𝑎𝑖 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)2
−2
= lim [(𝑧+𝑎𝑖)3]
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
2 2 1
= − (2𝑎𝑖)3 = − −8𝑎3 𝑖 = 4𝑖𝑎3

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1
= 2𝜋𝑖 (4𝑖𝑎3 )
𝜋
= 2𝑎3
∞ 𝑥 2−𝑥+2
Example: Evaluate ∫−∞ (𝑥 4 +10𝑥 2 +9) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Replacement Put 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧

∞ 𝑥 2−𝑥+2 𝑧 2 −𝑧+2
∴ ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 , where C is the upper semi circle.
(𝑥 4+10𝑥 2 +9) (𝑧 4 +10𝑧 2 +9)

= ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑧 2−𝑧+2
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 4+10𝑧 2 +9)

To find the poles, put 𝑧 4 + 10𝑧 2 + 9 = 0

⇒ (𝑧 2 + 1) (𝑧 2 + 9) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑖, ± 3𝑖 are poles of order one.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑖, 3𝑖 lies in the inside pole
Find the residue of the inside pole.
(i) When 𝑧 = 𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑖 = lim(𝑧 − 𝑖 ) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑖
(𝑧 2−𝑧+2)
= lim [(𝑧 − 𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧−𝑖)(𝑧 2 ]
𝑧→𝑖 +9)

(𝑧 2−𝑧+2)
= lim [(𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧 2+9)]
𝑧→𝑖
−1−𝑖+2 1−𝑖
= (2𝑖)(8)
= 16𝑖

(ii) When 𝑧 = 3𝑖
𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=3𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 3𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→3𝑖 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧 2−𝑧+2)
= lim [(𝑧 − 3𝑖) ]
𝑧→3𝑖 (𝑧 2+1)(𝑧+3𝑖)(𝑧−3𝑖)

(𝑧 2−𝑧+2)
= lim
𝑧→3𝑖 (𝑧 2+1)(𝑧+3𝑖)
−9−3𝑖+2 −7−3𝑖
= =
(−8)(6𝑖) −48𝑖
7+3𝑖
= 48𝑖

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1−𝑖 7+3𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( 16𝑖 + )
48𝑖
3−3𝑖+7+3𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( )
48𝑖
10 5𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 (48𝑖 ) = 12

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

∞ 𝑥 2−𝑥+2 5𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫−∞ 4 𝑑𝑥 =
(𝑥 +10𝑥 2 +9) 12
∞ 𝒅𝒙
Example: Evaluate ∫𝟎
𝒙𝟒 +𝒂𝟒

Solution:
∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
∫0 = 2 ∫−∞ 𝑥 4 +𝑎4
𝑥 4 +𝑎 4

Replacement Put 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑧
∴ 2 ∫−∞ 𝑥 4+𝑎4 = 2 ∫𝐶 where C is the upper semi circle.
𝑧 4 +𝑎 4
1
= 2 ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 4+𝑎4

To find the poles, put 𝑧 4 + 𝑎4 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 4 = −𝑎4
1
⇒ 𝑧 = (−𝑎4 )4
⇒ 𝑧 = (−1)1/4 𝑎
1
= (cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋) 4 𝑎
1
= [cos(𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖 sin(𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋)]4 𝑎
𝜋+2𝑘𝜋 𝜋+2𝑘𝜋
= [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )] 𝑎
4 4
𝜋+2𝑘𝜋
= 𝑎𝑒 +𝑖 ( ) ; 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, 3 … ….
4
𝑖𝜋
When 𝑘 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4
3𝑖𝜋
When 𝑘 = 1, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4

5𝑖𝜋
When 𝑘 = 2, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4

7𝑖𝜋
When 𝑘 = 3, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4 are all poles of order one.
𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4 and , 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4 lies in the upper half of the z plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole
𝑖𝜋
(i)When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4
𝑖𝜋
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)] 𝑖𝜋 (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑒 4 ) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
𝑖𝜋
1
= lim𝑖𝜋 [(𝑧 − 𝑎𝑒 4 ) (𝑧 4 +𝑎4 )]
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
0
= 0 [𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿′ 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒]

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

1
= lim𝑖𝜋 4𝑧 3
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
1
= 3𝑖𝜋
4𝑎 3 𝑒 4
3𝑖𝜋
(ii) When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4

3𝑖𝜋
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)] 3𝑖𝜋 = lim3𝑖𝜋 (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑒 4 ) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧=𝑎𝑒 4
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
3𝑖𝜋
1
= lim3𝑖𝜋 (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑒 4 ) 𝑧 4+𝑎4
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
0
= 0 [𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿′ 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒]
1
= lim3𝑖𝜋
4𝑧 3
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
1
= 9𝑖𝜋
4𝑎 3 𝑒 4

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1 1
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( 3𝑖𝜋 + 9𝑖𝜋 )
4𝑎 3𝑒 4 4𝑎 3 𝑒 4
−𝑖3 𝜋 −𝑖9𝜋
2𝜋𝑖
= 4𝑎3 (𝑒 4 +𝑒 4 )
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
𝜋𝑖
= 2𝑎3 (𝑒 −𝜋𝑖 𝑒 4 + 𝑒 −𝑖2𝜋 𝑒 − 4 ) [∵ 𝑒 −𝜋𝑖 = −1]
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
𝜋𝑖
= 2𝑎3 ((−1)𝑒 4 + (−1)𝑒 − 4 ) [∵ 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑖 = −1]
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
−
−𝜋𝑖 𝑒 4 −𝑒 4 𝑒𝑖𝑥 −𝑒−𝑖𝑥
= ( ) [∵ = 𝑖 sin 𝑥]
𝑎3 2 2

−𝜋𝑖 𝜋
= (𝑖 sin 4 )
𝑎3
𝜋 1
= 𝑎 3 ( 2)
√
∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫𝑜 = ( )
(𝑥 4+𝑎 4 ) 2 √2𝑎 3
∞ 𝒅𝒙
Example: Evaluate ∫−∞ (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)𝟑

Solution:
Replacement Put 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
∴ ∫−∞ (𝑥 4+1)3 = ∫𝐶 where C is the upper semi circle.
(𝑧 4+1)3

= ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1 )

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 4+1)3

To find the poles, put (𝑧 2 + 1)3 = 0

⇒ 𝑧2 + 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑖 are poles of order 3.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑖 lies in the upper half of z – plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole 𝑧 = 𝑖
1 𝑑2
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑖 = Lim 2 (𝑧 − 𝑖)3 𝑓(𝑧)
2 𝑑𝑧 𝑧→𝑖
1 𝑑2 1
= 2! Lim 𝑑𝑧 2 [(𝑧 − 𝑖 )3 (𝑧+𝑖)3 (𝑧−𝑖)3 ]
𝑧→𝑖
1 𝑑2 1
= 2! Lim 𝑑𝑧 2 [(𝑧+𝑖)3 ]
𝑧→𝑖
1 𝑑 −3
= 2 lim 𝑑𝑧 [(𝑧+𝑖)4 ]
𝑧→𝑖
1 12 6 3
= 2 (2𝑖)5 = 32𝑖 = 16𝑖

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

3 3𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 (16𝑖 ) = 8
∞ 𝑑𝑥 3𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫−∞ 4 3 =
(𝑥 +1) 8

Type III
Integrals of the form
∞ 𝑓(𝑥) ∞ 𝑓(𝑥)
∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑧) sin(𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 (𝑜𝑟) ∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

To evaluate this integral, write sin(𝑛𝑥) and cos(𝑛𝑥) in terms of 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑥 thus,

𝑓(𝑧) ∞ 𝑑(𝑧)
∫𝐶 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑧)

Where C is the closed curve as in type II and finally equate imaginary part or real part
accordingly to get the required integral.
∞ cos 𝑚𝑥
Example: Evaluate ∫𝑜 𝑑𝑥, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑚 > 0
𝑥 2 +𝑎 2

Solution:
Replacement put 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧 and cos 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑅. 𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑛
∞ cos 𝑚𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑅𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑥
Now, ∫𝑜 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑎 2 𝑥 2 +𝑎 2

1 𝑅𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
= 2 ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where C is the upper semi circle.
𝑧 2+𝑎 2

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

𝑅.𝑃
= 2
∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
Where 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 +𝑎2

To find the poles, put 𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖 are poles of order one.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖 lies in the upper half of z – plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
= lim
𝑧→𝑎𝑖 (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)
𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
= 2𝑎𝑖

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( )
2𝑎𝑖
𝜋 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
= 𝑎
∞ cos 𝑚𝑥 𝑅.𝑃 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎 𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫𝑜 𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = (𝜋 )= 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
2 𝑎 2𝑎
∞ 𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥
Example: Evaluate ∫𝑜 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑎 > 0, 𝑚 > 0
𝑥 2+𝑎 2

Solution:
Replacement 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin(𝑚𝑥) = 𝐼𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑥
∞ 𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑥𝐼𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑥
Now, ∫𝑂 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+𝑎 2 𝑥 2 +𝑎 2

𝐼.𝑃 𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
= ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where C is the upper semi circle.
2 𝑧 2 +𝑎 2
𝐼.𝑃
= 2
∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2+𝑎2

To find the poles, put 𝑓(𝑧), put 𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖 are poles of order one.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖 lies in the upper half of z – plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
(𝑎𝑖)𝑒 −𝑚𝑎 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
= =
2𝑎𝑖 2

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( ) = 𝜋 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
2
∞ 𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 𝐼.𝑃 𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫𝑜 𝑑𝑥 = (𝜋𝑖 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎 ) = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
𝑥 2+𝑎 2 2 2
∞ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example: Evaluate ∫−∞ (𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) , 𝑎 > 𝑏 > 0

Solution:
Replacement 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑧 cos 𝑥 = 𝑅. 𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑥
∞ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑅𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Now, ∫−∞ 𝑥 2 +𝑎2 (𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) = ∫𝑐 (𝑧 2+𝑎 2 )(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )

where C is the upper semi circle.

𝑅.𝑃
= 2
∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑒 𝑖𝑧
Where, 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 2 +𝑎2 )(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )

To find the poles, put 𝑓(𝑧), put (𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑧 2 + 𝑏2 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖, ±𝑏𝑖 are poles of order one here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖, 𝑏𝑖 lies in the upper half of z – plane.
To find the residue for the inside pole
(i) when 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑧
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑧
= lim
𝑧→𝑎𝑖 (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )
𝑒 −𝑎 −𝑒 −𝑎
= (2𝑎𝑖)(𝑏2−𝑎2 ) = (2𝑎𝑖)(𝑎2 −𝑏2 )

(ii) when 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑏𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑏𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑧
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖 ) (𝑧 2+𝑎2)(𝑧+𝑏𝑖)(𝑧−𝑏𝑖)
𝑧→𝑏𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑧
= lim
𝑧→𝑏𝑖 (𝑧 2+𝑎 2 )(𝑧+𝑏𝑖)

𝑒 −𝑏
= 2𝑏𝑖(𝑎2 −𝑏2 )

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

𝑒 −𝑎 𝑒 −𝑏
= 2𝜋𝑖 ((2𝑎𝑖)(𝑎2 −𝑏2 ) + (2𝑏𝑖)(𝑎2−𝑏2 ))

2𝜋𝑖 𝑒 −𝑏 𝑒 −𝑎
= (2𝑖)(𝑎2−𝑏2 ) [ − ]
𝑏 𝑎

𝜋 𝑒 −𝑏 𝑒 −𝑎
= (𝑎2 −𝑏2) [ − ]
𝑏 𝑎

∞ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝑎𝑒 −𝑏 −𝑏𝑒 −𝑎 𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫−∞ 2 2 2 2 𝑅. 𝑃. 2 2 ( ) = 𝑎𝑏 (𝑎2−𝑏2 ) (𝑎𝑒 −𝑏 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑎 )
(𝑥 +𝑎 )(𝑥 +𝑏 ) 𝑎 −𝑏 𝑎𝑏

MA8251 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II