LESSON 7

THE VARIOUS PURPOSES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

Did you have fun creating multimedia presentation in the previous

lesson? Good! Recall that the first few steps in the creation of your digital
multimodal text was to determine the purpose of your web presentation. For
most of you, you have probably decided that your digital multimodal text’s
main purpose would be to inform. As it should be, given the nature of the
activity. However, “to inform” is just one of the purposes for communicating.

Thus, in this lesson you will learn the five main purposes of oral
communication for academic purposes. Each, being equally important as the
other, for they help you make snap decisions on what to say, how to say it, and
when to say it.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. differentiate the five purposes of communication;
2. recognize how each kind of speech attain these purposes;
3. write own speech; and
4. deliver speech confidently.

A. FUNCTIONS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

Can you imagine a world without oral speech, without people
conversing orally with one another? No? It would be hard, right? Because
even now when all of us have limited face to face interaction due to the
pandemic, we still communicate orally from time to time through voice calls
and video calls. Take your synchronous classes as a case in point. Another
case in point is when you do voice calls or video calls with your friends
using FB Messenger. See? It is hard to imagine a world where we don’t talk
(read: oral speech) to our friends, parents, siblings,
teachers, etc.
Though we communicate with our friends and
relatives (who don’t live with us), we use chats thru FB
Messenger mainly. But what happens when we
communicate purely through chats? Perhaps there
would be an understanding between the persons
chatting, or there could be misinterpretation. Take this
chat for example.

How was misunderstanding averted in this chat?

Write down your answer here:
__________________________________________________
What if the response “yeah right” was misinterpreted? Correct! There would
be an ensuing fight between the persons talking.

So, what’s the point? Oral speech or talk makes communication

easier. Had the chat been oral talk for instance, the utterance “Yeah right”
would have been easier to interpret. There would be no mistaking it for
either sarcasm or simple agreement because you’re there to see the
person’s facial expression while he is saying it and you’re there to hear his
tone voice as he utters “Yeah right”.

Another example would be this: if you see fire starting at your

neighbor’s house and you need to tell everyone about it, would it not be
easier and faster to shout “FIRE!” than to write S.O.S. (LOL) or point wildly
at the burning house?

Oral communication is as indispensable as written (e.g., letters, notes,

memos, messages, etc.) and visual communication (e.g., infographics,
slogans, posters, etc.). The speaker and the listener exchange thoughts and
ideas, and if the communication is effective, clear understanding is
achieved. Indeed, clear and sincere talk in most cases, makes
communication fast and efficient, especially when there is visual
confirmation of what is being said or how the listener is taking what he is
hearing.

As you have learned in the previous lessons, communication has the

highest chances of being successful when you correctly make decisions on
what to say in order to put across your intended message (read: the
message to be delivered) and how to say what you want to say. Your
decision on these are normally influenced by the recipient of the message
as well as your purpose for communicating. In everyday talk or speech,
these decisions are automatic. This is why you are able to carry out simple
conversations or even negotiate what you’d like to do or to happen. In
short, you know the functions of oral communication for you actively
engage in them on a daily basis.

For academic purposes, let us examine these purposes or functions of

oral communication to further enrich your knowledge and hone your oral
communication skills in order for you to have a fighting chance at becoming
an eloquent speaker.

Functions or Purposes of Oral Communication

1. To give/provide information
2. To persuade
3. To entertain (or to imagine)
 4. *To meet social expectations

Sources: Padilla, Dagdag, & Roxas (2018) as cited in Lull & Coopman’s Public Speaking: The Evolving Art
*Brittanica

1. Communicate to Provide Information

You had a taste of this in lesson 6 when you created and delivered
your own multimedia presentation using your chosen tool of technology
for communication. When you created your multimedia presentation, you
made sure that the information you included were truthful, relevant, and
timely. You researched on your topic, made your outline, and created
your slides before delivering it in class. How would rate yourself as a
truthful disseminator of information?

Since we live in this day and age when we spend more time online
than offline, and more and more of us depend on social media for the
daily news, it is all the more important that we become critical
consumers of information as well as truthful providers or disseminators
of information. Being one could mitigate the pervasive practice of sharing
information that are more often than not misleading, or worst fake. That
is why in the previous lessons, you have always been cautioned to
research well and perform fact-checks first.

Thus, when communicating to provide information, keep in mind

that your goal is to present the information in an impartial way so as not
to influence your listeners to your way of thinking. For example, if you
must present the advantages and disadvantages of online classes, your
listeners must not get a hint of your preference. Your tone and choice of
words, therefore, must be neutral and objective. Such is the nature of
informative communication.

a. Major Types of Informative Speeches

Informative speeches generally talk about objects, processes,
events, and concepts. As such, they come in four types (one of which,
you have already done in Lesson 6): informative speech about objects,
informative speech about process, informative speech about events,
informative speech about concepts.

1. Informative speech about objects

Speeches about objects center on things, people, places,
products, or animals. Given the time constraints, you cannot
discuss any topic extensively. However, you can provide a focused
discussion of any aspect concerning the topic. For example, a
speech about tombstones may center on grave markers, or the
 uniquely designed tombstones in an old cemetery. Another option
is to say something about the tombstones of great personalities
who had lived decades before.

Here is an example of an informative speech about an object.

Watch the video here. Done watching? Now, answer these
questions.

➢ What is the speaker talking about?

______________________________________________________________
➢ What did the speech focus on?
______________________________________________________________
➢ How did the speaker make it possible for you to understand her
topic?
______________________________________________________________
➢ Was there an instance during the speech when you felt the
speaker is leaning to a particular position? Point out this part.
______________________________________________________________

2. Informative speech about processes

Some speeches discuss processes or patterns of action.
Demonstration speeches or how-to videos fall in this category. For
your audience to fully understand a process, you must give a
succinct, step-by-step procedure. You must provide a strong and
explicit connection between patterns of action and their outcomes.
To see a sample of this informative speech, watch this video, then
answer these questions.

➢ What is the speaker talking about?

_____________________________________________________________
➢ Were you able to able to understand the process?
_____________________________________________________________
➢ How did the speaker make it possible for you to understand the
procedure?
_____________________________________________________________
➢ Was there an instance during the speech when you felt the
speaker is leaning to a particular position? Point out this part.
_____________________________________________________________

3. Informative speech about events

On the other hand, speeches about events focus on things
that already happened, are happening, or will happen. If you are
tasked to deliver this kind of informative speech, you can include
historical facts, but these must be woven seamlessly into your
 speech in order to provide a better context for your audience.
Ergo, this type of speech should not be a case of “info dump”, but
rather a careful exploration and chronicling of an event. Would you
like to see a sample? Watch this video, then answer the questions
below.

➢ What is the speaker talking about?

_____________________________________________________________
➢ Were you able to able to understand how and why it happened?
_____________________________________________________________
➢ How did the speaker make it possible for you to understand the
event?
_____________________________________________________________
➢ Was there an instance during the speech when you felt the
speaker is leaning to a particular position? Point out this part.
_____________________________________________________________

4. Informative speech about concepts

The fourth type of informative speech centers on beliefs,
ideas, and theories. Concepts are usually more abstract than
basic information and instructions. For this reason, you need to
divide a big concept into smaller chunks, and you need to provide
examples that make the concepts more meaningful. Doing this will
make your speech about a concept easy to understand.
Democracy, terrorism, Taoism, Confucianism, and feminism are
examples of concepts. Now, watch this video to see a sample of this
speech, then answer these questions.

➢ What concept is the speaker talking about?

_____________________________________________________________
➢ Did you understand the concept she was talking about?
_____________________________________________________________
➢ How did the speaker make it possible for you to understand the
concept?
_____________________________________________________________
➢ Was there an instance during the speech when you felt the
speaker is leaning to a particular position? Point out this part.
_____________________________________________________________
 Which of these did you do in lesson 6? _____________________ Great! Take
a short break before doing Task 1. This pasta is for you!

Source: https://www.istockphoto.com/search/2/image?phrase=spaghetti

Task 1
A. Directions: Provide a specific angle for each broad topic. An angle is the
specific viewpoint from which you are going to write your speech.

Here is an example from Oaks (n.d.):

Topic: Probiotics

Angle: Probiotics benefit digestive health, but other claimed benefits have
not been proven.

1. Objects: Siargao
2. Processes: Surfing
3. Events: Pandemics
4. Concepts: Morality

B. Directions: Choose one topic from the list in letter A. Steer clear of the kind
of speech you have already done in lesson 6. And just like what you did in
the previous lesson, write an outline the topic you have chosen. Have your
output approved by your professor.

C. Directions: Write a short speech for the outline your professor has
approved. The INITIAL draft of your informative speech must include a
clear and specific purpose and thesis statement. A thesis statement is a one
or two-sentence encapsulation of your main idea. This statement is then
addressed and justified in the entire speech. Conduct a thorough research
about the topic so you have sufficient information to build your main
points. Use the rubric below as your guide.
 Components 5 4 3
Your topic and Your topic and/or Your topic and/or
purpose are clear, purposes could be purpose is unclear
relevant, and clearer or more or irrelevant. Your
interesting to your relevant to your word choice does
Purpose/Audience/Topic/Word
specified audience. specified audience. not suit your target
Choice
Your used the Your word choice is audience.
appropriate somehow appropriate
language and to your audience.
register.
Your introduction is You have a good start You need a more
clear, interesting, but it still needed an compelling
and linked to the element that draws introduction, or a
Introduction
body of your and sustains the clearer preview of
speech. attention of your your main idea.
listeners.
You have employed You need to reorganize Your speech lacks
a pattern and your points, take out cohesiveness
transitional devices unnecessary and/or transitional
that make your information, or add devices, which
Body and Transitions speech easy to supporting details to could make your
follow. strengthen your main speech difficult for
idea. You also need to the audience to
provide stronger cues understand.
to your audience.
Your speech Your speech includes Your ideas are not
includes rhetorical rhetorical support, but supported by data,
support such as some of these examples, or
concrete examples, examples are either illustrations.
Support/Explanation of Ideas
illustrations, unnecessary or lack a
and/or data to convincing power.
effectively support
your points.
Your conclusion While your conclusion Your speech lacks a
emphasizes your is acceptable, it still conclusion, or an
main idea, lacks a word, phrase, element of the
successfully wraps or statement that conclusion that
Conclusion
up your speech with effectively reinforces links the audience
an effective, the main idea. back to the main
memorable, or idea.
powerful statement.

D. Directions: Deliver the speech you have written. Do a video-recording of

yourself as you deliver your informative speech. Speech delivery should not
take less than 3 mins. and should not exceed 5 mins. Be guided by this
rubric.

Criteria Description Points

Speaker looks professional and presentable. Dress is
Appearance appropriate and neat. Hair and make-up do not detract 10
listener’s attention to the speech.
Has a pleasant and dynamic voice; used appropriate tone and
Voice pitch to give emphasis to important points in the speech; has no 10
instance of being monotone.
Facial expression Facial expression and hand gestures were appropriate and
and hand helped in putting across the message of the speech; has no 10
gestures instance of inappropriate facial expression and hand gestures.
Quality of video Audio-video quality is excellent; no presence of unnecessary
10
and audio noise in the background; no blurring
 Speech was delivered within the time allotted – not less than 3
mins but not more than 5 mins.
Time 5
Note: A deduction of 1 point will be given for every minute in excess of 5 mins;
flat out 2 points will be given to speeches falling short of 3 mins.
Total 45

2. Communicate to Persuade
Persuasive speech requires extra attention from both the speaker
and the listener. Your goal as the speaker is to engage your audience and
to sway them into your way of thinking. This type of speech may range
from debates to campaign speeches, or even the most mundane of all
topics: what to eat for dinner.

In this type of speech, you should harness your power to advocate.

Your objective is to make your listeners believe what you say. You must
defend an idea, refute an argument, sell ideas or products, or inspire
people.

For a persuasive speech to be effective, you must have the ethos

(credibility) to talk about your subject. A politician cannot simply go up
on stage and blabber about his achievements. His listeners would want
to listen to a clear, straightforward, and targeted plan.

Similarly, sales people need to beef up their credentials to convince

people that they are the right person to talk. To speak with credibility
not only means to flash their trophies and achievements in a PowerPoint
presentation, but also to show that they know what they are talking
about. They must master their language and their topic and speak with
confidence. It is important that they exude an aura of authority and
trustworthiness to support their message and ultimately, to win his
audience. “Win” in this case means they were able to successfully sell
their product!

Persuasion also involves logos (logic) and pathos (emotions). An

organized speech always wins listeners. If you are able to appeal to the
logic and emotions of your listeners, there is a huge chance that your
listeners will stay. They even might change their hearts and minds after
hearing your speech. To help you do this, you can use photos,
quotations, and anecdotes that your listeners find funny, inspiring, or
relatable.

Here are the three types of persuasive speech.

 a. Types of Persuasive Speeches
Persuasive speeches have three types, and they all come with
propositions. Propositions are shareable objects of attitudes that
bear either truth or falsity. There are speeches that are a question of
fact, value, and policy. In these speeches you can argue about what is
(question of fact), what should be (question of value), or how
something should be (question of policy). In these speeches, you have
to provide proof that backs up your claims and give substance to your
proposition.

1. Proposition of Fact
This persuasive speech attempts to enlighten the audience
on what is true and what is false. Because the objective is to
convince people that something did – or did not – occur, a piece of
strong and solid evidence is necessary.

In sales reports, you may use statistics, graphs, and

interviews as supporting materials if you are trying to prove an
increase or decline in sales. If you were a lawyer in a court trial,
you must present various testimonies from witnesses, hard
evidence, and narratives to acquit your client, or to prove the
accused guilty.

2. Proposition of Value
This is a subjective evaluation of a thing, event, or belief’s
significance, condition, or quality. You may state here whether the
subject is bad, wrong, ugly, beautiful, boring, or engaging. Your
informed opinion must stand out, and it should have a basis.

3. Proposition of Policy
This type of persuasive speech makes judgments on the
actions to be done by a certain group or how a problem is to be
resolved. For instance, a Congressman could deliver a speech in
favor of a bill before that bill is actually passed.

Task 2
Directions: Watch this video and determine what type of persuasive speech it
is. Then, answer the questions below.
1. Were you able to relate to what the speaker was saying? Which part/s
would this be?
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What claim did the speaker make?
 _________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. How did he support his claim? List them down here.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Were you influenced by the speech? Why?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

b. Types of Fallacies
Fallacies, or falsehoods in layman’s terms, are rhetorical tricks
that deceive your audience with drama, style, or pattern, but are in
fact insubstantial. Though insubstantial, these fallacies are used to
win an argument that is not sufficiently backed by evidence.

To avoid getting deceived (and to avoid deceiving others as well),

it is important to learn what these fallacies are and to recognize them
when you come across them.

1. Red herring is a fallacy that occurs when the speaker uses

another argument to divert attention from the real issue.

For example, you got the result of your exam and you barely
passed. As you show it to your Mom, you start talking about how
hard the exam was and how many of your classmates got failing
scores. Sounds familiar? (LOL) If it does, you have probably used
the same argument in the past. Did you get away unscathed? You
weren’t scolded? (LOL) Either your Mom let you get away with it or
you really succeeded in saving your butt. (LOL) Congrats! (LOL)
You were able to side-step the real issue: You did poorly on the
exam because you did not study well even though your Mom
reminded you days before your examination.

2. Ad populum (or appeal to popularity) is a fallacy that occurs when

the speaker uses the argument that something must be true if a
large or huge number of people believe it to be true
(www.logicalfallacies.org/).

Have you ever argued this way? Or heard someone argue along
these lines?
 ✓ Everyone buys this coffee so it must be good for the
consumers’ health.
✓ Kanto fried chicken is the tastiest fried chicken in Marikina
because many people say so.

These are examples of ad populum fallacy.

3. Non sequitur is a Latin phrase that translates to “It does not

follow.” It is a fallacy that occurs when the speaker’s premise
(assumptions) and conclusion have no plausible connection.
You are probably familiar with this: Fish can swim. Chris can
swim. Therefore, Chris is a fish. This is a classic example of a non
sequitur argument. Other examples are:

✓ If Jane is a UP graduate, she is intelligent. Jane is not a UP

graduate. Therefore, she is not intelligent.
✓ If I’m a Filipino, then I’m Asian. I’m not a Filipino. Therefore,
I’m not Asian. (What if the speaker is Korean, Vietnamese, or
Malaysian?)

4. Petitio principii, also known as circular argument, is a Latin

word that means “begging the question”. It happens when the
speaker starts with what he wants to prove but ends up proving
nothing.

In daily speech, you have probably heard a lot of this. For example:

✓ I deserve this milk tea, so you should buy me one!

The argument is: Buy me milk tea because I deserve it. In this
instance, what is the question begging to be asked? Right! Why do
you deserve the milk tea and why should I be the one to buy?

At this point you might be thinking: Who gets convinced with this
kind of logic or reasoning?

Someone who has already accepted the argument will be convinced

by the reasoning or logic. Can you think of several “someones”
(LOL). A likely candidate could be your Mom or Dad or
boyfriend/girlfriend or best friend. Arasseo? (Korean word for “Do
you understand?” when used as a question.) So yes, it’s not just
the logic that comes into play here. If we flip the table, and it’s your
son or daughter or Mom or Dad or girlfriend/boyfriend telling you
this, would you buy him/her the milk tea?
5. Ad hominem is a fallacy that occurs
when the speaker attacks the person Team SML

instead of that person’s argument on the Bat ayaw mo sumama?

Sama ka na para

issue being talked about. Literally, this kumpleto tayo.

Latin phrase translates to “against the Oo nga sama ka para masaya.

man”. Di mo ba kami namimiss?

Ano naman gagawin dun?

Wala naman ako gagawin dun.
Tsaka ang layo eh.
In daily speech, it could look like this. A
group of friends are planning a trip to La
Ang arte mo. Ano ba ginawa
mo nung nag Tagaytay kayo?

Union. One didn’t want to come so the Uy! Kalma! Wag ganyan.

group was convincing her. Read their chat Jane left the group.

messages.

Which message used ad hominem? Why do you say so?

__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Used this way, do you think that person would be able to convince
the other person to come? Why not?
__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

In political speeches, you have probably encountered so many

speakers use the ad hominem. And because the general public or
the masses are not aware that this is a rhetorical trick, may people
fall for this. As a result, people who don’t deserve to be elected are
elected into office.

6. Post hoc ergo propter hoc (or post hoc, in short) is a fallacy that
occurs when the speaker assumes that the first event caused the
second event and proceeds to making conclusion based on the
assumptions. It is a Latin phrase for “after this, therefore because
of this” (www2.palomar.edu) or “because this event occurred first,
it must have caused this later event” (www.merriam-webster.com).

Consider this scenario. At home, your parents always remind you

to close and lock the gate for safety reasons. One day, you were
scolded because the gate was left unlocked for the entire night and
you were the last known person to have come into the house. Your
Mom scolded you for not locking the gate after coming in. Sounds
unfair? I agree. For all you know, anyone could have left the gate
unlocked.
 Can you relate? In the given scenario, because you were the last
known person to come inside the house, you must be the one who
left the gate unlocked. This is why your Mom scolded. This is an
example of post hoc fallacy.

The post hoc can be a powerful argument in the absence of an

evidence that would prove your innocence. That is why in most
movies, the character who finds himself with a dead body and no
witness to prove his innocence, usually hides. Because if he is
caught, he gets investigated and goes to jail while being
investigated. While some attempt to solve the crime on their own,
others just wait it out.

In daily speech, post hoc could take the form of an observation (or
joke?) like the one below, which when you hear, will most likely get
the “e di wow!” response from you.

✓ "Every time that rooster crows, the sun comes up. That
rooster must be very powerful and important!"
(www2.palomar.edu/)

Task 3
Directions: Watch the video on Task 2 again. Then, do the following:
1. Rate the speaker in terms of the way he delivered his speech, 3 being the
highest. Use the tool below.

The speaker… 1 2 3
…has “presence”.
… looked confident and credible.
… was able to use humor to get and to keep his listeners’
attention.
…was able to gain his listener’s trust judging by their reaction.
…was respectful of his audience.
…articulated his goal in speaking before the audience.
…delivered his message clearly.
…was able to anticipate common objections to his claim and
was able to refute them
(Highest Possible Score: 24 pts.) Total Score:
 2. Now, rate the speech itself, 3 being the highest. Use the tool below.

The speech’s… / The speech… 1 2 3

…message is clear.
…claim is well-supported with evidence.
…support evidences are truthful, valid, and relevant.
…attention-getter was effective.
…conclusion was a seamless summary of the entire speech.
…conclusion effectively drove home the message.
…has smooth flow of ideas.
…did not use fallacies.
(Highest Possible Score: 24 pts) Total Score:

Task 4
Directions: Imagine that you are in a dystopian world on the verge of a zombie
apocalypse. As the president of Apocalyptic Philippines, you need to deliver a
speech to keep your citizens calm and collected. Write a draft of your speech,
focusing on the question of policy.

3. Communicate to Socialize, Entertain, and Express Feelings

Every day you are expected to perform a variety of speech acts to
fulfill social expectations. You may not notice it, but you do these
activities several times a day. You talk on the phone, converse with
neighbors, provide instructions to your siblings, and interact for so
many other reasons.

In a social setting, you are expected to say phrases that denote

politeness, gratitude, or apology. When you arrive at a party, you need
to greet your host and say “Happy birthday.” Before leaving you must
thank him, too. Otherwise, he might be offended by your sudden
departure. The same principle applies to the bereaved. When someone
you know is going through a tough time, you cannot greet that person
as if nothing were the matter. Knowing the right words to say in these
social settings not only shows that you are skilled, but that you are also
sensitive and responsible.

To communicate properly in a social setting requires pragmatic

language skills (Leigh, 2018). These are vital for communicating your
personal thoughts. Examples of pragmatic skills are:

• asking for, giving, and responding to information

• eye contact
 • turn-taking
• introducing oneself or someone else
• maintaining topics
• asking relevant questions
• avoiding irrelevant information
• asking for clarification
• adjusting language based on the listener’s skill, age, and
background
• asking for, offering, and receiving help
• using appropriate intonation, responses, gestures, and facial
expressions in a given situation

Communication is not only interactive, but it is also affective and

imaginative. Affective communication happens when people express
their feelings about things, people, and situations. A stand-up comedian
who gives the well-loved “Three Guys in a Bar” joke could make his
audience roll on the floor with laughter... or not. If the audience gets
offended in some way, they will immediately express it through their
words, actions, or faces.

Affective communication has two functions: to help form the

speaker or listener’s self-concept, and to maintain close relationships. At
times the expression of what you feel overlaps with what is needed in a
social situation. You interact to greet your friend, and also to share what
you feel about the day’s tasks.

Communicating to entertain, however, has a more professional and

academic feel to it. You would see hosts on TV delivering their spiel, and
then you would laugh at what they say. You listen to an oratorical piece
and you marvel at the speaker. Sometimes imaginative communication
plays an important role in entertainment, for artists deliver lines in a
fictional setting. They invent jokes and stories on the spot. If you can
create a make-believe communication and share that in a presentation
you are about to deliver, then that is imaginative communication with
the purpose of entertaining the audience.

Task 5
Directions: Form a group with 4 to 5 members each. Create a group chat with
your fellow members. Your task is to plan your reunion after 8 years of not
seeing one another. Assign somebody to initiate the conversation, and then
take turns in responding to queries, clarifications, and instructions. Stop when
you have arrived at an organized and concrete plan. Submit the following to
your teacher:
1. Screenshots of your conversation
2. A written summary of what transpired in the group chat
3. The group’s realization about the communication process

a. Types of Speeches according to Special Occasions and Manner of

Delivery
1. Speech of Introduction. This is a brief speech that introduces the
main speaker in an event and inspires the audience to listen to
that speaker. This is where the host enhances the main speaker’s
credibility.

2. Speech of Presentation. In this speech a subject matter is explored

and elaborated, with the intent to inform, explain, demonstrate, or
persuade. The speaker usually presents visual aids to make the
speech meaningful and relevant.

3. Speech of Acceptance. This speech thanks an awarding individual

or organization, and may vary in length depending on the time
given to the speaker. In a multi-awarded event, winners are given
90 seconds at the most to thank the audience and award-giving
body. If the speaker is the only awardee in the event, s/he may be
given more time to talk.

4. Commencement Address. This is delivered at a graduation

ceremony by a graduate, an alumnus, or a guest of honor to the
graduating class. The speech is often written to celebrate past
experiences, present accomplishments and inspire the graduating
class with future hopes.

5. Commemorative Speech. Also known as the ceremonial speech, a

commemorative speech focuses on values and may pay tribute to a
person, an institution, an idea, an event, or a place. Wedding
toasts, award acceptance, eulogies, and speeches of nomination
and goodwill are examples.
6. Extemporaneous Speech. This speech is the most adaptable and
time efficient mode of delivery. It is developed through an outline of
ideas, which are rehearsed ahead of time. The speech also
concentrates on the main idea, and should sound natural and
compelling.
 7. Original Oratory. An oration is a memorized, persuasive speech that
aims to inspire, convince, or stimulate the thinking of the
audience. The speech should be written after a thorough research,
analysis, and personal conviction.

8. Impromptu Speech. An impromptu speech needs little or no

preparation, although the speaker may already be knowledgeable
of the subject. The delivery is natural and spontaneous. However,
even a knowledgeable person may struggle to fill in the gaps,
especially when there is minimal interaction between the speaker
and the audience.

9. Manuscript Speech. In this method the speaker reads a text from a

paper script or a teleprompter. The speech is read verbatim.

10. Memorized Speech. From the name itself, this type of speech is
recited from memory. This is useful when a speaker needs to
deliver the message exactly as it is, and yet does not want to be
confined by notes.

Task 6
Directions: You just realized that you have a terminal illness, and that your
days are numbered. In dramatic fashion, you organized a gathering of family
member and close friends, all of whom would be the audience to your last
speech. Draft your “final” speech and deliver it. Whether you want the tone to
be inspiring, hopeful, funny, or somber depends on you.