Rules Book

PARTS OF SPEECH
PARTS OF SPEECH
SPEECH IS A GROUP OF WORDS
All the words can be divided into eight parts, known as parts of speech.
1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective

4. Verb 5. Adverb 6. Preposition
7. Conjunction 8. Interjection
1. A noun is the name of person, animal, place or thing.

Ram, Chandigarh, Chair, Dog.
2. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun

He, She, It.
3. An adjective is a describing word which tells what kind of, how many (or how much), what colour, persons, animals, places
or things are.
Good boy, Blue jeans.
4. A verb is an action word used to say what a person or thing does, what a person or thing is, or what or thing has. It is us e d
to show doing, or being or possessing.
Play, Dance, Talk.
5. An adverb is a word that adds to the meaning of a verb, modify itself and adjectives.
Loudly, Honestly, Clearly.
6. A preposition is a word which shows the relation between a noun and a pronoun and some other words in a sentence.
on, in, out, away.
7. A conjunction is used to join words, group of words or sentences.

and, but, although etc.
8. An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden and strong feelings like delight, surprise, anger, disgust etc.
Ah! Ouch! Wow!
Consider this example:
(‘A’ and ‘the’ are articles. Articles are actually adjectives.)

SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT 2
Rule No 1. Singular subject must have singular verb.
He writes.
She plays.
Rule No 2. Plural subject must have plural verb.

They write.
We play.
Rule No 3. Two subjects joined by ‘and’ take a plural verb.

The doctor and nurse work together.
Rule No 4. If two subjects express one idea, use a singular verb.

Bread and butter is a wholesome food.
Soup and salad is too light a lunch.
Rule No 5. Two singular subjects joined by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ will take a singular verb.
A doctor or a nurse is working in the hospital.
Rule No 6. A singular subject and a plural subject joined by ‘or’, ‘either-or’, ‘neither- nor’, ‘none but’, ‘not only but
also’; will take a singular or plural verb depending on, which subject is near the verb:
Neither Deepak nor his friends are joining the tour.
Neither his friends nor Deepak is joining the tour.
None but the leaders of our country are responsible for this.
Rule No 7. If two subjects are joined together by ‘as well as’, ‘with’, ‘along with’, ‘together with’, ‘besides’, ‘in
addition to’, ‘and not’, ‘rather than’, the verb will act according to the main subject:
Students as well as the teacher are playing.
He as well as his brothers is sitting there.
I as well as he am going out of station for a week.
Rule No 8. Indefinite pronouns such as each, every, any, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no body,
one, no one,etc. always take a singular verb.
Each of my friends calls me once a month.
Each boy and each girl has come.
One must tolerate one‘s friend as well as enemy.
Rule No 9. Non – finite pronouns such as some, all, none, part, majority, remainder, percentage, fraction, most,
rest ,etc decide the verb depending on the following subject:
Both of the books require careful reading.
Several of the fielders regularly run four or five kilometer a day.
Rule No 10. Title of the books needs singular verbs:

‘Great expectations’ is a good book.
‘Gulliver Travels’ is an interesting book.
Rule No 11. The subject ‘Many a’ …… is always followed by the singular verb.
Many a man was drowned in the sea.
Many a student has not done his homework.
Rule No 12. If the subject is ‘The number of’..…use a singular verb. :

The number of books is very small.
The number of boys in this team is ten.
Rule No 13. If the subject begins with ‘A number of’, (A large number of, A Great number of, many) use a plural
verb:
A number of books are missing.
Rule No. 14. Some nouns in the plural form represent an amount, a fraction or an element of time (sum, distance,
quantity, and time period) are considered singular and hence take singular verbs.
Sixty minutes is enough to finish this work.
SV AGREEMENT PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Each of these players(A) / have been warned (B) / not to repeat the silly mistake.(C) / no
error(D)
2. Lime and soda (A) / is (B) / a digestive drink. (C) / no error(D)
3. The mother as well as her children(A) / were brought (B) / to the police station for
interrogation.(C) / no error(D)
4. His benevolence and kindness(A) / are (B) / admired by his friends.(C) / no error(D)
5. Intelligence, as well as knowledge of the subject (A) / are required to grasp (B) /
the meaning of the book.(C) / no error(D)
6. Four miles (A) / are not a long distance (B) / for a young person like you.(C) / no error(D)
7. He, like the other members (A) / of his family, were left shelter less (B) / as a result of flood
in the town.(C) / no error(D)
8. I don’t think (A) / five thousand rupees are a large sum (B) / for the work you are going to
undertake.(C) / no error(D)
9. The number of amendments to our constitution (A) / have been very large (B) /
during the last fifty years ofindependence .(C) / no error(D)
10. Just to the North of India(A) / is the Himalayas (B) / that were once impregnable.(C) / no
error(D)
11. Either she or you (A) / is to blame (B) / for the mismanagement of the domestic affairs. (C) /
no error(D)
12. The soldiers along with the commander (A) / was court-martialled (B) / for defying the
orders.(C) / no error(D)
13. The rest (A) / of the students is (B) / still working.(C) / no error(D)
14. Everyone of the new Nursing Homes (A) / coming up in the urban areas (B) / need a lot of
improvement.(C) / no error(D)
15. The period of twenty five years (A) / have passed (B) / and still he is without a job.(C) / no
error (D)
NOUN 3
DEFINITION: – Noun is a name of a person, place, thing, quality, condition and action.
For example: – Apple, Ram, Pencil, Chandigarh, etc.
TYPES OF NOUNS
Proper Noun
Name of a specific person, place or thing. For example: - Ram is a good boy. (In this sentence, Ram is a proper noun)
Common Noun
A noun which does not point out any particular person, place or thing, but it is common to all the persons, places or thin gs. Commonly
used for everybody in the same class. It represents the whole class. For example: - River, girl, boy, bench, etc.
Abstract Noun
An abstract noun is the name of something which we can neither see nor touch, but which we can only think of or feel. The se nouns
are also names of a quality, state or concept.
Action: Movement, action, activity, theft, hatred, mischief.
Quality: Truth, honesty, kindness, goodness, bravery, wisdom .
State: Childhood, Boyhood, Youth, Freedom, Slavery, Sickness, Sleep.

Names of various Arts, Science and Profession: Economics, Politics, History, Literature, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Music
Collective Noun
The noun which is used for the group or the collective things of same kind, considered as one complete whole, it is ca l le d collective
noun. For example: army, flock, nation, team, jury, class, etc.
Material Noun
Noun which stands for material or substance used for making things is called material noun. For example: - brick, stone, wood, gold,
cotton.
Note: Material nouns like marble, brick, stone, glass, iron, etc., and Abstract Nouns are not used in a plural form.
We use these words in singular only.
Your house is made of stone/ glass.
This house is made of brick.
I have much work to do.
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

All the types of nouns stated above are divided chiefly into two categories: countable/count and uncountable/non -count nouns.
Countable Noun:
A countable noun is a noun that indicates something that you can actually count.
For example:
Proper Nouns: We can count the particular names or proper nouns.
Common Nouns: City, river, boy, girl.
Uncountable Noun:
An uncountable noun is a noun that indicates something you
cannot count.
For example:
Material Nouns: brick, stone, gold, milk.
Abstract Nouns: love, hate, kindness, bravery.
Abstract and Material Nouns have no plural forms. When they are put in the Plural, they are used as Common Nouns.
Wrong Right
He did many mischiefs. He did many acts of mischief.
He gave us many advices. He gave us many pieces of advice.
Excuse me for the troubles. Excuse me for the trouble.
He gave me many abuses. He showered a lot of abuse on me.
He was fond of bad companies. He was fond of bad company. (or bad companions).
Your informations are wrong. Your information is wrong.
His house is built of stones. His house is built of stone.
He had a bag of rices. He had a bag of rice.
Note:
➢ He gave me a piece of information.
➢ All pieces of information given by her were reliable.
➢ Many kinds of furniture are available in that shop.
➢ I want a few articles of jewellery.
➢ He ate two slices of bread.
➢ Please show me some items of office stationery.
➢ The Police have found a strand of hair in the car.
➢ Ethics demands honesty.
SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS OF CERTAIN NOUNS

Addendum Addenda Oasis Oases
Datum Data Analysis Analyses
Erratum Errata Crisis Crises
Corrigendum Corrigenda Hypothesis Hypotheses
Medium Media Basis Bases
Sanatorium Sanatoria Thesis Theses
Stadium Stadia Lacuna Lacunae
Memorandum Memoranda Criterion Criteria
Phenomenon Phenomena Phenomenon Phenomena
Dictum Dicta Radius Radii
Stratum Strata Locus Loci
Asylum Asylums Stomach Stomachs
Museum Museums Alumnus Alumni
Premium Premiums Syllabus Syllabi
Forum Forums Formula Formulae
Pendulum Pendulums Ox Oxen
Crematorium Crematoria Tooth Teeth
Note: The plural of compound noun is usually made by adding “s” to the principal word.
Singular Plural
Commander-in-chief Commanders-in-chief
Son-in-law Sons-in-law
Stepson Stepsons
Stepdaughter Stepdaughters
Maidservant Maidservants
Manservant Menservants
Passer-by Passers-by
Looker-on Lookers-on
USE OF POSSESSIVE CASE
The Possessive Case is chiefly used with:
1) When the Noun denotes some living thing; as,

The rat’s tail; the man’s hands.
2) When the Noun denotes some personified things; as,

Duty’s call; England’s heroes.
3) When the Noun denotes time, space, or weight; as,

A day’s march; a week’s holiday; in a year’s time; a metre’s length; a pound’s weight.
4) When the Noun denotes anything without life, it is generally expressed by the Preposition ‘of’;
E.g. ‘The legs of the chair’; not ‘the chair’s legs.’
‘The pages of the book’; not ‘the book’s pages’.
‘The roof of the house’; not ‘the house’s roof’.
‘The cover of the book’; not ‘the book’s cover.’
CLASSROOM EXERCISE
1) My friend gives me many advices regarding my future career.
2) The doctor has given me many informations about the disease.
3) His little daughter is capable of many mischiefs.
4) Four thiefs broke into my cousin’s house yesterday.
5) My brother-in-laws will come to our house next week.
6) These golds have been brought from South Africa.
7) She has many works to do.
8) The chair’s leg is broken.
9) She gave me many advices.
10) He is true to his words.
11) My diary is full of informations.
12) He showered a lot of abuses on me.
13) His house is built of stones.
14) The fan's wings is broken.
15) The commander-in-chiefs gave instructions to the soldiers.
HOMEWORK EXERCISE
1. Order has been issued (A)/ for his transfer to another district(B) / but he has not received them so far.(C) / no error.(D)
2. Children are prone (A) / to making mischiefs (B) / if they have nothing to do.(C)/ no error(D)
3. I have not gone through(A) / the letter and so I am not aware(B)/ of its content(C)/ no error(D)
4. I shall not attend the meeting(A)/ since I have many works to complete(B)/ within allotted time.(C)/ no error(D)
5. You should always be(A)/ true to your words(B)/ if you are to succeed in life.(C)/ no error(D)
6. It is not my business(A)/ to give advices to those(B)/ who are not sensible enough to deal with the i r own probl e ms.(C)/ no
error(D)
7. I don’t think(A)/ it is your house(B)/ it is somebody’s else.(C)/ no error(D)
8. The table’s wood(A)/ is infested with mite(B)/ and I am likely to dispose it off(C)/ no error(D)
9. I can’t come to you now (A)/ because a lot of works(B)/ remains to be done.(C)/ no error(D)
10. A farmer was leading oxes (A)/ to his field for ploughing (B)/ early in the morning.(C)/ no error(D)
11. His mouth watered(A)/ when he saw(B)/ a bouquet of grapes.(C)/ no error(D)
12. My brother-in-laws(A)/ who live in Mumbai have come(B)/ to stay with us(C)/ no error(D)
13. What (A)/ is the criteria(B) of selection in the examination.(C)/ no error(D)
14. Students should not take part(A)/ in party politics and political demonstrations(B)/ as they interfere in s erious s tudy.(C)/ no
error(D)
15. The flock of lions(A)/ roamed about(B)/ fearlessly in the jungle.(C)/ no error(D)
RULES OF NOUNS 4
ERRORS IN THE USE OF NOUN

Rule no. 1:
Some nouns are used in singular form:
Furniture The furniture of my house is quite new.

News This news is true.
Scenery The scenery of Kashmir is charming.
Innings The first innings is just over.
Mathematics Mathematics is a difficult subject.
Physics Physics is my favourite subject.
Percentage I passed but the percentage of marks was not good.
Rule no. 2:
Some nouns are used in plural form:
Riches Riches do many things.

Clothes Her clothes were always very smart.
Vermin These vermin spread disease.
Gentry The gentry are people of good social position.
People Such people (persons) are dangerous.
Note: As a common noun ‘people’ means a ‘nation’ and is used in both singular and plural; as
The Japanese are a hard-working people.
There are many different peoples in Europe.
The French are a brave people.
There is a mad race for power among the peoples of Europe.
Rule no. 3:
Collective Nouns like committee, jury, house, ministry, family, mob, crowd, audience, police, team, number, board, staff and public are
used with singular verbs like is, was and has when the members in the group act as one body or one unit. These words are us ed with
plural verbs like are, have and were when the members act as different individuals within the same group.
Rule no. 4:
Some nouns have only plural forms and consequently are followed by a plural verb. (Many of these are used with the phrase “a pair of”
as they refer to something made up of two parts.)
For example: alms, riches, scissors, trousers, pants, clippers, tongs, bellows, gallows, fangs, eyeglass es, goggles , a s he s, a rre ars ,
athletics, belongings, breeches, braces, binoculars, congratulations, dregs, earnings, fetters, lodgings, odds, outs kirts, pa rticulars,
proceeds, proceedings, regards, remains, savings, spectacles, surroundings, valuables, wages, etc.
Scissors My scissors are lost. (In case of singular, this pair of scissors is blunt.)
Trousers His trousers were torn.
Spectacles Where are my spectacles?
Proceeds The proceeds were deposited in the bank.
Assets All his assets were seized.
Embers The embers of the fire were still burnings.
Rule no. 5:- Some nouns have same form in both singular and plural forms, and are expressed as singular or plural only
by the use of verb. For example: deer, swine, sheep, salmon (a type of fish) and offspring.
E.g.:-
There is a sheep in the yard.
There are many sheep in the yard.
There are a lot of sheep in the yard.
NOTE: - The words ‘fish’ and ‘hair’ are used in both singular and plural forms in a sentence, but they can be us ed a s ‘ f ishes ’ a nd
‘hairs’ in some specific sense. Like:-
FISH:-
This pond has many fish.
WE use ‘fish’ in a general sense to refer to the aquatic life in a particular water body. More correctly, ‘fish’ is used in a plura l from to
describe one fish or a group of fish of the same specie s (one type). The word ‘fishes’ is used to describe a variety of f is h of differe nt
species (different types).
The fishes of this river include salmon and sturgeon.

A fish is a cold blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water.
HAIR:-
Incorrect: Her hairs are soft today.
Correct: Her hair is soft today.
When used in a collective sense, hair is used as singular word.
But when there is a countable number, then it is used as ‘hairs’, like:-
He has few grey hairs in his beard.
I have five grey hairs on my head.
Rule no. 6 :- A compound noun (numerical adjective + noun) is not used in plural if a noun does the work of an
adjective. E.g.
i) Ten-day tour
ii) A ten-mile race
iii) A ten-year old boy
Rule no. 7:- Some nouns have different meanings in singular and plural –
Air (Atmosphere) Airs (Affected manners)
Good (Well being) Goods (Things)
Wood (Part of tree) Woods (Forest)
Respect (Regards) Respects (Compliments)Force
(Strength) Forces (Troops)
Iron (Metal) Irons (Fetters – to stop somebody for what they want to do)
Tin (Metal) Tins (Cans made of tin)Copper
(Metal) Coppers (Copper coins)
Manner (Way) Manners (Etiquette)
Arm (Organ) Arms (Weapon)
Humanity (Being Human) Humanities (Art subject)Pain
(Hurt or ill) Pains (Efforts)
Vesper (Evening) Vespers (Evening Prayers)
Abuse (Indecent words) Abuses (Misuses)
Fruit (Edible thing) Fruits (Result/ Consequences)
NOUNS HOMEWORK EXERCISE
1) Although she has studied(A)/ English for almost a year(B) / she is yet to learn the
alphabets.(C)/ no error(D)
2) There are two scores of books (A) / which are lying (B)/ unused in the library(C)/ no error(D)
3) Sheeps are economically useful(A)/ and so they are reared(C)/ in the hills.(C)/ no error(D)
4) It is a pity(A)/ that even five years old boys(B)/ are engaged in hazardous factories(C)/ no
error(D)
5) I gave him (A)/ two hundred rupees notes(B) / for depositing.(C)/ no error(D)
6) She misplaced her spectacle(A) / and is now feeling (B)/ great difficulty in studying(C)/ no
error(D)
7) I hope to visit(A)/ my uncle only next year(B)/ during summer vacations(C)/ no error(D)
8) Ration has run out (A)/ and the District Magistrate(B)/ has been informed(C)/ no error(D)
9) The morale of the army(A)/ was high because the news(B)/ coming from the front are very
encouraging.(C)/ no error(D)
10) All the furnitures have been(A)/ sent to the new house(B)/ located in a village.(C)/ no error(D)
11) The crowd of the angry students(A)/ordered the (B)/ closing of shops(C)/ no error(D)
12) They left)A)/ their luggages(B)/ at the railway station(C)/ no error(D)
13) I can’t come to you now (A)/ because a lot of works(B)/ remains to be done.(C)/ no error(D)
14) A farmer was leading oxes(A)/ to his field for ploughing(B)/ early in the morning.(C)/ no
error(D)
15) Recently I visited Kashmir(A)/ and found the sceneries(B)/ to be marvelous(C)/ no error(D)
PRONOUN 5
Pronouns are words used to replace nouns already mentioned.
Nominative/ vocative case Accusative /objective Possessive case Reflexive pronoun (Action
(Pronouns come before verb) case (Pronouns come after (Adj/Pro) done by the subject reflects
verb) upon the subject itself.)
I Me My/mine Myself
We Us Our/ours Ourselves
Yourself/
You You Your/yours
yourselves
He Him His/his Himself
She Her Her/hers Herself
They Them Their/theirs Themselves
It - Its Itself
Who Whom Whose -
ERRORS IN THE USE OF PRONOUN
1. The complement of verb ‘to be’ (is/am/are/was/were) is always in the nominative case. If the complement is
a Personal Pronoun, we should always use its nominative case.
E.g. It was he who did it.
If I were he, I would not go there.
2. The case of the pronoun following ‘than’ and ‘as’ is decided by mentally supplying the verb and completing the
sentence.
She is taller than I (am).
I love you more than he (loves you).
He is as good a player as I (am).
I can sing as well as she (can).
I have no liking for such a man as he.
3. When a pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition, it should be in the objective case.
E.g. These books are for you and I ()
These books are for you and me (✓)
(Between him and me there is an understanding).
4. ‘Let’, ‘But’ and ‘Except’ is followed by pronoun in the objective case.

Let him go.
Let you and me solve this puzzle.
Everyone attended the party except him.
No friend will come to your party but me.
None of the students were interested but him.
5. The case of the pronoun following ‘to’ and ‘like’ should be objective.
He is senior to me.
We want good people like him.
6. When the same person is the subject and object, it is necessary to use reflexive pronouns.
I cut me shaving this morning ()
I cut myself shaving this morning (✓)
9. The possessive pronoun of the indefinite pronoun ‘One’ is ‘one’s’.

One must do one’s duty to one’s country.
The possessive pronoun of the indefinite pronoun ‘Each’, ‘every’, ‘anyone’, ‘anybody’, is used the possessive
pronoun of their person.
Everyone must do his duty.
10. Never use possessive case with the words like ‘Separation’, ‘leave’ , ‘excuse’, ‘mention’, ‘report’, ‘pardon’,
‘sight’ and ‘favour’.
I need your favour, please. (X)
I need favour of you or I need favour from you. ()
She did make mention of you. ()
At the sight of him the robbers fled. ()
11. When first, second and third person singular pronouns (I, you, and he) are used together, they are placed in the
order you, he and I. In negative order, it should be first person, second person and third person(I, you and he).
You, he and I are neighbors.
I,you and he will be punished.
12. Reciprocal Pronoun ‘each other’ is used for two, ‘one another’ for more than two.
Rahul and Renu love each other.
They help one another.
PRONOUNS HOMEWORK EXERCISE
1) Each of the students (1)/ in the computer class (2)/ has to type (3)/ their own research paper
this semester. (4)/ No error (5)
2) You will come (1)/ to my sister’s wedding tomorrow (2)/ isn’t it? (3)/ No error (4)
3) John, I and Hari (1)/ have finished (2)/ our studies. (3)/ No error (4)
4) My uncle forced (1)/ my friend and I (2)/ to stay back. (3)/ No error (4)
5) When one hears (1)/ of the incident (2)/ about the plane crash (3)/ he feels very sorry. (4)/ No
error (5)
6) Rustams and (1)/ myself saw (2)/ the picture. (3)/ No error (4)
7) Science and religion (1)/ are both necessary (2)/ for man and for their (3)/ outer and inner self
respectively. (4)/ No error (5)
8) He is (1)/ fatter (2)/ than me. (3)/ No error (4)
9) I and him (1)/ are (2)/ very good friends. (3)/ No error (4)
10) The newspapers (1)/ they admit that (2)/ advertising some times (3)/ influences their editorial
policy. (4)/ No error (5)
11) My friend is (1)/ honest and (2)/ hard working (3)/ is not it? (4)/ No error. (5)
12) He tried all the drawers(1) in his desk (2)/ but could not find his purse (3)/ in anyone of it. (4)/
No error. (5)
13) Everyone of (1)/ the man present here (2)/ has given a day’s pay (3)/ as their contribution to
the fund. (4)/ No error. (5)
14) The teacher asked the boys (1)/ if it was their practice (2)/ to leave the class (3)/ whenever he
pleased. (4)/ No error. (5)
15) It was Mohan (1)/ or her (2)/ who came here last night (3)/ and kept on knocking at the door.
(4)/ No error (5)
REFLEXIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 6
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
1. Verbs like ‘enjoy’, ‘avail’, ‘pride’, ‘resign’, ‘apply’, ‘acquit’, ‘assert’, ‘absent’, ‘reconcile’, ‘amuse’, ‘exert’, ‘avenge ’
are followed by reflexive pronouns.
He absented himself from the class.
They enjoyed themselves at the party.
She prides herself on her wealth and beauty.
He resigned himself to fate.
The officers acquitted themselves well during the crisis.
She has reconciled herself to the demands of her in-laws.
2. Verbs like ‘keep’, ‘conceal’, ‘qualify’, ‘spread’, ‘rest’, ‘stop’,’ ‘turn’ and ‘stay’, ‘bathe’, ‘move’ are not followed by
reflexive pronouns.
I stayed away from my class.
He qualified in the test
She kept away from the show.
RELATIVE PRONOUN
A relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. The relative pronouns are ‘who’ “whom,” “that” and
“which”.
The relative pronoun should be placed as near as possible to the antecedent.
Here is the book that you lent me.

I have read the works of Shakespeare who was a great
dramatist.
Who is used in the nominative case only for persons, both in the singular and plural numbers. Who is not used for ina nimate thing s
and animals.
An architect is someone who designs buildings.
What was the name of the man who lent you the money?
Anyone who wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday.
Whom is used only for persons in the objective/accusative case both in singular and plural numbers.
The girl whom I gave the notes has secured first division .
Which is used for animals and non living.
The house which has a high gate is mine always used before which.
The post for which I applied is permanent.
Whose is used in possessive case both for persons and animals.
The girl whose hair is long is my sister.
That is used both for living and non living things both in singular and plural numbers.
‘Only’, ‘any’, ‘it is’, ‘all’, ‘superlatives’ usually take ‘that’

as relative pronoun in place of ‘who’ or ‘which’ .
He is the only man that can do it.

It is the same watch that was stolen by him.
All that glitters is not gold.
This is the best that we can do.
PRONOUNS CLASSWORK EXERCISE

1. The thief hid himself in a shed.
2. I have qualified myself as a doctor.
3. Never overeat.
4. I availed of the chance.
5. They enjoyed heartily.
6. Who is cleverer, Sarla or Saroj?
7. The Ganga is a river whose origin has always been a matter of speculation.
8. Myself and he will manage everything.
9. It is difficult to say who is the better of the two players.
10. It is the best which the government can do for the downtrodden.
11. This is the road whose inauguration was done by the President.
12. Many women reconcile to the demands of their in-laws
13. The students exert a lot at the time of examination.
14. It is the same card which I gifted him.
15. He keeps himself away from smoking.
PRONOUNS HOMEWORK EXERCISE
1) The Vacancy was filled (1)/ by a young scholar (2)/ which had an extensive knowledge (3)/ of Science. (4)/ No error (5)
2) The collector (1)/ visits the office (2)/ regularly (3)/ isn’t it? (4)/ No error (5 )
3) Being a holiday (1)/ we went (2)/ out (3)/ for a picnic. (4)/ No error (5)
4) My I know (1)/ to who (2)/ I am (3)/ speaking? (4)/ No error (5)
5) The poor man (1)/ poisoned him (2)/ and his (3)/ own children. (4)/ No error (5)
6) It is I (1)/ who is to blame (2)/ for this (3)/ bad situation. (4)/ No error (5)
7) She has a remarkably (1)/ kindly disposition (2)/ who wins (3)/ her friends wherever she goes. (4)/ No error. (5)
8) They that hanker (1)/ after fame & (2)/ money are likely (3)/ to be disappointed. (4)/ No error. (5)
9) She is one of those persons (1)/ whom I am sure always (2)/ does her best even (3)/ in the most trying Circumstances. (4)/
No error. (5)
10) Civil servants should (1)/ acquit (2)/ efficiently (3)/ in the service of a common man. (4)/ No error. (5)
11) Last summer (1)/ he went (2)/ to his uncle’s village (3)/ and enjoyed very much. (4)/ No error. (5)/
12) Wherever they go (1)/ Indians easily (2)/ adapt to local (3)/ circumstance. (4)/ No error. (5)
13) May I (1) / know who (2)/ you want (3) / to see please. (4)/ no error(5)
14) Avail every (1)/ chance that comes your way (2) / lest you should (3) / repent in the long run.(4) / no error (5)
15) He is not (1)/ one of those (2)/ who will help everybody (3)/ whom he meets. (4)/ no error (5)
VERB AND TENSES 7
Action words are called verbs. (Latin word verbum =work).
TENSES
A tense is a form of verb which shows the time at which an action happens. (Latin word tempus = time).
INDEFINITE/SIMPLE TENSE
1. SIMPLE PRESENT
Simple Present Tense is used:

• To express habitual action.
He smokes.
I always take my tea without sugar.
Its is used with the adverbs usually, generally, occasionally, rarely, always, often, sometimes on Sundays, once a
week/month/year, etc.
• To express general or universal truths.

The sun rises in the east.
Water boils at 100C.
• To express a fact or something which is true at present.

All trains stop at this station.
She teaches English in a school.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
S+V1 (s, es)+O S+do/does+not+V1+O
I play. I do not play.
We play. We do not play.
You play. You do not play.
He/She/It plays. He/She/It does not play
They play. They do not play.
Ravi plays. Ravi does not play.
Boys play. Boys do not play.
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Do / Does + S + V1 + O(?) Do/Does + S + not +V1+O (?)
Do I play? Do I not play?
Do we play? Do we not play?
Do you play? Do you not play?
Does he/she/it play? Does he/she/ it not play?
Do they play? Do they not play?
Does Ravi play? Does Ravi not play?
Do boys play? Do boys not play?
2. SIMPLE PAST
Simple Past Tense is used:
• To express a past event or past action. The action is completely unrelated to the present. It is therefore, used:
(i) When the time is given:
I met him yesterday.
She died in 1987.
(ii) When the time is not given, but it is implied and definite:
I bought this pen in Bombay.
(iii) When the time is asked for:
When did you meet him?
S+V2+O S+did+not+V1+O
I played. I did not play.
We played We did not play.
You played. You did not play.
He/she/it played. He/she/ it did not play.
They played. They did not play.
Ravi played. Ravi did not play.
Boys played. Boys did not play.
Did + S+V1+O (?) Did + S + not + V1 + O (?)
Did I play? Did I not play?
Did we play? Did we not play?
Did you play? Did you not play?
Did he/she/it play? Did he/she/it not play?
Did they play? Did they not play?
Did Ravi play? Did Ravi not play?
Did boys play? Did boys not play?
3. SIMPLE FUTURE
Simple Future Tense is used:
• To express an action that has still to take place:
He will play cricket tomorrow.
S+will/shall+O S+will/shall+not+V1+O
I shall play. I shall not play.
We shall play. We shall not play.
You will play. You will not play.
He/she/it will play. He/she/ it will not play.
They will play. They will not play.
Ravi will play. Ravi will not play.
Boys will play. Boys will not play.
Will/Shall + S+V1+O (?) Will/Shall + S + not + V1 + O (?)
Will I play? Will I not play?
Will we play? Will we not play?
Will you play? Will you not play?
Will he/she/it play? Will he/she/it not play?
Will they play? Will they not play?
Will Ravi play? Will Ravi not play?
Will boys play? Will boys not play?
CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE
1. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The Present Continuous is used:
• To express an action happening now at the time of speaking.
I am writing a letter.
She is reading a book.
• To express an action in progress about this time but not necessarily at the time of speaking.
He is teaching English at the High School.
They are building a new house.
• To express a definite arrangement in the near future.
I am going to London next week.
I am meeting her tonight.
S+is/am/are+V1+ing+O S+is/am/are+not+V1+ ing+O
I am playing. I am not playing.
We are playing. We are not playing.
He/she/it is playing. He/she/it is not playing.
They are playing. They are not playing.
Ravi is playing. Ravi is not playing.
Boys are playing. Boys are not playing.

Is/am/are+S+V1+ing+ O(?) Is/am/are+Sub+not+ V1+ing+O(?)
Am I playing? Am I not playing?
Are we playing? Are we not playing?
Are you playing? Are you not playing?
Is he/she/ it playing? Is he/she/it not playing?
Are they playing? Are they not playing?
Is Ravi playing? Is Ravi not playing?
2. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Past Continuous Tense is used:
• To express an action that was in progress at some time in the past.
I was taking my bath at 8 o’ clock.
I was playing in the garden when he came.
S+was/were+V1+ ing+O S+was/were+not+V1+ ing+O
I was playing. I was not playing.
We were playing. We were not playing.
He/she /it was playing. He/she/it was not playing.
They were playing. They were not playing.
Ravi was playing. Ravi was not playing.
Boys were playing. Boys were not playing.

Was/were+S+ V1+ ing+O (?) Was/were+S+ not+V1+ ing+O (?)
Was I playing? Was I not playing?
Were we playing? Were we not playing?
Was he/she/it playing? Was he/she/it not playing?
Were they playing? Were they not playing?
Was Ravi playing? Was Ravi not playing?
Were boys playing? Were boys not playing?
3. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Future Continuous is used:
• To express an action as going on at some time in future:
When I reach there, he will be reading a book.
• To express future events that are planned:
He will be coming here for Diwali Puja.
S+will/shall+be+V1+ ing+O S+will/shall+not+be+V1+ ing+O
I shall be playing. I shall not be playing.
We shall be playing. We shall not be playing.
He/she /it will be playing. He/she/it will not be playing.
They will be playing. They will not be playing.
Ravi will be playing. Ravi will not be playing.
Boys will be playing. Boys will not be playing.

Will/Shall+S+be+V1+ ing+O Will/Shall+S+not+be+V1+ ing+O
Shall I be playing? Shall I not playing?
Shall we be playing? Shall we not be playing?
Will he/she/it be playing? Will he/she/it not be playing?
Will they be playing? Will they not be playing?
Will Ravi be playing? Will Ravi not be playing?
Will boys be playing? Will boys not be playing?
PERFECT TENSE
1. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
The Present Perfect Tense is used:
• To express a recently completed action.
I have just finished my work.
He has gone to school.
S+has/have+V3+O S+has/have+not +V3+O
I have played. I have not played.

We have played. We have not played.
You have played. You have not played.
He/she/it has played. He/she/it has not played.
They have played. They have not played.
Ravi has played. Ravi has not played.
Boys have played. Boys have not played.
Has/have+S+V3+O Has/have+S+not+V3+O
Have I played? Have I not played?
Have we played? Have we not played?
Has he/she/it played? Has he/she/it not played?
Have they played? Have they not played?
Has Ravi played? Has Ravi not played?
Have boys played? Have boys not played?
2. PAST PERFECT TENSE

The Past Perfect Tense is used:
• To express an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
At 7 p.m., all the shops had closed.
At 16 years, she had passed her B.A. examination.
• To express an action in the past which was completed before another action, also in the past.
We had locked all the rooms before we left the house.
I had already known the result when she rang me up.
S+had+V3+O S+had+not+V3+O
I had played. I had not played.
We had played. We had not played.
You had played. You had not played.
He/she/it had played. He/she/it had not played.
They had played. They had not played.
Ravi had played. Ravi had not played.
Boys had played. Boys had not played.

Had+S+V3+O(?) Had+S+not+V3+O(?)
Had I played? Had I not played?
Had we played? Had we not played?
Had you played? Had you not played?
Had he/she/it played? Had he/she/it not played?
Had they played? Had they not played?
Had Ravi played? Had Ravi not played?
Had boys played? Had boys not played?
3. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

The Past Perfect Tense is used:
• To indicate the completion of an action by a certain future time:
I shall have read the book when you come next.
S+will/shall+have+V3+O S+shall/have+not+V3+O
I shall have played. I shall not have played.
We shall have played. We shall not have played.
You will have played. You will not have played.
He/she/it will have played. He/she/it will not have played.
They will have played. They will not have played.
Ravi will have played. Ravi will not have played.
Boys will have played. Boys will not have played.

Will/Shall+S+have+V3+O(?) Will/Shall+S+not+have+V3+O(?)
Shall I have played? Shall I not have played?
Shall we have played? Shall we not have played?
Will you have played? Will you not have played?
Will he/she/it have played? Will he/she/it not have played?
Will they have played? Will they not have played?
Will Ravi have played? Will Ravi not have played?
Will boys have played? Will boys not have played?
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used:
• ‘For’ and ‘since’ are commonly used in this tense.
• To express an action which began in the past and is still continuing.
It has been raining since 6 am.
They have been waiting for him for an hour and he still hasn’t come.
S+has/have+been+ V1+ing+O S+has/have+not+been+ V1+ing+O
I have been playing. I have not been playing.
We have been playing. We have not been playing.
He has been playing. He has not been playing.
Mohan has been playing. Mohan has not been playing.

Has/have+ S+been+ V1+ing+O(?) Has/have+ S+not been+ V1+ing+O(?)
Have I been playing? Have I not been playing?
Have we been playing? Have we not been playing?
Has he been playing? Has he not been playing?
Has Mohan been playing? Has Mohan not been playing?
2. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used:

• ‘For’ and ‘since’ are commonly used in this tense.
• To express an action that began before a certain time in the past and continued up to that time or stopped just
before.
The baby had been crying for ten minutes when the nurse attended to her.
Until he reached VIII class, Ravi had been studying in a village school.
S+had+been+V1+ ing +O S+had+not+been+V1+ ing +O
I had been playing. I had not been playing.
We had been playing. We had not been playing.
You had been playing. You had not been playing.
He/she/it had been playing. He/she/ it had not been playing.
They had been playing. They had not been playing.
Ravi had been playing. Ravi had not been playing.
Boys had been playing. Boys had not been playing.

Had+S+been+V1+ ing+O(?) Had+S+not+been +V1+ing+O(?)
Had I been playing? Had I not been playing?
Had we been playing? Had we not been playing?
Had you been playing? Had you not been playing?
Had he/she/it been playing? Had he/she/it not been playing?
Had they been playing? Had they not been playing?
Had Ravi been playing? Had Ravi not been playing?
Had boys been playing? Had boys not been playing?
3. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used:
• To indicate an action represented as being in progress over a period of time that will end in the future:
I will / shall have been working for 5 months in this office
by the end of June.
S+will/shall+have+been+V1+ ing +O S+will/shall+not+have+ been+V1+ ing +O
I shall have been playing. I shall not have been playing.
We shall have been playing. We shall not have been playing.
You will have been playing. You will not have been playing.
He/she/it will have been playing. He/she/ it will not have been playing.
They will have been playing. They will not have been playing.
Ravi will have been playing. Ravi will not have been playing.
Boys will have been playing. Boys will not have been playing.

Will/Shall+S+have+been+V1+ ing+O(?) Won’t+S +have+been +V1+ing+O(?)
Shall I have been playing? Won’t I have been playing?
Shall we have been playing? Won’t we have been playing?
Will you have been playing? Won’t you have been playing?
Will he/she/it have been playing? Won’t he/she/it have been playing?
Will they have been playing? Won’t they have been playing?
Will Ravi have been playing? Won’t Ravi have been playing?
Will boys have been playing? Won’t boys have been playing?
Classroom exercise
1) How long are you learning English?
2) How many cigarettes have you been smoking this afternoon?
3) I am working here since 1995.
4) I’ve had my watch since a long time.
5) How many years are you living in London?
6) Mohan is exhausted. He is playing tennis since two hours.
7) Sonal is doing very well at school since the beginning of the year.
8) I have worn this sweater since 9 o’ clock this morning. I know Lalita for many years.
9) Pawan is attending English classes since two years.
10) I have been listening to the recording several times today.
11) How many new words did you note down so far in this lesson?
12) In her previous job, Rita has spoken English a lot.
13) Ronit has worked here between 1996 and 1999.
14) There is no lesson today. The teacher has been on holiday.
15) The very thought that I will move into my own house by this time next month makes me feel happy.
HOMEWORK EXERCISE
1) She (1)/ is working here (2)/ since 1983 (3)/ No error (4)
2) The new dish (1)/ that I ordered (2)/ is tasting good. (3)/ No error (4)
3) I have got your (1)/ letter yesterday (2)/ and felt happy to learn (3)/ of your recovery. (4)/ No error (5)
4) Sam is working (1)/ in a bank in Chennai (2)/ for the past five years. (3)/ No error (4)
5) My nephew (1)/ begun working (2)/ for me (3)/ about 5 years ago. (4)/ No error (5)
6) I work (1)/ as a medical representative (2)/ for eight months (3)/ No error (4)
7) How long (1)/ it takes (2)/ to travel from Chennai to Tricity (3)/ by train? (4)/ No error (5)
8) Water contamination (1)/ has become more serious (2)/ since Chemists have begun (3)/ to use new substances. (4)/ No e rror
(5)
9) I declined (1)/ the invitation (2)/ not because I did not want to go (3)/ but because I have not time. (4)/ No error (5)
10) My friend (1)/ brags (2)/ that he is owning a vast properly. (3)/ No error (4)
11) What worries (1)/ him the most (2)/ is that (3)/ he is having four children. (4)/ No error (5)
12) The company has using (1)/ its influence (2)/ to persuade people (3)/ to buy its refrigerators. (4)/ No error (5)
13) My friend (1)/ wrote (2)/ four letters (3)/ since morning. (4)/ No error (5)
14) Krupa and Kamya studied (1)/ in the Delhi Public School (2)/ and so does Kamya. (3)/ No error (5)
15) When my parents (1)/ visited me last (2)/ I have been (3)/ working for the Red Cross furniture for 5 years (4)/ No error (5)
MODALS AND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 8
MODALS
A modal is an auxiliary verb (generally termed as helping verb) which is used with a main verb to indicate a particular attit ude such a s
possibility, obligation and prediction, etc.
For example : can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to.
Modals are also sometimes referred to as Modal verbs or Modal Auxiliaries.
Use of Modals
 CAN
(a) Ability/ Capacity
1. I can lift this box.
2. Can you use a personal computer?
3. I am sorry I cannot lend you any money.
(b) Informal permission

1. You can go home now.
2. You can use any telephone whenever you like.
 COULD
(a) Ability/ Capacity in the past
1. We couldn’t get the tickets.
2. I could swim across this river when I was young.
(b) Possibility in the present/ future

1. I could go there if you so desire.
2. I could get you a new book if you want one.
(c) Polite requests

1. Could you lend me some money?
2. Could you post this letter for me?
 MAY
(a) Formal permission
1. May I go home now? Yes, you may.
2. May I use your telephone?
3. Teachers may park their car here.
(b) Possibility
1. She may have been unwell.
2. It may rain in a few days.
(c) Wish
1. May you live long and prosper!
2. May you live long and do well in life!
 MIGHT
(a) Possibility in the past
1. You might have been robbed on the way.
2. If you had helped him, he might have thanked you.
(b) Polite request for permission

1. Might I come in?
2. Might I go home and have some rest now?
 SHALL
(a) Simple futurity with I and We
1. I shall inform you as soon as I can
2. I shall lend you money when I have enough.
(b) Threat (with subject other than I/ we)

1. You shall not speak a word more.
2. You shall not leave this place till I allow you.
 SHOULD
(a) Past tense of shall

1. I said that I should be able to manage the show.
2. We hoped that we should be able to help her.
(b) Unlikely future possibility

1. Should fail, we will give him another chance.
2. If you should miss the bus, hire a taxi.
 WILL
(a) Strong intention, promise, threat or expectation.

1. I will not spare him, even if the worst happens.
2. We will not let him escape so cheaply.
(b) Certainty
1. This experiment will bring stability.
2. Your friend will win the Presidential election.
 WOULD
(a) An idea of future when used in the past in reported speech
1. She said that she would be ready in ten minutes.
2. He said that he would accept the new offer.
(b) Polite questions in the present

1. Would you mind moving to the next chair?
2. Would you give her a helping hand?
 Must
(a) Duty, obligation, compulsion
1. We must respect our parents and teachers.
2. We must do whatever we can to help her.
(b) Prohibition negative statements

1. You mustn’t walk on the right side.
2. You must not park your car here.
 OUGHT TO
(a) Moral obligation

1. We ought to respect our elders.
2. You ought to help him in his hour of need.
(b) Logical necessity, expectation, etc.
1. They ought to be here by now.
2. He ought to reach Amritsar by this time.
 NEED
(a) Absence of obligation or necessity in negatives and interrogatives
1. I have paid this bill, so you needn’t pay it.
2. You needn’t go to office. It is a holiday.
“NEED” AS A LEXICAL VERB

Need can also be used as lexical or principal verb. When it is used as such, it behaves like other lexical verbs.
1. You did not need to pay the bill. (lexical verb)
2. You need not go there right now. (Modal verb)
 DARE
1. How dare you say so to my face? (modal verb)
2. Who dares to prove him wrong.(lexical verb)
 USED TO
1. She used to sit at the window and watch the people going down the street.
2. She used to prepare delicious dishes for him.
 HAVE/ HAS/ HAD TO

1. I have to go there early tomorrow morning.
2. She had to resign her job because of her marriage. (I may not like it, but I have no choice in the matter.)
3. He has to commute from Jalandhar to Ludhiana every day.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would ha ppe n. I n
English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include
verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we a re not a ctually
referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional s e nte nces in English. I n all
cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause.
THE ZERO CONDITIONAL
The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situati on is re a l a nd possible. The ze ro
conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In ze ro cond i tiona l
sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.
If clause Main clause
If + simple present simple present
If this thing happens that thing happens.
If you heat ice it melts.
If it rains the grass gets wet.
TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a pos sible
condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the s imple future.
If + simple present simple future
If this thing happens that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry you will miss the train.
If it rains today you will get wet.

TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not ba sed
on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional s entences, the if
clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
If + simple past present conditional or present continuous conditional

If this thing happened that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR
that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed earlier you would not be so tired.
If it rained you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they a re base d
on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition a nd i ts probabl e pas t
result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened) OR
that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion I would have been working in Milan.

MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL
The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts th e y
are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unre a l pas t condition a nd i ts
probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause us es the
present conditional.
If + past perfect or simple past present conditional or perfect conditional
If this thing had happened that thing would happen. (but this thing didn't happen so that thing isn't happening)
If I had worked harder at school I would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost.
If you weren't afraid of spiders you would have picked it up and put it outside.
CLASSWORK EXERCISE
1. After the mother saw what the child did, she admonished her.
2. If I’d known the lecture had been cancelled I can stay in bed longer.
3. When I lived in I could often eat in the restaurant next to my flat.
4. I’m surprised he failed, I suppose he may be ill on the day of exam.
5. He said that the next meeting will be in a month’s time
6. You should call her yesterday.
7. Oh no! Frank’s wallet is lying on the coffee table, he may have left it here last night.
8. If I was he I would accept his proposal.
9. If I find her address I should send her an invitation.
10. If I have an opportunity I would surely avail myself of it.
11. If we had a Yacht we will say the seven seas.
12. If they tell their father he would be very angry.
13. If I feel better, I go to the Cinema with you.
14. If I had known about this rose I may have averted it.
15. If I had been a bird I would soar high in the sky.
HOMEWORK EXERCISE
1. By the time India will (1)/ achieves a better position (2)/ in the world, India will be (3)/ the most popular country (4)/.No error
(5)
2. If you would have (1)/ toiled hard you (2)/ would not have had (3)/ to suffer this much (4)/. No error (5)
3. If I (1) /did this, (2) / I shall be (3) /wrong. (4)/ No error (5)
4. When she (1) / will come to Delhi (2)/, she will (3) /visit our house. (4)/ No error (5)
5. If he (1) / would have done (2)/ this, he would have been (3)/ wrong. (4)/ No error (5)
6. I (1) /would do (2)/ this if I (3) /was you. (4)/ No error (5)
7. After you will return (1)/ from new Delhi (2)/ I will meet you. (3)/ No error (4)
8. Had the plane (1)/ not been delayed (2)/ I will reach here (3)/ in time for the function. (4)/ No error (5)
9. He will tell you (1)/ about it (2)/ when (3)/ he will come back. (4)/ No error (5)
10. We shall (1)/ go out (2)/ if it does (3) not rains. (4)/ No error (5)
11. By the time (1)/ you reach (2)/ the cinema hall (3)/ the movie would start. (4)/ No error (5)
12. I do not know (1)/ where could he have gone (2)/ so early (3)/ in the morning. (4)/ No error (5)
13. I use (1) to go out (2)/ to work earlier (3)/ at Anand Vihar. (4)/ No error (5)
14. The streets (1)/ are so wet (2)/ it should have rained (3)/ last night. (4)/ No error (5)
15. He said (1)/ that he will meet (2)/ me at (3)/ the restaurant. (4)/ No error (5)
ADJECTIVE 9
An adjective is a word that is used to add something to the meaning of a Noun or a Pronoun and describe about it.
Ashok is an intelligent boy.
KINDS OF ADJECTIVE
1) Adjectives of Quality: - The adjective which tells us the kind of a person or a thing.
Example: - brave, cloudy, honest, big, beautiful, ugly, dirty, etc.
2) Adjectives of Quantity: - Which tells us how much the thing is.

Example: - much, little, some, any, sufficient, enough, whole, etc.
3) Adjectives of Number: - Which shows how many persons or things are there.
Example: - many, few, all, several, some, first, seven, most, etc.
4) Distributive Adjectives: - It shows the person or the thing which are taken one at a time.
Example: - each, every, either, neither, etc.
5) Demonstrative Adjectives: - It points out the persons or things.

Example: - This, that, these, those, such.
6) Interrogative Adjectives: - Adjectives which are used to ask question.

Example: - What, which, whose, etc.
RULES OF ADJECTIVES
Rule 1 – Comparative degree is used in comparing two things or persons.
It is the better of the two books.
Superlative degree is used in comparing more than two things or persons.
He is the best of the three boys.
Rule 2 – When two changes happen together, comparative degree is used in both.
The higher you go, the cooler you feel.
Rule 3 – Double comparatives and double superlatives must not be used.

He is more wiser than his brother ()
He is wiser than his brother (✓)
Rule 4 - The adjectives ending in – ior (prior, junior, senior, superior, inferior, posterior); take to after them.
He is senior to me.
This book is superior to that book
Rule 5- Some adjectives like unique, ideal, perfect, extreme, complete, universal, infinite, perpetual, chief, entire,
round, impossible are not compared.
It is the most unique book ()
It is a unique book (✓)
Rule 6 - When comparative degree is used in superlative sense, it is foll0owed by any other.
Kapil is better than any bowler ()
Kapil is better than any other bowler. (✓)
Rule 7 – When we compare two qualities in the same person or thing, the comparative ending ‘– er’ is not used.
You are wiser than old ()
You are more wise than old (✓)
Rule 8– Compound adjective formed by adding worth is placed after the noun it qualifies.
This is a worth seeing sight ()
This is a sight worth seeing (✓)
Rule 9 – When there are two objects of comparison, then to avoid repetition of noun ‘that’ is used for singular noun
and ‘those’ for plural noun.
The climate of Ranchi is better than that of Gaya.
CLASSWORK EXERCISE
1) I am more wiser than that student.
2) My house is larger than you.
3) The climate of Hyderabad is better than Madras.
4) Pooja is my older sister.
5) It is much fine today.
6) My friend is senior than me by 4 years.
7) Death is preferable than disgrace.
8) Kolkata is a worth-seeing city.
9) The two first chapters of this book are very important.
10) Suvarna is greater than any students in the class.
11) Shakuntala is better than any drama in Sanskrit.
12) His house is further from the station than yours.
13) The tiger is the ferocious of all animals in the forest.
14) My knife is the sharpest of the two.
15) John thought that Switzerland was more beautiful of all the places he had seen in Europe.
HOMEWORK EXERCISE
1. Geometry and Drawing (1)/ are more easier (2)/ than (3)/ Geography and Social Studies. (4)/ No error. (5)
2. Everyone felt that (1)/ the big glittering (2)/ diamond (3)/ was most unique. (4)/ No error. (5)
3. Even the most perfect (1)/ person in the world is said (2)/ to have erred (3)/ where there was time to act. (4)/ No error (5)
4. It is a (1)/ worth seeing movie (2)/ and you (3)/ must not miss it. (4)/ No error. (5)
5. I like him because (1)/ he is the (2)/ most interesting fellow (3)/ because of his amiable nature. (4)/ No error. (5)
6. Of all the students (1)/ Rita was less worried (2)/ when the date for (3)/ the annual examination wa s a nnounce d. ( 4 )/ No
error. (5)
7. In the opinion of (1)/ everyone (2)/ she is wiser (3)/ than beautiful. (4)/ No error. (5)
8. Your essay (1)/ should not exceed (2)/ more than (3)/ hundred words. (4)/ No error. (5)
9. The two last (1)/ pictures of a (2)/ very competent director (3)/ have not proved a success. (4)/ No error.(5)
10. Tanya is more (1)/ intelligent than any other (2)/ boy in (3)/ her class. (4)/ No error. (5)
11. She is better (1)/ than any girl (2)/ that studies (3)/ in our class. (4)/ No error. (5)
12. There is no name (1)/ more glorious (2)/ than Sardar Patel (3)/ in the history of India. (4)/ No error. (5)
13. Privatization offers the (1)/ most ideal situation (2)/ for consumers because private sector(3)/ is very conscious of quality.(4) /
No error (5)
14. He is as intelligent (1)/ if not more intelligent (2) / than his brother who has qualified (3) / for this post.(4) / no error(5)
15. She is the best (1) / and (2)/ beautiful girl (3)/ of our class. (4)/ no error (5 )
DETERMINERS 10
Determiners are adjective words like a, an, the (articles), some, any, each, every, either, neither, a great many, l i ttle, a l i ttle, the
little, few, a few, the few, less, fewer, much, many.
1. Some, Any:
To express quantity some is used in the affirmative sentences; any in negative sentences.
I have some milk but I do not have any sugar.
She bought some shoes but did not buy any dresses .
a) Some is used in interrogative sentences when making polite requests.

Will you give me some sugar?
Will you have some more tea?
b) In conditional sentences as:

If there are any oranges in the market, please buy some.
c) Use of any in interrogative or negative sentences:

Did you buy any stamps?
Have you any articles on the recent events?
I didn’t see any oranges in the market.
2. Each, Every; Either, Neither:

Each means one of two things or one of any number exceeding two. Every is used while speaking of some number
exceeding two as:
Each of them had a gun in his hand.
Each of you can go to the market.
Every man expects loyalty from its people.
Either has two meanings:

1) One out of two 2) each of two (both).
Neither is the negative of either and means neither the one nor the other
You can leave by either door. (By one door or the other)
Trees grew on either side of the road. (Both sides)
He looked at neither side of the road. (Neither this side nor the other.
3. Much, Many:
Much stands for quantity and many denotes number.
Was there much milk left in the pot?
Were there many people watching the movie?
We haven’t got many books.
She doesn’t have much money.
4. Little, A Little, The Little:

Little means hardly any or not much. It has a negative meaning.
There was little money in the house.
There was little that she could do to help the patient.
A little means some at least. It has an affirmative meaning.
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
There is a little milk left in the pot.
The little means all.
The strength he had was not much.
5. Few, A Few, The Few:

Few means not many and has a negative meaning. He has a few books left in the library. A Few m e a ns s ome a t le as t. I t ha s a
positive meaning.
He has few books left in the library.
The Few means all. It can be used both positively and negatively.
He lost the few friends he had.
6. Less, Fewer: Least, Fewest

Less is used with reference to quantity and fewer with reference to number.
The huge pumpkin weighted no less than ten pounds.
I cannot buy less than ten kilograms of rice.
No fewer than two thousand people joined the strike.
No fewer than ten civilians were hurt in the firing.
CLASSWORK EXERCISE DETERMINERS

1) Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
2) Mark Waugh scored less runs in this series than in the previous one.
3) Cynics believe that a few persons are good in this world.
4) You can make much profit even of a little money you have left.
5) I have a request could you give me any money?
6) You are a good student; I have a little doubt regarding your success.
7) He wants little sugar for tea.
8) Little learning is a dangerous thing.
9) Little act would have saved the situation.
10) Some people have a lot of wealth but a little or no sympathy for the less fortunate.
11) No fewer than 50 kg rice is required.
12) Do you take sugar and if so how much.
13) With little patience you will be able to cross this hurdle.
14) To perform this experiment drop little sugar into a glass of water.
15) As he had taken only a few sips there was still some water left in the glass.
PRACTICE EXERCISE (ADJECTIVE)

1. There were (1) / no less than (2)/ fifty persons (3)/ present in the room. (4)/ no error (5)
2. Few remarks (1) / that he (2)/ made were (3) / offensive to my friend. (4) / no error (5)
3. The meeting was (1)/ postponed because only a few (2)/ number of persons (3) / were present. (4)/ No error(5)
4. I requested him (1) / to lend me (2)/ few books (3) / that might help in my studies. (4) / No error (5)
5. Could you please (1) / give me (2)/ any money (3) / to buy food?(4) / no error(5 )
6. Little care on your part (1) / would have (2)/ made you (3) / more successful than your friend.(4) No error (5)
7. A little quantity of sugar (A) / is required to meet (B) / with the present demands.(C) / no
8. error(D)
9. It very often happens (A) / that a man who talks most (B) / does little.(C) / No error (D)
10. I got less marks in my history paper which I had offered as an alternative to Economics. No error
11. Few remarks that he made were offensive to my brother. No error
12. The meeting was postponed because only a little persons were present there. No error.
13. He had to cut a sorry figure when he realized that he did not have some money in his purse. No error
14. Are there some speeches made from public platforms that can bring about an economic revolution? No error.
15. The technician reminded them to handle the machine with little care. No error.
ADVERB 11
An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb. It is said to modify verbs, adjectives
and adverbs. For example:-
1. She is walking slowly.
2. She is very intelligent.
Kinds of Adverb
1. Adverb of time- Before, ago, lately, now, soon, yesterday, already, never.
2. Adverb of frequency- Always, once, seldom, usually, rarely etc.
3. Adverb of place- Here, everywhere, down, near, away, backward, upward.
4. Adverb of manner- Slowly, so, soundly, delightfully.
5. Adverb of affirmation and negation- Certainly, apparently, obviously, no, undoubtedly.
6. Adverb of degree- Almost, fully, very, enough, rather, quite, too, really.
7. Interrogative adverb- How, what, when, why.
8. Relative adverb- When, where, why, how.
Relative adverbs are used to make an adjective clause.
Example:- He was born in the year when I left India.
Rules of Adverb
Rule 1. Adjective qualifies a noun and a pronoun whereas adverb modifies a verb, an adjective and an adverb. For example:-
1. Her act was remarkable.
2 .She ran quicker than I.
Rule 2. Adverb of time such as-
“Always, often, already, just, never, sometimes, frequency, generally, recently, usually, hardly, rarely, normally etc. are
generally placed before the verb they modify. For example:-
1. My brother often comes every Sunday.
2. He usually goes to the movies every Friday.
Rule 3. Adverbs of manners are placed only after the intransitive verb. However, the adverb can be placed either be fore or
after the transitive verb.
For example:- 1. He returned immediately.
2.He slept soundly last night.
Rule 4. If the sentence is introduced by an adverb, inverted form of the verb is used for sake of emphasis. For example:-
1. She no sooner reached the station than she met her friend.
2.She had hardly reached the station when the train arrived.
Rule 5. Use of Else and Other
‘Else’ should be followed by ‘but’.‘Other’ and ‘Otherwise’ are followed by ‘than’.
For example:-
1. She had no other alternative than stay here. (Use ‘than’ in place of ‘but’)
2. She has no one else to look after her but me. (Use ‘but’ in place of ‘except’)
Rule 6. Both ‘never’ and ‘not’ are adverbs. The use of ‘never’ for ‘not’ is incorrect.
For example:-
1. I did not went to Ooty last year. (Use ‘did not’ go in place of ‘never’)
2. I do not remember to have said so. (Use ‘do not’ in place of ‘never’)
Rule 7. Note the use of phrases.
‘Seldom or never’, ‘seldom, if ever’, ‘little or nothing’. ‘little, if anything’.
The phrases ‘seldom or ever’ and ‘little or anything’ are wrong in use.
For example: We seldom or never meet our relatives these days.
Rule 8. Negative adverbs should not be used with the words negative in meaning. So two negatives should be avoided.
‘Seldom, nowhere, never, nothing, hardly, scarcely, neither, barely, rarely’ are some of the adverbs expressing negative mean ing.
For example:-
1. I rarely went to meet nobody across the road. (Use ‘anybody’ in place of ‘nobody’)
2. She hardly knows nothing about the family. (Use ‘anything’ in place of ‘nothing’)
Rule 9. Given below are some of the examples of the words being treated as adverbs whereas they a re a dje ctives or nouns. For
example:-
(A) Manly, masterly, slovenly, monthly, weekly, sickly, friendly, orderly, gentlemanly are adjectives and should not be
confused with adverbs.
(B) Coward, miser, niggard are nouns.
‘Cowardly, miserly, niggardly’ are adjectives.
‘In a coward, miserly, niggardly manner’ are used as adverbs.
(C) Fast, straight, outright, direct, hard, hardly, late, light, high, safe, quiet etc, are used both a s a n a dj ective a nd
adverb.
(D) ‘Loudly’ and ‘Aloud’ are adverb though in meanings. ‘Loud’ is an adjective.
(E) Late, lately
Late is both an adjective & an adverb
Lately is an adverb.
(F) Hard is both an adjective and adverb used in affirmative sense.
Hardly is an adverb used in negative meaning.
For example:-
1. A soldier is trained never to fight cowardly. (Use ‘in a cowardly manner’)
2. Rohit always comes late to school. (Say ‘late’ for ‘lately’)
Rule 10. The use of ‘very, much, so, too, enough, rather’.
(A) ‘Very’ modify present participle used as adjective, adverb and adjectives in positive degree. ‘Much’ is used with comparative
degree and past participle.
For example:-
1. It is a much interesting picture. (Use ‘very’ in place of ‘much’)
2. I was very exhausted in the evening. (Use ‘much’ in place of ‘very’)
Note:- The use of ‘Very’ and ‘Much’ in superlative degree.
(B) ‘So’, and ‘too’ should be used without ‘that’(Adverb clause) and ‘to’ (Infinitive) respectively.
‘Very’ and ‘much’ may be used in the place of so and too.
For example:-
1. My brother is so healthy. (Use ‘very’ in place of ‘so’)
2. She is too poor to study further.
(C) ‘Enough’ is both an adjective and adverb. As an adverb it is always placed after the adjective it modifies.
As an adjectives it is placed before a noun. For example:-
1. She is enough wise to allow her son to go. (Place ‘enough’ after ‘wise’)
2. She is enough money to spend.
Rule 11. Note the difference between too, as well, also.

(a) ‘Too, as well, also’, are used in the sense of “besides”, “in addition to” an affirmative sentence. But ‘also’ cannot be used at end
position.
1. She found her bag and money too/as well.
2. She plays the piano and the harmonium as well/also.
(b) So+ auxiliary + subject is used in affirmative sentence in relation to two persons doing one action.
1. She won the prize and so did her sister. (Win)
2. His wife plays piano and so does he. (play)
(c) Neither + auxiliary +subject is used in negative sentence in relation to two persons doing one action.
1. He does not write well and neither do I. (write)
2. She will not lend money and neither will he. (lend)
Rule 12. While answering a question the adverb ‘yes’ or ‘no’ should be used acco rding to the affirmative a nd ne gative a nswer. For
example:-
1. Have you taken food?
2. Yes, I have not taken so far? (Use ‘No’ in place of ‘Yes’)
Rule 13. (A) Adverb ‘as’ should be used to introduce predicative of the verbs.
‘regard, describe, define, treat, view, know’.
(B) Adverb ‘as’ should be avoided to introduce predicative of the verbs.
‘name, elect, think, consider, call, appoint, make, choose’. For example:-
1. I regard him as my brother.
2. Science has been defined as the study of nature.
CLASSWORK EXERCISE
1) He quick reads a book.

2) The class is terrible loud today.
3) You can easy open this tin.
4) He careful drives the car .
5) The dog barks loud .
6) Joanne is happy. She smiles happy.
7) The boy is loud. He shouts loud.
8) Her English is fluent. She speaks English fluent.
9) Our mum was angry. She spoke to us angry.
10) My neighbour is a careless driver. He drives rash.
11) The painter is awful. He paints bad.
12) This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house quiet.
13) She is a good dancer. She dances really good.
14) Inspite of working very neat & careful he could not win even the third prize.
15) Watch how careful the sparrow knits the straws into one another to form a nest.
HOMEWORK EXERCISE
1. The principal forbade us not to use the entire central hall. No error.
2. Believe me I couldn’t hardly believe what anyone of them had said. No error.
3. The real important thing to remember is that language learning requires a lot of practice . No error.
4. We should appreciate that the telephones here have been working as efficiently as in the past.
No error.
5. He returned quicker than I expected. No error.
6. She is either intelligent or honest if not both. No error.
7. There is no other way to rend war except disarmament. No error.
8. After toiling very hardly over a long period to time he found that people recognized him as a
successful person. No error.
9. She was noticeable upset by how indignant he responded to her final question. No error.
10. She can understand Marathi but she cannot speak it properly or fluently. No error.
11. She stated to me as blunt as she could. No error.
12. One should face the misfortunes of life manly. No error.
13. He is enough kind to help every body in need. No error.
14. When I got home I was too exhausted. No error.
15. It was much hot yesterday and we didn’t go out. No error.
ARTICLES 12
INDEFINITE DEFINITE
(A, An) (The)
Use of ‘An’
Rule 1 – Before words beginning with vowel sounds (a, e, i, o, u are called vowels and others are called consonants ).
An apple, an egg, an owl.
Rule 2 – Before words beginning with silent ‘h’

an hour, an honourable man, an heir, an honest man.
Rule 3 – F, H, L, M, N, R, S, X are letters that are not vowels but begin with vowel sound.
e.g. ‘M’ has the sound of ‘em’ (vowel sound).
an M.L.A., an R.A.F., an N.C.C. officer, an F.I.R. an X- ray, an H.E. school, an S.P. an LEA school, an X-ray.
Use of ‘A’
Rule 1 (i) In the sense of one
He couldn’t speak a word to save
himself.
(ii) With one
A one man show, a one–rupee note.
Rule 2 Before words beginning with consonant sound.

a boy, a box, a dog.
Rule 3 With vowel letters having consonant sound.

a university, a unique article, a euphemism, a unit, a European language, (all these begin with consonant sound of
‘yu’)
Rule 4 With units and rate (per)
He earns five hundred rupees a month.
Rice sells at ten rupees a kilo.
Give me a meter length of the cloth.
Rule 5 In exclamatory expressions before singular countable nouns:

What a pretty girl!
How sunny a day!
Rule 6 When two subjects or articles are thought of as a single unit.

He was ready with a cup and saucer.
A cigarette is made of a paper and tobacco.
Use of ‘The’
Rule 1 When we speak of a particular person or thing already referred to:

The boy near the tap is my brother.
She found a purse. The purse contained a golden chain. The golden chain is very precious.
Rule 2 When a singular noun represents the whole class:

The mango is considered the king among fruit.
The peacock is the national bid of India.
Rule 3 With names of Gulfs, bays, rivers, oceans, seas, island groups, deserts and mountain
ranges.
The Himalayas, the Indian ocean, the Persian gulf, the Red sea, the Andaman and Nicobar islands, the Brahmaputra
river.
Rule 4 Sacred books, Religious groups:

the Vedas, the Puranas, the Bible, the Ramacharitmanas.
The Sikhs, the Hindus, the Parsees.
Rule 5 Musical instruments:

the flute, the violin, the tabla, the trumpet.
Rule 6 The inventions:

I hate the telephone for its constant ringing.
The television is a gift of science.
Rule 7 Political parties, Newspapers, Clubs, foundations, etc.

The AAP, The Congress, the Janata party, the B.J.P.
the Tribune, the Hindustan Times
The lion’s club, the ford foundation.
Rule 8 Before names of an empire, dynasty or historical event.
the Gupta dynasty, the Old Stone Age, the First World War, the American Revolution.
Rule 9 With ordinals:

He took the first auto that came his way.
He lives in the tenth block.
Rule 10 Before an adjective when noun is understood:

The poor would favour him.
We must not shun the disabled.
OMISSION OF ARTICLE
Article is omitted in following cases:
1. Before a Proper Noun.

Akbar was a great king.
When ‘Article’ is used before a proper noun, it becomes a common noun.
Mumbai is the Manchester of India.
This man is the second Sachin.
4. Before Abstract Nouns that express qualities, state, feeling, actions.

Honesty is the best policy.
Virtue is its own reward.
When abstract nouns, instead of referring qualifies, express person or things possessing such qualities or express qualitie s of
definite objects. They are preceded by “Article.”
She possesses the cunningness of a fox.
(Here, cunningness refers the quality of a definite object that is ‘fox’).
He has the dedication of an ideal student.
5. Before Material Nouns.

Iron is a hard metal.
Silver is a semi-precious metal.
When material nouns express things instead of matter of which they are representing ‘common noun’, so they can be
preceded by the Article.
He threw a stone on the cow.
She threw a stick at the pig.
6. Before names of regular meals, language, color, seasons, time of day.

He was invited to dinner.
I do not know ‘Hindi’ but know ‘English’.
I like red and blue colours.
In Spring we like to clean the house.
She is planning to visit her parents in winter.
We travelled mostly by night.
We’ll be there around midnight.
7. Before a noun following the expression ‘kind of’, ‘nature’.

Example:
What kind of girl is she?
What kind of boy is he?
If you interfere with nature you will suffer for it.
8. Before names of public institutions (Church, School, University, Prison, Hospital, Court, etc) if they are used,
for the purpose they exist rather than actual building.
He went to church. (It means he went to church for saying his prayer)
He went to the church and from there he took a bus. (Means that he went to the place where building of the church is
situated)
9. When two or more descriptive adjectives qualify the same noun and adjectives are connected by ‘and ’; the
article is used before the first adjective only.
This is a Hindi and English Dictionary.
(Here dictionary is one)
He is a qualified and hard-working man.
But, If two nouns refer to different persons or things, the article must be used with each noun.
He is a doctor and a musician.
10. Article is omitted with professions, games, sports.

Engineering is a useful career.
He’ll probably go into medicine.
I am playing cricket.
He is fond of paying tennis.
CLASSWORK EXERCISE ARTICLES
1. It is futile to give an advice to a person who would not listen to you.

2. It is pity that he does not behave humbly with his parent and friend.
3. It is said that elephant is vindictive by nature and never forgets his enemy.
4. Being M.A. only he could not be appointed to the post of a lecturer.
5. Sikhs belong to a martial race since they were organized into the force to fight against the oppression of the rulers.
6. He has been sent to the prison several times but has not shown any sign of improvement in his conduct.
7. Surdas is often called Milton of India.
8. Prince Charles is a heir to the throne of the Great Britain. .
9. I shall never forget a good deed you did to me when I was in crises.
10. Higher you go the colder it is.
11. The Chinese is a very difficult language to understand for those who have never been to China.
12. Everybody admires him because he plays the piano skillfully.
13. News you broke to his wife made her nervous and she broke down.
14. Who is a girl over there with Mike?
15. We need a secretary with an good knowledge of English.
HOMEWORK EXERCISE ARTICLES
5) I go to the temple (1)/ as often as (2)/ I find time. (3)/ No error (5)
2) Shahrukh is (1)/ a Tom Cruise (2)/ of India. (3)/ No error (5)
9) Pacific Ocean is (1)/ the deepest ocean (2)/ in the world. (3)/ No error (4)
10) Unicef (1)/ is (2)/ an international organization. (3)/ No error (4)
12) A interesting book (1)/ ‘A Tale of two cities’ (2)/ was written by Alexander Domes. (3)/ No error (4)
14) She had an (1)/ miserable existence (2)/ living with him. (3)/ No error (4)
17) Teachers were instructed (1)/ to follow (2)/ an uniform method (3)/ of evaluation. (4)/ No error (5)
13) I met the gentleman (1)/ today morning (2)/ on my way (3)/ to the market. (4)/ No error (5)
18) Equator (1)/ divides the earth (2)/ into two hemispheres (3)/ No error (4)
16. Book I read last week was an interesting one. No error .
17. Sunil is a best student in our class at present. No error .
18. I go to the bed at eight every night. No error .
19. A person I met in the theatre was the playwright himself. No error .
20. In a report issued by Indian statistical Institute the Iron & steel Industry is investing more than any other Indian I ndustry in
fighting pollution. No error .
21. According to the Bible it is meek and the humble who shall inherit the earth. No error .
CONJUNCTION 13
Conjunctions are joining words as they join either two sentences or two subjects.
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS
1) Conjunctions of Addition: and, both-and, as well as, also, besides, moreover, too, not only–but also
2) Conjunctions of Place: where, wherever
3) Conjunctions of Time: when, whenever, as long as, no sooner than, before, till, since, after, while, as soon as
4) Conjunctions of Cause and Reason: as, because, since, therefore, so
5) Conjunctions of Purpose: that, lest, therefore, so- that
6) Conjunctions of Result and Consequence: That
7) Conjunctions of Condition: if, when, unless, provided that
8) Conjunctions of Concession and Contrast: though/although-yet, even though, however, but, despite, in spite of
9) Conjunctions of Comparison: than, as–as, so -as, to
10) Conjunctions of Alternative and Choice: either -or, neither- nor
CO-RELATED CONJUNCTIONS
1. Scarcely or hardly is followed by when.

Scarcely had I entered the room when I heard a shriek.
Hardly had I slept when the telephone bell rang.
2. Although / Though is followed by yet.

Though he worked hard yet he failed.
3. No sooner is followed by than.

No sooner did we reach there than it began to rain.
4. Not only is followed by but also.

Not only did he help her, but also dropped her home safely.
5. Lest is negative and so should not be followed by not; it is followed by should.

Work hard lest you should fail.
If would or may is used in place of should, then else should be used in place of lest.
Give him water, else he may die.
Leave on time, else you would miss the train.
6. Both is complemented by and; not by as well as.

Both Amit and Satish are good at Science.
7. So-as is used in negative sentences, whereas

As-as is used in affirmative sentences.
He is not so tall as his brother.
He is as tall as his father.
8. Other is followed by than;

He has no other claim than his wealth.
9. Else is followed by But:

No one else will look after him but you.
10. The word reason is not followed by because, but by that.

The reason why he didn’t go was that his mother was ill.
11. Because, As and Since denote reason.

He went to the doctor because he was ill.
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
Since he did not come to the party, his gift was sent to him.
12. Words such as regard, describe, define, treat, mention, depict, portray are followed by as.
I regard her as my sister.
He was treated as a slave.
13. In order that and In order to denote purpose.

He went to Delhi in order that he might see Mr. Roy.
She left for Mumbai in order to see Mr. Sharma.
14. Either is followed by or; Neither is followed by nor;

Either you are or he is to blame.
Neither Ravi nor Vipan was seen.
Neither did I read nor did I write.
15. Unless, until should not be followed by not.

Wait here until I come
Do not go unless I return.
16. If is used to give conditional sense:

If he does not return the books, he will not be awarded the certificate.
17. Whether is used to express uncertainty:

I don’t know whether he was present.
18. To express how long use as long as.

Work as long as you live.
19. Such is followed by as:

We talked about such subjects as the weather.
Such is followed by that; if we emphasize the degree of something by mentioning the result, E.g. The extent of the disa ster
was such that not a single man could survive.
20. While is used for two simultaneous actions, When is used for sequential actions.
I saw a friend while I was driving under the bridge.
I will call you when I finish my work.
CONJUNCTIONS CLASSWORK EXERICSE
1. As she is bulky, so she walks slowly.

2. Because she is smart, therefore everybody likes her.
3. She was angry, therefore, I ran away.
4. She wants a ring twice costly as this.
5. She hates you much as I.
6. I have no money I cannot buy a car.
7. Wait here until he does not come.
8. Walk carefully lest you fall down.
9. Run fast lest you should not miss the bus.
10. Although she is poor but she is honest.
11. Unless you do not labour hard, you will never score a good division.
12. You can visit me when you desire.
13. She will not come unless she is not invited.
14. Unless you have no objection, he will continue writing to you.
15. I don’t know if she is coming to the party.
PRACTICE EXERCISE CONJUNCTION
1. Although they listen to me (A) / but their actions (B) / prove otherwise (C) / no error(D)
2. He treats (A) / us as (B) / slaves. (C) / no error (D)
3. She looked at him (A) / in such distress (B) / as he had to look away. (C) / no error (D)
4. This film is interesting (A) / and the previous one (B) / was boring. (C) / no error (D)
5. It is difficult to know (A) / whether (B) / you are selected or not. (C) / no error (D)
6. He has no other chance (A) / but to start (B) / his own business. (C) / no error (D)
7. They had hardly finished (A) / their meals that at once (B) / they resumed their duty. (C) / no error (D)
8. I don’t know whether (A) / Raj is equally (B) / good as Vimal. (C) / no error (D)
9. He has no other business (A) / but to play (B) / with computers. (C) / no error (D)
10. Be smart (A) / not only in dress (B) / and also in action. (C) / no error (D)
11. Because he is physically strong (A) / therefore he was selected (B) / for the school boxing team. (C) / no error (D)
12. The reason for his failure (A) / is because (B) / he did not work hard. (C) / no error (D)
13. Unless you do not listen to his advice (A) / I am not going (B) / to help you. (C) / no error (D)
14. How do you say (A) / that neither he or Raj has qualified (B) / in the examination?(C) / no error (D)
15. We are not sure (A) / if he is coming (B) / to the party. (C) / no error (D)
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME AND PLACE 14
A Preposition is a word used with a noun or pronoun to show its relation to some other word in a sentence.
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
1. At is used: PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
(a) With a definite point of time
I usually get up at 5 o’clock. 1. At refers to an exact point:
She leaves her house every day at 9 a.m. The tourist stayed at the Tourist Hotel.
(b) With festivals He studied at Oxford.
He will come at Holi. He is waiting at the door.
2. In is used: 2. In refers to larger areas:

(a) With the parts of the day, (with noon, use at), He lives in Bombay.
months, seasons and years.
He takes a walk in the afternoon. 3. Between is used for two persons or two things:
In summer the weather is warm. Share these sweets between him and me.
(b) With the future tense referring to the period in It is a secret between you and me.
which action may take place
You must be careful in future. 4. Among is used with more than two persons or things
but before the word which starts with a consonant
3. On is used with days and dates: letter:
My brother will arrive on Monday. Divide the sweets among the three boys.
My birthday is on the first of June.
5. Amongst is also used with more than two persons
4. By refers to the latest time at which an action will be and things but before the word which starts with a
over: vowel letter.
The examination will be over by 5 p.m. Divide the sweets amongst us.
5. For is used with perfect continuous tense showing 6. Above is used for higher than:
the duration of an action: The sun rose above the horizon.
I have been here for three years. We were flying above the clouds.
6. Since is used with the point of time when action 7. Under is used for vertically below:
begins and continues: It is shady under the trees.
He has been ill since last Tuesday.
Since 1980, Shalini has lived in Delhi. 8. Below is used for lower than:
When the sun sets it goes below the horizon.
7. From refers to the starting point of an action: Your work is below average.
This water came from a spring.
She came from USA. 9. Over is used for vertically above:
There is an aircraft coming over.
The bathroom is over the kitchen.
10. Beneath means a lower position.

The ground was slippery beneath her.
PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION
1. To is used to express motion from one place to another:

We walked to the river and back.
2. Towards refers to directions:

He saw me running towards him.
She glanced towards the mirror.
3. Into denotes motion towards the inside of something.

She fell into a ditch.
4. At refers to aim.
He aimed at bird.
5. For denotes directions:

I will leave for Pune today.
The minister left for the U. K.
6. Against shows pressure:

She cleaned the edge of her knife against the plate.
He leaned against a tree.
7. Off refers to separation:

He was wiping sweat off his face.
Kim fell off his chair in a swoon.
8. From refers to the point of departure:

The man parted from his friends.
We scrambled from our trucks and ran after them.
PREPOSITION OF POSITION
1. About shows nearness:

I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.
His father is about to retire.
2. Along stands for in the same line:

She led them along the corridor.
The current passes along the wire here.
3. After refers to sequence.

She came after me.
Soon after, Faraday began his researches into electricity.
4. Across means from one side:

He blew a cloud of smoke across the table.
She ran across the field.
5. Before stands for in front of:

A thief was brought before the judge.
The garage is before the road.
6. Behind means at the back of:

She sat down behind the hedge.
The sun went behind a cloud.
7. Beyond means on the farther side of:

This is beyond his power.
Love is beyond all human control.
8. Beside means by the side of:

I sat down beside my wife.
9. Besides means in addition to:

Besides being a teacher, he is a skilled craftsman.
CLASSROOM EXERCISE
4. He is addicted __ _ smoking.
5. He was ashamed ___ his conduct.
6. I am not afraid _____ death.
7. Harry is very fond ____ reading novels.
8. She was very kind ___ us all.
9. I prefer riding ___ walking.
10. Be careful _____ your health.
11. You must take care ___ your health.
14. He is proud ____ his wealth.
15. Ali begged ____ mercy _____ the king.
18. She takes delight ___ swimming.
19. I was then busy _____my lessons.
20. We were astonished ___ her rudeness.
21. We all wondered ___ her success.
22. The people were alarmed __ this news.
23. The dog is ever faithful ___ his master.
26. My book is different __ Harry’s.
27. Please excuse me __ coming late.
28. The basket is full __ flowers.
29. Fill the bottle ____ hot water.
72. He was accused __ theft.
74. I congratulate you ____ your success.
76. He objected _ my proposal.
62. He deals _____ Japanese silk.
94. Alcohol is injurious ____ health.
HOMEWORK EXERCISE
5. It was apparent for everyone (A) / present that if the patient did not receive (B) / medical attention fast, he wo uld die . ( C) /
no error (D)
2. I was taken with surprise (A) / when I saw (B) / the glamorous Appu ghar. (C) / no error (D)
12. I must start at dawn (A) / to reach the station (B) / in time. (C) / no error (D)
15. The father brought the sweets (A) / and distributed them (B) / between his five children. (C) / no error. (D)
16. Raman developed the habit (A) / for sleeping late (B) / when he was staying in the hostel. (C) / no error.
(D)
19. My niece has been married (A) / with (B) / the richest man of the town. (C) / no error. (D)
20. The venue of examination (A) / is one mile (B) / further up the hill. (C) / no error. (D)
18. The top-ranking candidates (A) / will be appointed in senior jobs (B) / in good companies. (C) / no error.
(D)
21. The doctor referred the patient (A) / for the OPD (B) / without examining him. (C) / no error. (D)
26. After opening the door we entered (A) / into the room (B) / next to the kitchen. (C) / no error. (D)
30. The engineer came out to a novel solution (A) / which may even reduce (B) / daily energy consumption.
(C) / no error. (D)
31. On a holiday Madhu prefers (A) / reading than going (B) / out visiting friends. (C) / no error. (D)
32. People who are (A) / averse with (B) / hard work generally do not succeed in life. (C) / no error. (D)
33. Vishal is one year junior (A) / than (B) / Madan in our office. (C) / no error. (D)
34. They walked (A) / besides (B) / each other in silence. (C) / no error. (D)
COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS 15
APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS
ABOUT
25) Hide from: I will not hide the truth from you.
1) Doubt about: There is no doubt about it.
26) Recover from: She has not yet recovered from illness.
AGAINST IN
2) Complaint against: Have you any complaint against 27) Believe in: I do not believe in what you say.
me?
28) Interested in: I am not interested in this matter.
3) Guard against: You must guard against this bad habit.
29) Afraid of: He is afraid of his own shadow.
4) Rebel against: The people rebelled against the rule of
the cruel King. OF
5) Struggle against: The poor people have to struggle 30) Approve of: I do not approve of your plan.
against many difficulties.
31) Ashamed of: You ought to be ashamed of your
AT conduct.
6) Aim at 1 : He aimed at the tiger and fired. 32) Avail of: You must avail yourself of this opportunity.
7) Astonished at: I was astonished at his sudden 33) Aware of: I was not aware of the danger.
appearance.
34) Beg of: I begged a favour of him.
8) Laugh at: Do not laugh at him.
35) Beware of: Beware of the crossing.
9) Wonder at: He wondered at my boldness.
36) Boast of: He always boast of his riches.
10) Gain by: A wise man gains by experience.
37) Cheat of: He cheated me of five rupees.
FOR
38) Composed of: Water is composed of hydrogen and
11) Candidate for: I am also a candidate for the post. oxygen.
12) Eager for: Some people are eager for praise. 39) Convinced of: I am convinced of your innocence.
13) Excuse for: Have you any excuse for your conduct? 40) Cured of: The patient was soon cured of his disease.
14) Famous for: Kashmir is famous for its shawls. 41) Guilty of: The judge declared him guilty of the crime.
15) Fit for: This food is hardly fit for a dog. 42) Hear of: Did you not hear of his failure?
16) Good for: Quinine is good for malaria. 43) Ignorant of: I am ignorant of the customs of this
country.
17) Mistake for: I mistake him for his brother.
18) Necessary for: Pure air is necessary for health. 44) Jealous of: Don’t be jealous of others’ reputation.
19) Send for: Send for the doctor at once. 45) Lame of: He is lame of one leg.
20) Sorry for: I am sorry for the mistake. 46) Made of: This box is made of wood.
21) Start for: Exactly at 8 o’clock we started for the Qutab. 47) Proud of: She is very proud of her beauty.
22) Taste for: She has a taste for poetry and music. 48) Relieve of: This medicine will certainly relieve you of
your pain.
FROM
23) Escape form: The parrot escaped from the cage. 49) Remind of: His face reminds me of his father.
24) Free from: You are free from blame in this affair. 50) Rob of: They robbed him of one hundred rupees.
51) Short of: Nothing short of one hundred rupees will 81) Limit to: There is a limit to everything.
satisfy him.
82) Listen to: Listen to me.
52) Smell of: This dash smells of garlic.
83) Loyal to: We must remain loyal to the Government.
53) Sure of: He is quite sure of his success.
84) Married to: Sita was married to Rama.
54) Think of: Can you think of nothing else?
85) Regard to: I have a great regard for him.
55) Warn of: I warned him of the danger.
86) Obedient to: You should be obedient to your parents.
56) Worthy of: Gandhi was a man worthy of praise.
87) Object to: I do not object to your proposal.
UPON/ ON/ OVER
88) Objection to: Have you any objection to this?
57) Act upon: I will act upon your advice.
58) Congratulate on: I congratulate you on your success. 89) Occur to: It did not occur to me.
59) Count on: I count on your help. 90) Parallel to: This straight line is parallel to that.
60) Depend upon: Your success depends upon hard work. 91) Peculiar to: This is a custom peculiar to the Hindus.
61) Hit upon: The wise crow hit upon a plan. 92) Prefer to: I prefer death to dishonour.
62) Rely on: I cannot rely on such a person. 93) Reduced to: He is reduced to a skeleton.
63) Control over: I have no control over him. 94) Refer to: The complement must refer to the subject or
the object.
64) Preside over: Who will preside over the meeting?
95) Related to: How are you related to Mr. Sethi?
65) Rule over: Akbar ruled over a vast empire.
96) Similar to: Her voice is similar to yours.
TO
97) Submit to: We must submit to the will of God.
66) Add to: Add this to that.
98) Subordinate to: Teachers are subordinate to the
67) Amount to: Hs expenses amount to five hundred Principal.
rupees.
99) Subscribe to: Did you subscribe nothing to the Poor
68) Belong to: This house belongs to my uncle. Fund?
69) Commit to: Commit these lines to memory. 100) Succeed to: The young prince succeeded to the throne
of his father.
70) Consent to: He will not consent to your proposal.
101) Surrender to: The proud general would not surrende r
71) Contrary to: You are acting contrary to my to the enemy.
instructions.
102) True to: He is true to his word.
72) Courteous to: He is courteous to all.
103) Used to: I am not used to cycling.
73) Dear to: He is very dear to me.
WITH
74) Exception to: This is an exception to the rule.
104) Busy with: The student is busy with his lessons.
75) Faithful to: A dog is very faithful to its master.
105) Comply with: I cannot comply with his request.
76) Heir to: He is the sole heir to his father’s property.
106) Displeased with: He is displeased with you.
77) Injurious to: Drinking is injurious to health.
107) Familiar with: I am not familiar with this language.
78) Introduce to: He introduced me to the headmaster.
108) Ill with: He is ill with fever.
79) Invite to: He was not invited to the feast.
80) Lead to: Where does this road lead to?
109) Intimate with: Are you very intimate with the 110) Popular with: our English Teacher is very popular with
Principal? the students.
PREPOSITIONS CLASSROOM EXERCISE
2. She did not agree_ _ my proposal.

3. He acted ____ my advice.
13. He died ____ fever.
16. The teacher was displeased ___ me.
17. Sita was born ____rich parents.
24. He is ill ____ fever.
32. He quarreled ____ me _____ this point.
34. I am satisfied __ your statement.
35. Harish warned me ____ the danger.
37. The accused was charged __ murder.
40. He prevented me ______going there.
41. He was rewarded __ _ a medal.
42. She was very anxious ___ _ her son’s health.
47. He is now free ____ cares.
51. He did not reply _____ my letter.
53. She had her revenge ____ her enemies.
54. He parted _____all his property.
55. We were surprised _ ____ her success.
56. He parted _____his friends.
58. He fought ________ his enemies.
63. Harry borrowed money ______ me.
65. He has applied ___ leave.
61. Bali depends___ your help.
66. She is suffering _ ____ fever.
69. Rama is married____ Kamala.
PREPOSITION HOMEWORK EXERCISE
4. This watch is (A) / superior and more expensive (B) / than that. (C) / no error (D)
9. Rana Pratap was (A) / blind with (B) / one eye. (C) / no error. (D)
10. The doctor attended (A) / to (B) / the patient very quietly. (C) / no error (D)
11. I was shocked to hear (A) / that his father (B) / died of an accident. (C) / no error (D)
13. I shall put on (A) / a note in this regard (B) / for your consideration and necessary decision. (C) / no error.
14. None could dare (A) / to encroach (B) / on his rights. (C) / no error. (D)
22. A man who always connives (A) / on the faults of his children ( B) / is their worst enemy. (C) / no error. 25.Because of his
innocence (A) / he cannot distinguish (B) / a cheat for an honest person. (C) / no error. 27. As the meeting was (A) / a bout to
end (B) / he insisted to ask several questions. (C) / no error. ( D)
36. Please put away (A) / the candle before (B) / you leave. (C) / no error. (D)
38. Most of the Uttar Pradesh is (A) / an extremely fertile plain between (B) / which the river Ganga flows./ no error. (D)
40. In the urban society the social circle is limited (A) / with the family but in the village (B) / it encompasses the e ntire villa ge .
(C) / no error. (D)
8. That Brutus, who was his trusted friend (A) / had attacked on him (B) / caused heart break to Julius Caesar. (C) / no error ( D)
23. I do not understand (A) / why (B) / he is so angry at me. (C) / no error. (D) 29. The captain and his wife (A) / we re invite d
for the cultural function (B) / at my home. (C) / no error. (D)
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS 16
Directions (Q. 1-25): Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error or idiomatic error in it.
The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The letter of that part is the answer. If there is no error; the
answer is (e). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any.)
1) Before he started out (A)/ he had collected all the (B)/ informations about the country (C)/ he was going to visit. (D)/
No error (E)
2) The assurance that (A)/ he will cured from the disease (B)/ pleased him (C)/ him very much.(D)/ No error (E)
3) Her ability to (A)/ talk to strangers (B)/ is one of her (C)/ stronger points. (D)/ No error (E)
4) My brother-in-law (A)/ along with his daughter (B)/ were present (C)/ at the function. (D) No error (E)
5) After you will return (A)/ from America (B)/ I will come and see you. (D) No error (E)
6) The child picked up (A)/ a burned paper (B)/ from the debris (C)/ left behind by the inferno. (D)/ No error (E)
7) When she (A)/ is finishes her studies, (B)/ she wants (C)/ to become a journalist. (D)/ No error (E)
8) There were two childhood buddies (A)/ who went through school and college (B)/ and would even (C)/ join the army to gether. No
error (E)
9) When a person refuses to forgive, (A)/ he is locking doors (B)/ that some day (C)/ he might be needing to open. (D)/
No error (E)
10) If you have someone (A)/ with all the ability but (B)/ if he is not dependable (C)/ do you want him as a part of your tea m? (D)/ No
error (E)
11) While it is not worth (A)/ to have been holding grudges,(B)/ it doesn’t make sense (C)/ to be bitten time and again. (D)/ No e rror
(E)
12) One can be truthful (A)/ without having been cruel but (B)/ that may not always (C)/ be the case. (D) No error (E)
13) Excellent cannot be achieved through luck; (A)/ it is the result (B)/ of a lot of (C)/ hard work and practice. (D)/ No error (E)
14) It is not uncommon (A)/ in seeing the prey (B)/ outsmarting the predator, (C)/ because one is running for its food a nd the othe r
for its life. (D)/ No error (E)
15) The first lesson I got (A)/ in my military days was that (B)/ one should love his country better than (C)/ anything else. (D)/ No error
(E)
16) Hardly I have finished reading (A)/ when my sister (B)/ snatched the book (C) from me. (D)/ No error (E)
17) I went to the Principal (A)/ because I wanted (B)/ to know as to why (C)/ I was detained. (D)/ No error (E)
18) I have been living here (A)/ since four years (B)/ but no one has (C)/ noticed my presence so far. (D)/ No error (E)
19) No sooner did the train start (A)/ when there was (B)/ a great rush (C)/ into my compartment (D)/ No error (E)
20) Do you object to me (A)/ sitting in this room (B)/ and reading a book (C)/ for a short while? (D) / No error (E)
21) Hardly had (A)/ I left the school (B)/ than it began (C)/ to rain. (D)/ No error (E)
22) My sister (A)/ only drew (B)/ on one side (C)/ of the paper. (D)/ No error (E)
23) Motivating employees with (A)/ traditional authority and financial (B)/ incentive have become (C)/ increasingly difficult.
(D)/ No error (E)
24) I had worked (A)/ in this (B)/ school for (C)/ 25 years. (D)/ No error (E)
25) The man who (A)/ I have often met (B)/ is one whose property has been (C)/ acquired by the government (D)/ No error (E)
1 C 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 A
6 B 7 B 8 C 9 D 10 C
11 B 12 B 13 A 14 B 15 C
16 A 17 C 18 B 19 B 20 A
21 C 22 B 23 C 24 A 25 A
HOMEWORK EXERCISE
6. When he will come (a)/ I will (b)/ make sure(c)/ I meet him.(d)/ No error(e)
7.The traveller being weary(a)/ he(b)/ sat by(c)/ wood side to rest.(d)/ No error(e)
8. He did not (a)/ and could not have (b)/ understood(c)/ the full facts of the case (d)/. No error (e)
9.Neither(a)/ Rohit nor (b)/ Kabir have done his(c)/ le sson.(d)/ No error(e)
10. I am opposed(a)/ to the plan of action not because(b)/ it is ill conceived but that(c)/ it seems impractical(d)/. No error (e )
11.He as well as you (a)/ is tired of (b)/ this long(c)/ and troublesome affair(d)/. No error(e)
12. Along the (a)/ northern frontier of India(b)/ is seen(c)/ the Himalayas mighty in their splendor(d)/. No error(e)
13. The recommendations of the committee(a)/ that the age should be lowered down(b)/immediately(c)/ was not a cce pte d( d)/. No
error(e)
14. Each of the students whom(a)/ I have chosen to take part(b)/ in the discussion have(c)/ indicated that he will be ha ppy to d o
so(d)/. No error(e)
15. Our country need (a)/ a number of(b)/ self sacrificing(c)/ and devoted political leaders(d)/. No e rror(e)
16. We erect(a)/ monuments in the memory (b)/of the great lest their achievements(c) / might be forge tten(d)/. No e rror ( e ) .
17. He used rather harsh words(a)/ in denouncing(b)/ her but he must have had(c)/ some very stro ng re a sons to do s o( d)/. No
error(e)
18. Since he has not(a)/ yet attained the age of eighteen(b)/, he had no righ(c)/ to vote in the present e lection( d)/. No e rror( e )
19. I am disappointed(a)/ in not having saw(b)/ any place while(c)/ I was in Delhi on vacation(d)/. No error(e)
20. What India needs today(a)/ are more scientists(b)/ technicians(c)/ and planners(d)/. No error(e)
21. No sooner did(a)/ the thief saw the (b)/policeman than(c)/ he ran away(d)/. No error(e)
22. Neither the size(a)/ nor the colour(b)/ of the gloves(c)/ were right(d)/. No error(e)
23. If it was possible(a)/ to get near(b)/ where one of these eruptions took place(c)/, we could have a grand sight(d)/. No e rror( e )
24. Most of us are not aware(a)/ that(a)/ eating some varities(c )/ of mushrooms result(d)/ in death(e)/No error(f)
25. After(a)/ Nepoleon had lost(b)/ the battle of Waterloo in 1815, he had been (c)/exiled to(d)/ the I s la nd of St. He le na (e)/ No
error(f)
1. He, you and I (a) / will manage (b) / this problem together (c) / No error (d)
2. Last summer he went (a) / to his grand parent’s village, (b) / and enjoyed very much. (c) / No error
3. If I were him, (a) / I would have taught (b) / those cheats a lesson (c) / No error (d)
4. As soon as he (a) / saw his mother (b) / he ran to her (c) / and embraced (d) / No error (e)
5. Being a (a) / rainy day I (b) / remained indoors. (c) / No error (d)
Answers
6(a) Use ‘comes’ for ‘will come’

7(b) Drop ‘he’
8(a) Add ‘understand’ after ‘did not’
9(c) Use ‘has’
10(c) Use ‘but because’
11(e) No error
12(c) Use ‘are seen’
13(d) Use ‘were not’
14(c) Use ‘has’,
15(a) Use ‘needs’
16(d) Use ‘should be’
17(d) Use ‘for doing so’
18(c) Use ‘ he has’
19(b) Use ‘in not having seen’
20(b) Use ‘is’, 21(b) Use ‘see’
22(d) Use ‘was’, 23(a) Use ‘if it were possible’
24(d) Use ‘results’
25(c) Use ‘was exiled’
1. a The correct form is ‘You, he and I’
2. c. Add ‘himself’ after ‘enjoyed’
3. a. Replace ‘him’ by ‘he’
4. d. Add ‘her’ after ‘embraced’
5 a. Add ‘It’ before ‘being’
Directions (Q. 26-50): Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error or idiomatic error in it.
The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The letter of that part is the answer. If there is no error; the
answer is (e). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any.)
26) Page after page (A)/ of Quran were read (B)/ and it gave great consolation (C)/ to his mind. (D)/ No error (E)
27) One day, a baker (A)/ decided weighing the (B)/ butter to see if he was getting a pound (C)/ and found that he was not. ( D)/ No
error (E)
28) There is more gratification (A)/ for being a caring (B)/ person than in just (C)/ being a nice person. (D)/ No error (E)
29) Relationship are built (A)/ in kindness, understanding and self sacrifice (B)/ not on jealousy, selfishness, puffed up e g os ( C)/ a nd
rude behavior. (D)/ No error (E)
30) He resolved being tender with the young, (A)/ compassionate with the aged, (B)/ s ympathetic to the striving (C)/ and to lera nt of
the weak. (D)/ No error (E)
31) Companies spend (A)/ close to a million dollars (B)/ for a 30 second advertisement (C)/ between a major event. (D)/ No error (E)
32) People who do not want (A)/ to adhere to any moral standards (B)/ keep changing the definition of morality (C)/ on saying nothing
is right or wrong, only your thinking makes it so. (D)/ No error (E)
33) Unless you build (A)/ your self-esteem (B)/ you cannot achieve (C)/ the success in your life (D)/ No error (E)
34) Not all medicine (A)/ is sweet (B)/ not all surgery is painless (C)/ but we have to be taking it. (D)/ No error (E)
35) There is a misconception (A)/ that freedom means (B)/ to be doing (C)/ your own thing. (D)/ No error (E)
36) Shakespeare was (A)/ better than any poet (B)/ of his days (C)/ according to critics. (D)/ No error (E)
37) I ordered for a cup of tea (A)/ but the bearer (B)/ brought it only (C)/ at the end of the tea -session. (D)/ No error (E)
38) Lack of honesty (A)/ is sometimes labeled as tact, (B)/ public relations (C)/ or politics. (D)/ No error (E)
39) In the aftermath of 11th of September, (A)/ the American President’s speech was (B)/ broadcasted and televised (C)/ a l l over the
world. (D)/ No error (E)
40) Acceptance of responsibility (A)/ is a reflection (B)/ of our attitude (C)/ and the environment we operate in. (D)/ No error (E)
41) The wards of the hostel are (A)/ allowed to do (B)/ anything except to go out (C)/ on their own at night. (D)/ No error ( E)
42) The best way to explore Egypt (A)/ is to take a trip down Nile, (B)/ the river that runs like (C)/ a thread throughout Egypti an
history. (D)/ No error (E)
43) The hawkers have been carrying (A)/ out their business on the main (B)/ pavement since three years ( C)/ but no one has e ver
objected. (D)/ No error (E)
44) Hardly I have finished (A)/ writing when my brother (B)/ snatched the foundation (C)/ pen from my hand. (D)/ No error
45) India which makes up (A)/ sixteen percent of the global population, (B)/ carries twenty percent (C)/ of their disease burde n. ( D)/
No error
46. Another baffling change (a)/ that I notice in him now-a-days (b)/ is that he avoids to speak to me.(c)/ No error(d)
47. He lay the watch on the table (a)/ and then forgot all about it(b)/ when he went out.(c)/ No error(d)
48. While it is apparent (a)/ that biotechnology offers significant benefits (b)/ adequate attention has not been focused to this vita l
area.(c)/No error(d)
49. There is a need (a)/ to revising Governmen t policies (b)/ on controlling unauthorized constructions.(c)/ No error(d)
50. If you had seen (a)/ yesterday’s cricket I am sure (b)/ would have enjoyed seeing our team bat.(c)/ No error(d)
ANSWER KEY
26 B 27 B 28 B 29 B 30 A
31 D 32 D 33 D 34 D 35 C
36 B 37 A 38 B 39 C 40 D
41 C 42 B 43 C 44 A 45 D
46 C 47 A 48 C 49 B 50 E
HOMEWORK EXERCISE
16. The number of vehicles (a) / plying on this road (b) / is more than on the main road. (c) / No error (d)
7. Being a begger, (a) / I admitted him (b) / to an old people’s home. (c) / No error (d)
8. This is the girl (a) / whom I think had won (b) / the gold medal in the Dance competition. (c) / No error (d)
9. Wherever they go, (a) / Indians easily adapt to(b)/local circumstances.(c)/No error (d )
10. Reema is (a) / taller (b) / than me. (c) / No error (d)
11. Inspite of the doctor’s stern warning, (a) / he continued taking (b) / sugar in his coffee. (c) / No error (d)
12. Had I come (a) / to know about (b) / his difficulties (c) / I would have certainly helped. (d) / No error (e)
13. One of them (a) / forget to take their bag (b) / from the school. (c) / No error (d)
14. Mr. Sunil Pawar, our representative, (a) / he will attend the meeting (b) / on our behalf. (c) / No error (d)
15.Being a destitute, (a) / I admitted him (b) / to an old peoples home. (c) / No error ( d)
6.If the teacher is good (a) / the students (b) / will respond (c) / positively to them. (d) / No error (e)
17. Just before the race (a) / I asked him (b) / whom he thought (c ) / was going to win (d) / No error (e)
18. It is not difficult to believe that a man (a) / who has lived in this city for a long tim e ( b) / he will ne ver fe e l a t ho me
anywhere else in the world. (c) No error (d)
19. Each girl was (a) / given a bunch of flowers, (b) / which pleased her very much. (c) / No error (d)
20. The party chief made it a point to state that (a) / the Prime Minister and the Union Home Minister should also come ( b) /
and they see what his party men had seen. (c) / No error (d)
21. I going there (a) / will not solve (b) / this complicated problem. (c) / No error (d)
22. As it was Rajani’s (a) / first interview he dressed him (b) / in his most (c) / formal suit. (d) / No error (e)
23. Whatever work (a) / that which you undertake (b) / put your best efforts (c) / in it. (d) / No error (e)
24. The district superintendent of police has announced that those who are found guilty of breach of peace (a) / or of ta king
the law into their own hands (b) / they will be taken to task. (c) / No error (d)
25. Myself and Ramu (a) / will take care of (b) / the function on Monday. (c) / No error (d)
26. Mahatma Gandhi taught us (a) / that one should respect (b) / the religions of others (c) / as much a s his own ( d) / No
error (e)
27. Was it him (a) / who got injured (b) / in an accident this morning (c) / No error (d)
28. I suppose (a) / you have heard the latest news (b) / John has married that girl (c) / No error (d)
29. Due to me being a newcomer (a) / I was unable to get a house (b) / suitable for m y wife a nd m e ( c) / No e rror ( d)
30. He could not plan his strategy (a) / until he knew (b) / whom his opponents could be. (c) / No error (d)
17. 6. Correct Option :c. Add ‘that’ after ‘than’
18.
7. Correct Option :a. Add ‘He’ before ‘being’
19.
8. Correct Option : b. Replace ‘whom’ by ‘who’
20.
9. Correct Option : b. Add ‘themselves’ after ‘adapt’.
21. 10. Correct Option : c. Replace ‘me’ by ‘I’
22. 11.Correct Option : c. Remove ‘his’
23. 12.Correct Option :d. Add ‘him’ after ‘helped’
24. 13. Correct Option : b. Replace ‘their’ by ‘his’
25. 14. Correct Option : b. Remove ‘he’
26. 15Correct Option : a. Add ‘He’ before ‘being’
27. 16.Correct Option : D. Replace ‘them’ by ‘him’.
28. 17. Correct Option : c. Replace ‘whom’ by ‘who’
29. 18. Correct Option : c. Remove ‘he’
30. 19. Correct Option :c. Replace ‘her’ by ‘them’
31. 20. Correct Option : c. Remove ‘they’
32. 21. Correct Option :a. Replace ‘I’ by ‘My’
33. 22. Correct Option : b. Replace ‘him’ by ‘himself’
34. 23Correct Option : b. Remove ‘that which’
35. 24Correct Option : c. Remove ‘they’
36. 25. Correct Option : a. Replace ‘Myself and Ramu’ by ‘Ramu and I’.
37. 26Correct Option :d. Replace ‘his’ by ‘one’s’
38. 27. Correct Option : a. Replace ‘him’ by ‘he’
39. 28Correct Option : a. Add ‘that’ after ‘suppose’
40. 29. Correct Option :a. Replace ‘me’ by ‘my’
41. 30. Correct Option :c. Replace ‘whom’ by ‘who’
SENTENCE IMPROVEMENT 17
Classroom Exercise-I
Directions: In these questions, which of the phrases; (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below, should replace the phrase given
in bold letters in the following sentence to make the sentence grammatically meaningful and correct. If the sentence is
correct as it and no correction is required, mark (e) as the answer:
1) As they approaching the house, the colonel’s wife calls him for tea.
a) as they approaching the house
b) as they will be approaching the house
c) as they approach the house
d) as they approach to the house
2) Centuries of servility has been making him tame and passive, incapable of any resentment or revolt.
a) has been making him
b) have made him
c) has made him
d) has been made him
3) A writer always is having his own vision of life.

a) always is having
b) every time is having
c) always has
d) every time will have
4) He ate nothing and leaves his cottage to go to work.

a) He is eating nothing
b) He eats nothing
c) He is eating something
d) He eats anything
5) How do you cope in with defeat and problems?

a) How do you cope with
b) How do you be coping with
c) How will be coping with
d) How to cope with
6) I suppose everyone has one particular childhood Christmas who stands out more than any other.
a) who stands out
b) who will stands out
c) that stands out
d) that may stand out
7) The sun was just setting over the distant horizon when I heard the roar of an unexpected motor in the driveway.
a) was to just set
b) was to be setting
c) was just setting
d) just set
8) My son crept into my lap and we hugged and had talked for a while
a) and have talked
b) and talked
c) and had many talk
d) and we talked
9) Catherine was a young mother with three small children when her husband had became the warden.
a) was became
b) had became
c) was become
d) became
10) After I grew up and went into business, I always have had a soft spot for kids without bikes.
a) always have had
b) always had had
c) always had
d) have always had
11) The pharmacist handed me my prescription, apologized for the delay and has explained that his register had been closed.
a) explained that
b) has explained that
c) had explained that
d) was explaining that
12) I have much memories about my father and about growing up with him in our apartment which is next to the elevated train tracks.
a) much memories
b) all memories
c) many memories
d) more memories
13) Heart broken and ignored, she grind her way through each of her numbers to the best of her ability.
a) she grind her way
b) she ground her way
c) she had ground her way
d) she had grind her way
14) Gayatri informed one of the directors that she has ssent the material for printing.
a) shall be sending
b) sends
c) had sent
d) had been sending
15) Not knowing the language and having no acquaintances in the city, he found it hard getting work.
a) hard to getting to work
b) hard in getting work.
c) hard to get work.
d) hardly to get to work.
16. Bindu is strongly desiring to buy a car, so that she can travel fast and reach the office in time.
a) strongly desires
b) is desiring strongly
c) desired strongly
d) was strongly desiring
17. He informed me that he will visit my house in a my or two.

a) he would visit my house in a day or two
b) he visits my house in a day or two
c) he could visit my house in the coming two days
d) he couldn’t visit my house in a day or two
18. The man spent a lot because he had so large amount of money.
a) he had a large lot of money
b) he had a large number of money
c) he had a large amount of rupees
d) he had a large amount of money
19. He believed that one of his companions is a cheat.

a) that each of his companions was a cheat
b) that each one of his companions a cheat
c) that one of his companions are a cheat
d) that one of his companions was a cheat
20. When problems seem insurmountable, quit seems to be the easiest way out.
a) to quit seems to be
b) quiet seems to be
c) quitting seems to be
d) quitting is to be
21. Looking back, I can rarely remember the names of the children who shared my birthday.
a) can rarely remember
b) can lately remember
c) can shortly remember
d) can scarcely remember
22. With only two weeks before the party, the last place I would wanted to be was in the hospital recovering from surgery.
a) would wanted to be
b) wanted to be
c) would want myself to be
d) wanted me to be
23. We had been almost halfway there when the left rear tyre blew out.
a) had been almost
b) were almost
c) were going to be almost
d) were reaching
24. Being a recently divorced man with full custody of children, I was determined to give than a norm al a nd s table a home l ife a s
possible.
a) a normal and stable a home life
b) a normal as well as stable a home life
c) as normal and stable a home life
d) a home life which is normal and stable
25. I felt as though I were at the bottom of a great sea of longlines.

a) as though I were
b) as if even I were
c) as if even I was
d) as though I am
Homework Exercise-I
26. He was daydreaming when he reached the house and noticed someone cling to the outside of the fence.
a) someone cling to the outside
b) anyone cling to the outside
c) anyone clinging on the outside
d) someone clinging to the outside
27. Vithal is the most meticulous man that I meet.

a) that I meet
b) that I had met
c) that I had ever met
d) that I have ever met
28. Hardly did Vina scold her daughter, when she started crying.
a) Vina scolded her daughter hard
b) Hardly had Vina scolded her daughter
c) Hardly does Vina scold her daughter
d) Vina has scolded her daughter hardly
29. Sosin suggested that not to talk about her selection in I.A.S till the received the orders.
a) not to be talking
b) that we should not talk
c) that we would not talk
d) that she will not talk
30. He looked as though he hasn’t had a decent meal for a week.

a) hadn’t had
b) didn’t have
c) wouldn’t have
d) shouldn’t have
31. I do not know whether tomorrow is a holiday for the college.

a) whether tomorrow is a holiday for college
b) whether tomorrow be a holiday for the college
c) whether tomorrow will be a holiday to the college
d) whether tomorrow will be a holiday of the college
32. Scarcely did I step on the bridge then it broke.

a) then it was breaking
b) than it broke
c) when it broke
d) when it has broken
33. Neither the chairman nor the members of the committee had attended the meeting.
a) have attended the meeting
b) has attend the meeting
c) will have attended the meeting
34. The master tested the new boy to see if he can read English.
a) if he could reach English
b) to see if he will read English
c) to see if he could read English
d) to see if he can read English
35. I shall wait here until the bus has arrived.

a) until the bus may arrive
b) until the bus arrives
c) until the bus will arrive
d) until the bus has arrived
36. As women assert their identity and enter his bastions of power, the traditional Indian male is reaction in violence.
a) reacts in violence
b) is reacting with violence
c) reacted with violence
d) is violently reacting
37. Massive unemployment is one of the most grievous consequence of an excessively rapid population growth.
a) one of the more grievous consequences
b) one of the most grievous consequences
c) one of grievous consequences
d) one of the grievous consequences
38. Either my sister or I is held responsible for the damaged car.
a) myself is held
b) I are held
c) me is held
d) I am held
39. Though he got a job in a renowned software company,, he soon realized that he was not cut in for that kind of work.
a) cut up for
b) cut out for
c) cut off to
d) cut up to
40. I would rather work twelve hours a day in the office than sitting and watching the idiot box at home.
a) that to sit and watch
b) instead of sitting and watching
c) than to sitting and watching
d) than sit and watch
41. Under law, Indians cannot be test subjects for a drug that have been developed in a foreign country.
a) that have been developed
b) that has been developed
c) that were developed
d) that has been developing
42. With regard to banking in india, branch expansion is skewed towards states that have a track record of growth.
a) expansion is skewed towards states
b) expansion is skewed within states
c) expansion is being skewed among states
d) expansion had to be skewed amongst states
43. The US (United States of America), regardless of being a melting pot of cultures, is not the leader of cultural competency.
a) regardless of being
b) supposedly being
c) despite being
d) on account of being
44. With its stunning landscapes and outdoor activity the coastal town offers a variety of options for the avid traveler.
a) With its stunningly
b) Despite it’s stunning
c) With it’s stunning
d) With its stunning
45. The government is concerned with the small level is digits literacy prevalent in India.
a) small levels of
b) low levels of
c) tiniest levels of
d) reduced levels of
45) By definition, make a map is ‘to select certain features as relevant and ignore others’.
a) To make a map by definition is, b) In making a map, the definition is,
c) Map making is defined as, d) No improvement
46) We demonstrated to them how we were prepared the artistic patterns.

a) are prepared b) have prepared
c) had prepared d) No improvement
47) Asking me why was I absent, I was punished by the Headmaster.

a) why was I absent, was I punished by the Headmaster.
b) why I was absent, was I punished by the Headmaster.
c) why I was absent, the Headmaster punished me.
d) No improvement
48) Do you remember to meet her at my house last year?

a) remember of meeting her b) remember about meeting her
c) remember having met her d) No improvement
49) If you had attended the meeting, you would have benefitted a great deal.
a) would benefit b) could benefit
c) benefited d) No improvement
50) He does not like me coming so late.

a) my coming so late b) I coming so late
c) me come so late d) No improvement
1 B 2 B 3 D 4 A 5 C
6 B 7 A 8 A 9 C 10 A
11 D 12 B 13 B 14 B 15 B
16 C 17 D 18 B 19 C 20 A
21 C 22 D 23 B 24 C 25 A
26 D 27 D 28 C 29 B 30 D
31 B 32 B 33 C 34 A 35 C
36 A 37 B 38 D 39 B 40 C
41 B 42 A 43 D 44 D 45 B
46 C 47 C 48 C 49 D 50 A
Classroom Exercise-II
1) I have to cut down my expenses due to my falling income.

a) I have to cut off b) I have to cut out
c) I have to cut above d) No improvement
2) Of the two candidates, I think he is best suited.

a) he is suited best b) he is better suited
c) he is best suited d) No improvement
3) The climate of Delhi is somewhat like Pune.

a) Pune’s b) as Pune’s
c) like that of Pune d) No improvement
4) His brother never has and never will be dependable.

a) never had b) never has been
c) was never being d) No improvement
5) If you would have remembered to bring the map, we would not have lost our way.
a) had remembered b) were remembering
c) remembered d) No improvement
6) You must carry on my order.

a) carry off b) carry out
c) carry of d) No improvement
7) The boat was drowned.

a) was drawn b) was drowned
c) was sunk d) No improvement
8) Now I must beg leave of you.

a) beg your leave b) beg of your leave
c) beg off your leave d) No improvement
9) When describing the accident, he was in tears.

a) In describing b) When he was describing
c) As describing d) No improvement
10) The two thieves distributed the loot between themselves.

a) among themselves b) amongst themselves
c) with themselves d) No improvement
11) The preservation of peace is necessary.

a) maintenance of peace b) establishment of peace
c) persuasion of peace d) No improvement
12) The spirit of democracy had sped into our way of thinking.
a) leaked into b) permeated
c) soaked into d) No improvement
13) The decent from the mountain peak was slow and painful.
a) descent b) decline
c) decrease d) No improvement
14) The building will redecorate during the summer season.

a) will be redecorated b) will be redecorating
c) will be redecorate d) No improvement
15) The news is certainly too good to have been true.

a) to be true b) to become true
c) having been true d) No improvement
16) Why not Jabeen is going for his course?

a) Jabeen is not going b) is Jabeen not going
c) Jabeen does not do d) No improvement
17) If I will get an opportunity, I shall attend the conference without fail.
a) shall get b) get
c) got d) No improvement
18) No sooner he had arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
a) has he arrived b) he has arrived
c) had he arrived d) No improvement
19) To worship idols, has been our custom from times immemorial.
a) since time b) for times
c) for time d) No improvement
20) He quickly ordered the boy to being brought before him.

a) to have brought b) to be brought
c) has been brought d) No improvement
21) He was not so good at doing sums at school as I was.

a) for b) with
c) in d) No improvement
22) The teacher was unhappy to find that the boy had lied rather than telling the truth.
a) rather than tell b) instead of telling
c) rather than told d) No improvement
23) I have seen the movie yesterday.

a) saw b) had seen
c) was seeing d) No improvement
24) One should be particular when he is crossing a busy lane.

a) he should be b) one is
c) he will be d) No improvement
25) We spoke about this yesterday, haven’t we?

a) isn’t it? b) hadn’t we?
c) didn’t we? d) No improvement
Homework Exercise-II
26) The technician and not the three managers are running the company.
a) were running b) is running
c) have been running d) No improvement
27) It was not long for I discovered that the man could neither read nor write.
a) long before b) long since
c) longer than d) No improvement
28) The death toll in the cyclone went to five hundred.

a) increased to b) rose to
c) spread to d) No improvement
29) While walking on the road, a dog bit the man.

a) a dog had bitten the man b) the man was dogged
c) the man was bitten by a dog d) No improvement
30) He promised that he will deliver the goods within a week but he did not keep his promise.
a) must have delivered b) will have delivered
c) would deliver d) No improvement
31) The negotiations faced a predicament with neither side ready to offer any concession to the other.
a) problem b) dilemma
c) situation d) No improvement
32) I got up early so that I could cover most of the distance before noon.
a) would b) may
c) ought d) No improvement
33) The father together with his sons and daughters have gone to see a film.
a) are gone b) has gone
c) is gone d) No improvement
34) The stranger asked the little girl what is her name.
a) what her name is b) what her name was
c) what was her name d) No improvement
35) The family has changed house during the last six months.
a) since the past b) after the past
c) for the last d) No improvement
36) The plants are dying for the lack of water.

a) of the lack of water b) for lack of water
c) out of lack of water d) No improvement
37) The higher you climb a Himalayan peak, the more cold you feel.
a) the colder b) the most cold
c) colder d) No improvement
38) If you are a resident of Agra, you might be knowing all about Ambar.
a) would be knowing b) might know
c) are knowing d) No improvement
39) It is well-acclaimed principle that every person should hold fast to his beliefs.
a) hold fast to others beliefs b) hold fast to their beliefs
c) hold fast to the beliefs d) No improvement
40) This was my business to cross the bridge to explore the bridge head and to find out the extent to which the e ne m y ha d
advanced.
a) how much b) the extent where
c) the point where d) No improvement
41) The world is becoming increasingly polarized between the rich and the poor.
a) among rich b) around the rich
c) in between the rich d) No improvement
42) I laid all the facts before him so that he could make his own judgement.
a) laid all the facts in front of him b) lay all the facts before him
c) lay all the facts in front of him d) No improvement
43) If only she had told me about her problem, I would have helped her.
a) would help b) could help
c) had helped d) No improvement
44) Apollo was worshipped as long as the Roman Empire continued.

a) was continued b) ruled
c) lasted d) No improvement
45) He has been absent since three days.

a) from three days b) during three days
c) for three days d) No improvement
46) The lawyer disposed off the cases immediately..

a) disposed b) disposed in
c) disposed of d) No improvement
47) He could not be able to think logically because of his illness.

a) can not be able b) was not able
c) can be unable d) No improvement
48) Measles is dangerous for adults, too!

a) with b) in
c) to d) No improvement
49) She was the oldest of the two sisters.

a) elder of the two sisters b) oldest between the two sisters
c) older than her sister d) No improvement
50) The boy said that he has read the book.

a) he has already read b) he wants to read
c) he had read d) No improvement
Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A.
1 D 2 B 3 C 4 B 5 A
6 B 7 C 8 D 9 B 10 D
11 A 12 B 13 A 14 A 15 A
16 B 17 B 18 C 19 A 20 B
21 D 22 D 23 A 24 B 25 C
26 B 27 A 28 B 29 C 30 C
31 D 32 D 33 B 34 B 35 C
36 B 37 A 38 A 39 D 40 D
41 C 42 D 43 D 44 C 45 C
46 C 47 B 48 D 49 A 50 C
CLOZE TEST 18
The cloze test is a kind of integrative test in which the entire word is rationally or randomly deleted. The word “cloze” was derived from
“closure” indicating that humans are able to fill in what is missing by using their prior knowledge or the i r e xperien ce. A c loze te st
involves a piece of text, from which a number of words have been removed.
Students are then instructed to fill in the blanks for the passage. Teachers are able to use the stude nt’ s a nswe rs to de te rmi ne the
reading level of the passage.
Important steps while solving a question of cloze test.
1. First, slowly read all the text without filling any of the gaps. Read it until you have a clear understanding of what the text is about.
2. Only those gaps that you are sure of must be filled first.
3. Analyse the parts of speech that may fit in the gap and pay attention to the grammar of the words around gap.
4. A few gaps may even demand a vocabulary item such as an idiom ( beat around the bush), a phrasal verb (hang up the phone)
or a collocation( make a choice).
EXERCISE – 1
PASSAGE 1
I want to avoid violence. Non-violence ... (1)... the first article of my faith. It is also the..(2) ... article of my creed. But I ha d to ( 3 ). . .
my choice. I had either to submit ..(4)... a system which I considered ... (5)... done irreparable harm to my country, (6 ) . . . incur the
risk of the mad fury... (7).... my people bursting forth, when they... (8)... the truth from my l ips. I . .. . ( 9 ). .. tha t m y pe ople have
sometimes... (10)... mad. I am deeply sorry for it.
1. a) was b) be c) is d) being
2. a) last b) common c) simple d) unique
3. a) make b) select c) prepare d) do
4. a) over b) in c) against d) to
5. a) is b) was c) had d) has
6. a) nor b) but c) or d) and
7. a) with b) by c) in d) of
8. a) listen b) get c) understood d) understand
9. a) know b) knows c) knew d) known
10. a) going b) gone c) goes d) went
PASSAGE 2
Books give us all the information ... (1)... a man. They show ... (2) ... interest. They are the ... (3) to his mind. All the riches of the
world ... (4) ... their importance in the face of books. A man with money and ... (5) ... books is a poor man. Books ha ve bec ome so
cheap that a library can ... (6) ...be made. Money spent on good books is never ... (7) ... It is a ... (8) ... to re a d good books. Thus
man gains both ... (9) ... and wisdom. You can... (10) ... your library with the expenditure of only a few hundred rupees.
1. a) for b) from c) about d) of
2. a) his b) their c) that d) personal
3. a) road b) access c) index d) approach
4. a) loose b) fade c) lose d) vanish
5. a) some b) with c) few d) without
6. a) hardly b) easily c) frequently d) scarcely
7. a) wasted b) recovered c) justified d) withdrawn
8. a) blessing b) pleasure c) obsession d) addiction

9. a) skill b) aptitude c) knowledge d) efficiency
10. a) form b) gather c) constitute d) begin
PASSAGE 3
I used to look...(1)....to the holidays. I was usually...(2)....to my uncle’s house where I...(3)...his children. I did not g e t pa id a s alary
for...(4)... What I received in return however, was far more...(5)... My unc le was an avid reader. During the time I spent with his family
I had an...(6)...to read the vast amount of books and magazines that he possessed. This improved my English to some...(7) Reading
became my new....(8). ….(9)....spending my pocket money on a ticket to the cinema I began to ....(10) .... books. This has benefited me
greatly.
1. a) forward b) towards c) backward d) up e) around
2. a) went b) sent c) visited d) travelled e) gone
3. a) cared b) occupy c) guarded d) taught e) played
4. a) them b) whom c) this d) now e) which
5. a) expensive b) deserving c) helping d) demanding e) valuable
6. a) opportunity b) ability c) use d) encouragement

e) achievement
7. a) distance b) extent c) time d) limits e) degrees
8. a) activity b) hope c) hobby d) duty e) worship
9. a) Despite b) Though c) By d) Instead of e) While
10. a) sell b) read c) excha nge d) investe) buy

PASSAGE 4
In the modern times, few Indians only put for a lifetime. They move from town to city and from city to suburb. The y complete high
school from a different state and (1) college in a different one. They hope from a job in a particular region to a better job e ls ewhere .
With each move, they make new friends, who become part of their (2) lives at that time. For many of them, the summer is a s pecial
(3) for new friendships. Today millions of Indians holiday abroad, and they go not only with an intent to see new (4) but (5 ) with the
(6) of meeting new people. No one really expects a casual (7) to produce a close friend. But (8) the beginning of a (9) a s sociatio n is
(10).
1. a) like b) go c) move d) study e) attend
2. a) usual b) daily c) common d) main e) society
3. a) month b) seasonal c) era d) time e) week
4. a) sightsb) area c) place d) flower e) palaces
5. a) again b) aim c) also d) addition e) besides
6. a) hope b) ideal c) expect d) visions e) ideas
7. a) leave b) trip c) experience d) space e) holiday
8. a) acceptably b) evidence c) surely d) immediately e) lastly
9. a) lifelong b) imaginative c) closely d) friendship e) tourist
10. a) accept b) thought c) planned d) plausibly e) possible

PASSAGE 5
A professor was (1) the Indian Independence Movement and the idea of non-violence (2) by Mahatma Gandhi. “Althoug h others l ike
Nelson Mandela follow this idea and (3) the Nobel Prize for Peace Mahatma Gandhi did not.” she said. One s tudent s poke up, “ i t is
good that he didn’t (4) it was an award started by Alfred Nobel who invented dynamite, which causes (5)!”
The professor (6) “in fact the world should be (7) to Nobel because he invented dynamite. It was very useful to build tun nels
(8) mountains for trains to pass. If we choose to use it for war it is not his fault. Furthermore he (9) all his wealth into instituting prizes
for literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, peace, etc. His (10) was that anything which would be nefit the human ra ce de ser ve d
recognition so that the person who had started it would have no financial difficulties in achieving his goal!”
1. a) lecturing b) talking c) discussing d) speaking e) arguing
2. a) originate b) specialised c) start d) conceived e) thought
3. a) awarded b) given c) presented d) win e) received
4. a) that b) get c) accept d) though e) since
5. a) blast b) ruins c) destruction d) bombs e) damages
6. a) disagreed b) answers c) shouted d) upset e) agreed
7. a) dedicated b) grateful c) appreciated d) thanking e) cursing
8. a) from b) through c) over d) under e) within
9. a) put b) left c) gave d) donated

e) contributed
10. a) decision b) logic c) cause d) excuse e) discovery
PASSAGE 6
Some people believe that marriages are made in heaven. One cannot say ...(1)... this is true or not. However, in America now many .. .
(2) ... who get married seek to evolve a fool proof ... (3)... to ensure that the marriage survives. However, the idea of married persons
... (4)... the burden of domestic chores, instead of all the dirty work being dumped on the woman has (5) ... been propagated by the
feminist ... (6)... and it has gradually, if grudgingly, been ... (7) ... This arrangement may work on a te mporary ba s is but ta king . . .
(8)... of a particular domestic work on a permanent basis will pose problems of its own. For instance, taking out the rubbish m ay . . .
(9)... make a refreshing change from washing baby's nappies. However, a contract is a contract and must be ... (10) ... You m a y not
like it but this is what life is coming out to be in the most modern of the countries in the world.
1. a) whether b) still c) however d) that
2. a) pairs b) men c) couples d) women
3. a) method b) project c) couples d) system
4. a) executing b) dividing c) undertaking d) sharing
5. a) long b) sometimes c) always d) occasionally
6. a) group b) lobby c) section d) faction
7. a) affirmed b) approved c) accepted d) favoured
8. a) control b) care c) charge d) duty
9. a) occasionally b) often c) intermittently d) rarely
10. a) respected b) executed c) maintained d) obeyed
PASSAGE 7
A decade ago, a financial crisis (1) Bangkok. During the next fifteen months it swept (2) Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong and Seoul.
As Asian countries borrowed and spent beyond their means . (3) of thousands lost their jobs. (4) half-built buildings throu ghout As ia n
cities (5) as reminders of the shattered hopes not only of distinguished entrepreneurs but also (6) workers. Asia has come a long wa y
during way during the past ten years – vast economic imbalances no longer (7). However, market cra s he s a re ( 8 ) e ve n toda y a nd
Asia’s best insurance policy to (9) with any future crises is to build (10) financial systems.
1. a) occurred b) hit c) striking d) fuelled e) suffered
2. a) in b) upward c) forward d) from e) through
3. a) Tens b) Few c) Approximate d) Several e) Lives
4. a) dense b) haunted c) abandoned d) buried e) vacate
5. a) seen b) pointed c) showed d) stood e) forgotten
6. a) undeserving b) incompetent c) greedy d) cheap e) ordinary
7. a) seen b) valid c) exist d) present e) there
8. a) undertaken b) possible c) threat d) reality e) capable
9. a) cope b) combat c) justify d) avert

e) accommodate
10. a) perfectly b) popular c) formidably d) resilient e) foreign

PASSAGE 8
Recently the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) (1) separate reports on poverty. The World Bank report (2) its
benchmark of extreme poverty by 25 cents from $ per person day to $1.25 per person a day. The ADB announced an even (3)
benchmark of $ 1.35 per person a day. These new benchmarks are (4) on surveys in the world’s poorest countries.
Experts often like to (5) that poverty has declined because of economic growth in India and Chin. This is wrong a nd ( 6 ). I n
the past twenty- five years the poverty rate in India has (7) by less than one percentage point a year (8) we use a poverty line of $ 1
per person per day or $ 1.25 per person per day makes little (9) . The number of poor in India is large. The purpose of thes e statics is
not to dispute them but to (10) whether the benefits of economic growth are being shared with the poor.
1. a) declared b) released c) print d) issue e) publish
2. a) heightened b) announced c) raisedd) maintained e) notified
3. a) better b) significant c)plausible d) higher e) lower
4. a) based b) collected c) inferred d) derived e) gathered
5. a) realize b) claim c)discover d) recommend e) criticise
6. a) adverse b) opposing c) corrupt d) rejected e) misleading
7. a) deplete b) plunge c)declined d) weaken e) fell
8. a) Unless b) Despite c)Instead d) Whether e) Regardless
9. a) difference b)effect c) contrast d) question e) option
10. a) acknowledge b) suggest c) care d) inspire e)study
PASSAGE 9
Mass migration has produced a huge word wide economy of its own which has (1) so fast during the past few years tha t the f igu re s
have (2) experts. Last year remittances sent home by migrants were expected to (3) $ 232 billion according to the World Ba nk which
(4) these figures. (5) though the flow of remittances is to alleviate the plight of the migrant’s family it ca nnot on i ts own l i ft e ntire
nations out of poverty. Those who study the (6) of remittances argue that the money allows poor countries to put o ff basic decisions of
economic management like (7) their tax collection systems and building schools. Remittances to poor countries can a lso ( 8 ) th e fa ct
that they do not produce much at home. The challenge is now to find programmes that (9) the benefits o f remitte d ca sh while ( 10)
some of it downside.
1. a) accelerated b) grew c) expand d) increase e) escalating
2. a) strike b) encouraged c) astonished d) convinced e) disturb
3. a) rise b) represent c) project d) exceed e) recover
4. a) record b) tracks c) estimate d) reporte) surveys
5. a) But b) Since c) Even d) As e) Such
6. a) circumstance b) profit c) impact d) statuse) quality

7. a) declaring b) established c) measuring d) reforming e) govern
8. a) mask b) hid c) review d) display e) supported
9. a) launch b) predict c) optimum d) appreciate e) maximize
10. a) augmenting b) avoiding c) suspend d) protects e) detracting
PASSAGE 10
The warning against carbon emissions, which is (1) the Earth, just got more urgent. The UN Hum a n De ve lopment Re port s aid on
Tuesday that (2) the global community agreed to (3) emissions by half by 2050, the world would face huge e conomic s etbacks a n d
also ecological (4). “We are on the (5) of seeing human development (6) for the first time in 30 years,” Kevin Watkins, the a uthor of
the report was (7) as saying. The report said the poor nations would be hit the (8) as they are the le a st ( 9 ) to fa ce na ture ’ s ( 10 ),
manifest in devastating storms and droughts.
1. a) depriving b) entangling c) warming d) blackening e) harassing
2. a) if b) because c) notwithsta nding d) without e) unless
3. a) cut b) aggravate c) enhance d) diminish e) eradicate
4. a) balances b) atmosphere c) concerns d) catastrophes e) anxieties
5. a) step b) verge c) top d) extreme

e) enshrinement
6. a) shaping b) nurturing c) extent d) reverse

e) annihilation
7. a) quoted b) observed c) found d) interrogated e) defined
8. a) best b) largest c) hardest d) least e) strongest
9. a) worried b) engaged c) wilful d) struggled e) equipped
10. a) boon b) fury c) blessing d) deadline

e) encroachment
REARRANGEMENT OF SENTENCES 20
Rearrangement of sentences or Parajumbles have some sentences either numbered (1,2,3 and so on) or lettered (a, b, c a nd s o on)
given in a jumbled form. The sentences are followed by choices of possible combinations of arrangements of the se s e nte nces . You
have to choose the most logical order of arrangement of these sentences to form a meaningful, coherent paragraph.
Important steps while solving a question of rearrangement
1. You need to understand the idea behind the paragraph. If you can understand the idea/theme of the paragraph it is easy to put the
sentences in order then.
2. You should look out for the starting or the concluding sentences in the question.
3. You need to know the relationships between different sentences to put them in the right sequence.
4. Transition words and contrasting words also help in finding clean relationships between sentences of the sentence rearrangement.
5. The whole paragraph should have a coherent idea and flow when arranged in the correct order.
1-5)
A) As a result the non-stop tensions and anxieties at work often result in health-related problems.
B) The truth is we cannot change the world of work.
C) We spend at least half our waking hours at work.
D) We have therefore to take charge and transform the way in which we respond to our work environment.
E) So how can we control these problems and perform at work?
F) However, we can change the way we feel and deal with various situations.
1. Which of the following should be the LAST (SIXTH) sentence after rearrangement ?
1) B 2) C 3) D 4)E 5) F
2. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement?

1) B 2) C 3) D 4)E 5) F
3. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) E
4. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement ?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) E
5. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement ?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) E
6-10)
(A) We feel these things are glorious because of the splendid triumphs.
(B) Because of these sacrifices we realize the victories of peace are even more glorious than victories of war.
(C) The word victory is associated in our minds with war.
(D) We are impressed by their sacrifices.
(E) It calls up visions of battles, bloodshed and conquests by force.
(F) But when we think of the philosophy of great men, scholars, social reformers, scientists and philanthropists we start thi nking in a
different way.
6. Which sentence should be the FOURTH in the paragraph?
1) B 2) C 3) D 4) E 5) F
7. Which sentence should be the THIRD in the paragraph?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) E
8. Which sentence should be the FIRST in the paragraph?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) E
9. Which sentence should be the LAST (SIXTH) in the paragraph?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) E
10. Which sentence should be the SECOND in the paragraph?

1) B 2) C 3) D 4) E 5) F
11-15)
(A) One day, one of the heads found a jar of nectar and decided to taste it.
(B) Enraged, the other neck soon found a jar of poison and consumed it.
(C) The first neck, however, refused to let the second neck have it.
(D) The poison reached the common stomach and both the necks perished.
(E) Once upon a time there lived a special kind of bird which had two necks and shared a common stomach.
(F) On seeing this, the other head also wanted to taste the nectar.
11. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F
12. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
13. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C d) E e) F
14. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F
15. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement?
16-20)
A) A study to this effect suggests that the average white-collar worker demonstrates only about twenty-f ive pe rcent l iste ning
efficiency.
B) However, for trained and good listeners it is not unusual to see all the three approaches during a s e tting, thus im pr oving
listening efficiency.
C) There are three approaches to listening: listening for comprehension, listening for empathy, and listening for evaluation.
D) Although we spend nearly half of each communication interaction listening, we do not listen well.
E) Each approach has a particular emphasis that may help us to receive and process information in different settings.
16. Which sentence should come fourth in the paragraph?

a) B b) C c) E d) A e) D
17. Which sentence should come second in the paragraph?

a) E b) A c) D d) B e) C
18. Which sentence should come first in the paragraph?
a) D b) A c) C d) E e) B
19. Which sentence should come last in the paragraph?

20. Which sentence should come third in the paragraph?

a) C b) A c) D d) B e) E
21-25)
A) Modern science has produced some good drugs for these ailments.
B) Heart ailments are very common these days.
C) So I always prefer taking milk these days as it contains no fat.
D) But this can also be prevented by taking fatless food.
E) That is why people call this era as the age of heart troubles.
21. Which of the following should be the third sentence?

a) B b) D c) A d) E e) C
22. Which of the following should be the first sentence?

23. Which of the following should be the last sentence?

24. Which of the following should be the second sentence?

25. Which of the following should be the fourth sentence?

26-30)
(A) On the other hand, it can mean giving us what we need.
(B) We are happy to belong to such a society that treats us fairly, has given us our due and that is impartial.
(C) Both in a way will be right.
(D) The problem, however, is that ‘giving each his due’ can mean a variety of contradictory things.
(E) Political parties will take advantage of this and will champion one definition or the other depending upon their conve nience a nd
claim to be a party of justice.
(F) Justice is the bond of society.
(G) It can, for instance, mean giving us what we deserve -be that a reward for achievement or a punishment for offences.
26. Which of the following will be the FOURTH sentence?

a) G b) F c) E d) B e) C
27. Which of the following will be the THIRD sentence?

28. Which of the following will be the FIFTH sentence?

a) B b) C c) E d) D e) A
29. Which of the following will be the FIRST sentence?

a) E b) F c) G d) A e) B
30. Which of the following will be the SEVENTH (LAST) sentence?

a) A b) B c) E d) D e) C
31-35)
A) What is clear is that no one has yet provided evidence for it to be conclusively rejected or validated.
B) To some people such a notion seems perfectly reasonable; to others it seems quite ludicrous.
C) Most of the people have curiosity and also possess some knowledge of astrology.
D) Much of the evidence offering support for this fundamental notion is far from clear-cut.
E) They appreciate that astrology attempts to relate human behaviour to the movements of stars and planets.
31) Which sentence should come second in the paragraph?

32) Which sentence should come fourth in the paragraph?

33) Which sentence should come first in the paragraph?

34) Which sentence should come third in the paragraph?

35) Which sentence should come last in the paragraph?

36-40)
A) Further, he pretended to have a particular dislike for the lowest laboring classes declaring that they ought to be a bsolute ly
destroyed.
B) One of his little eccentricities was violent disbelief in government by the people.
C) He was a man who despised the aims and beliefs of his fellow-men, and a trifle eccentric.
D) His closest friends, however, knew that these were all assumed attitudes, and that, secretly he was kindly dispose d towa rds
his fellow men, and the poor.
E) It was contradiction in terms, he said, government by a single man was the only form of government that had ever been able
to do things.
36) Which sentence should come second in the paragraph?

a) C b) D c) E d) A e) B
37) Which sentence should come fourth in the paragraph?

38) Which sentence should come first in the paragraph?

39) Which sentence should come third in the paragraph?

40) Which sentence should come last (i.e. fifth) in the paragraph?
41-45)
(A) The urban poor were neglected.
(B) A new generation of professionals however are attempting to reach the urban poor.
(C) This is because they were considered too mobile and lacking in cohesion
(D) Micro-finance institutions have traditionally focused on the rural poor.
(E) These factors do not facilitate generation of peer group pressure which is essential for the success of the micro -finance model.
(F) Their challenge will be to adapt the traditional micro-finance model to one suited to urban micro-finance.
41) Which of the following is the SECOND sentence after rearrangement

42) Which of the following is the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement?

43) Which of the following is the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D d) E e) F
44) Which of the following is the THIRD sentence after rearrangement?

45) Which of the following is the FIRST sentence after rearrangement?

46-50)
(A) To address these issues Indian corporate are increasingly turning eco-friendly.
(B) At present however, there are only a dozen green buildings in the private sector.
(C) However, though an eco-friendly building may cost more upfront, it is cost effective because of lower operating costs in the
long run.
(D) Today there is growing concern about global warming, energy and water crises.
(E) The reason is the construction cost of an eco-friendly building is 15% to 20% more than putting up a conventional building.
(F) Planting trees, using energy saving lighting systems and constructing eco-friendly green buildings are some of the m e asure
they are taking.
46) Which of the following will be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement?
47) Which of the following will be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) C c) D d) E e) F
48) Which of the following will the THIRD sentence after rearrangement?
a) B b) D c) C d) E e) F
49) Which of the following will be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement?
a) C b) D c) E d) F e) A
50) Which of the following will be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement?
COMPREHENSIONS 21
CLASSROOM EXERCISE-I
Easy --01
DIRECTIONS: Read the following passage carefully to answer the questions that follow it on the basis of the passage.
Certain words are highlighted in BOLD letters to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
Death pockmarks the golden sands of Gahirmatha beach today. Until recently, the golden dunes of this pris tine s tre tch in Coa s tal
Orissa throbbed with life. The tiny strip of land acted like a hot, fertile womb for the mysterious Olive Ridley turtles tha t ca me out of
the sea at the dead of night to lay their eggs. Like an ancient ritual, these elusive creatures, which trace their origin to the Jurassic era,
would come in thousands (In a good year, even upto seven lakhs), turning the entire beach into one movin g m as s ---m a king i t the
largest rookery for Olive Ridley turtles. But this year, for the second consecutive year, less than 100 turned up. Every year during th is
ritual, the scientists would record a small number of turtles (ranging from 1000 to 3500) that would die trapped in the nylon nets of the
numerous trawlers that fish along this coast. Last year, the figure stood at 3634. This year, they recorded 16000 dead turtles. “It’s li ke
mass annihilation of an entire species,” says BC Chaudhary, a turtle expert and scientist with the Wildlife Institute of Indi a.
For years, wildlife experts have been crying hoarse over the turtle population sinking towards extinction. And for years, the
Environment and Forests Ministry has laughed off the forebodings. But of late, chinks have appeared in that armour of indiffe re nce.
One way to look at this change of heart is that the ministry officials were staggered at the large number of deaths and the fact that no
mass nesting has taken place for two years in succession at the Gahirmath beach. The other way to look at i t is through the t inted
glasses of lucre. The US environment lobby has banned Indian marine exports like shrimp, linking it with India’s failure to prote ct i ts
turtle population. As much as $ 1162 million (Rs. 10530 crore) is at stake. Whatever, the fact is the tables are turning. Sa ys the Union
Minister for Environment, “We are on the verge of starting Project Sea Turtle It will be a massive operation just like Proje ct Tiger.”
In its ambition, at least, if not in deed, Project Tiger was sold as a campaign to save many other species besides the tige r s ince the
jungle predator is an apex species at the top of the food chain. Not so with the turtle. Project Sea Turtle, if anything, wil l just focus on
the five different existing sea turtle species ---- Olive Ridley, hawksbill, green turtle, leatherb ack and loggerhead. According to a dra ft
proposal on Project Turtle, at present pending with the ministry, the main thrust would, first of all be to stop the annihila tion. And the
predictable first move would be to make turtle-extruder devices (TED) mandatory in trawlers. Most of the devasta tion in Oris sa ha s
taken place because of uncontrolled trawler traffic. Turtles get stuck in the trawler nets, and breaking their skulls or back is the
accepted alternative instead of cutting the nest to set them free. The TED is an escape hatch that is built into the ne t which e na bles
trapped turtles to free themselves. But that’s just part of the problem.
1. 'Death pockmarking the golden sands’ is synonymous with

A. Declining mortality rate B. Constant sounding of the death knell
C. A constant mortality rate D. The fact that mortality is unheard of at that place
2. The phrase ‘throbbed with life’ in the passage connotes

A. Full of life B. Overstuffed with life
C. Deterioration in population D. None of the above
3. According to the author, “mass annihilation of an entire species” would mean that
A. Only the fittest would survive B. The population of an entire species is mushrooming
C. An entire species has been wiped out D. A hybrid species has been produced
4. What has appeared as chinks in the armour of indifference?

A. Scars B. Dawn of truth C. Holes D. Misinterpretations
5. If the US bans Indian marine exports, India will gain around

A. $ 1162 million B. Rs. 10530 crore C. Rs. 4938 million D. None of these
6. According to the passage, trawlers are responsible for the rapid extinction of turtles because
A. Trawlers are fond of the turtles’ meat. B. Trawlers love to domesticate turtles.
C. Trawlers' nets trap the turtles and freedom from the net costs them death
D. Trawlers trap the turtles in order to tempt the fish.
7. The author says that the TED (Turtle Extruder Device) is actually
A. An imported net B. A steel trap C. An escape hatch D. A rat trap
8. An appropriate title for this passage is

A. The Sea Turtles B. Turtles In Death Trap
C. A Major Environmental Hazard D. Project Turtle
9. The last line of the passage hints at the fact that
A. The scientists have been unable to identify and understand the problem
B. Installing the TED will solve the entire problem.
C. Installing the TED will not solve the entire problem.
D. The government is not interested in finding a solution to the turtle problem.
10. The line ….whatever, the fact is the tables are turning… in the second paragraph implies that
A. The situation has caught serious attention of the government now.
B. The situation is likely to become more serious in future.
C. The government will act strictly against those killing the turtles.
D. The government is shifting its responsibility to the private sector
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the
passage.
11. ROOKERY
A. Place of stay B. Killing place C. Playfield D. Hatchery
12. CRYING HOARSE

A. Pressurizing the other party B. Writing articles frequently
C. Raising voice strongly D. Sitting silent
Easy -1
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. A
11. D
12. C
Easy --02
Havldar Vishnu Prasad is a bemused man. Since he arrived at Military Hospital, Srinagar with gunshot wounds and splinter injuries, he
has been visited by a stream of VVIPs- the Prime Minister, the defence minister, Mrs Sonia Gandhi, the chief minister, the Govern or e t
al. “How come”, he wants to know, “no one inquired about me when I was here just a month ago after an encounter with militants in
Manasbal? Does anyone know about my Company Commander Major A P Singh who lost his life in that encounter? I feel his loss , his
wife and children miss him, the regiment cannot forget him, he was an asset to the Indian Army but what about the country? We re we
at cross-purposes with the country’s interests then?”
India’s is not peace-time soldiering. We have been losing one of our bravest sons in every crisis. Our soldiers have been in operation in
Sri Lanka, Punjab, the North-east, J & K and on peace-keeping missions abroad. They are battle-hardy, not battle-weary and are much
more than a fighting outfit- they constitute an organization of people with unity, discipline and energy. It is probably the only
organization that has continued to utilize its capacities to achieve professional objectives, resisting all attempts to compromise its ideals
or to deliver below its potential. This has been possible because the motivation of the soldier is duty, honour, integrity. Throughout
history, the reason why a soldier has voluntarily given his life has remained the same- he is moved by a sense of duty. Though the
soldier’s motivations have remained the same, as is brought home to us now more than ever by the casualtie s in Ka rgil a nd Dra s s,
things are changing. In fact, they started changing a decade ago with the arrival of the matriculate ja wan (the minimum qualification
for all regiments except the Gorkhas), globalisation, private sector salaries and the rapid urba niza tion of catchment a rea s f or the
services. In their uniforms, soldiers are ordinary people with human needs and emotions. They too have families, problems,
responsibilities and aspirations. Earlier, there were institutional arrangements within the civilian s et -up to ta ke s pe cial care of the
soldiers’ families, their land disputes and family sickness while they were away on field postings. Cut off from the rest of the country
and restricted by their own terms of service, the jawan has always depended on the government to s ee him through his e veryday
problems. A letter from the commanding officer to the district magistrate was enough to settle a property problem back home. When
he went home on leave, his railway warrant was all he needed to get a good berth. Today, the le tte rs go una ns wered a nd ticket
collectors need to be bribed. The insensitivity of the civilians makes him feel alienated. Dying in action is a fact of life for our m e n in
uniform. As the last post is sounded for yet another military funeral, one can’t help but marvel at the brand equity of wa r b e ca us e i t
took an Operation Vijay for supreme sacrifice to be noticed.
1. Havaldar Vishnu Prasad thinks that nobody knows about Major A.P. Singh because
B. He died peacefully
B. Nobody cares for a soldier who dies in an encounter during peace time
C. He was not visited by VVIPs when he was in hospital.
D. He was a company commander.
E. None of these
2. Find out the correct expression from among the given options.
A. Major A.P. Singh died in an encounter with militants in Manasbal.
B. Soldiers are not ordinary people as they are in uniforms.
C. Indian people are very forge tful.
D. The minimum qualification for all regiments is matriculation.E. 1 and 4
3. Before the start of Operation Vijay, India had to lose one soldier
A. Per day B. Every week C. Every few days D. Every month E. None of these
4. Which of the following is/are the quality/ies of Indian soldiers, as mentioned in the passage?
A. Unity B. Energy C. Discipline D. Battle-weary E. A, B and C
5. What is the reason for which a soldier voluntarily gives his life?
A. To become hero B. To enrich his successor
C. His sense of duty D. He is bound to do so E. None of these
6. Earlier, the families of soldiers who were away on field postings were looked after by
A. Common people B. There was special arrangement within the civilian set-up for that
C. Elder members of the families, and government had scant regard
D. A and B E. B and C
7. The soldier’s motivation started changing a decade ago with the arrival of
A. Matriculate jawans B. Globalisation C. Private sector salaries
D. Rapid urbanization E. All of these
8. Which of the following is the intention of the writer behind the writing of the passage?
A. To point out the lack of commitment of the society towards the problem faced by the soldiers
B. To disclose the enthusiasm showed by the people during operation Vijay
C. Point out the changing trends among Indian soldiers.
D. To draw attention towards the dying soldiers.
E. None of these
9. Find out a suitable title for the passage from the options given below.
A. Soldiers vs Civilians B. Soldiers’ Difficulties C. Family Problems of Soldiers
D. Changing Trends among Soldiers E. Globalisation and Soldiers
10. From a reading of the passage, it appears that the writer is

A. A social critic B. A strategic analyst
C. An economist D. An ordinary citizen E. A politician
DIRECTIONS: Find out the word from the given options which is most nearly same in meaning to the word given in
bold as used in the passage
11. BEMUSED
B. Satisfied B. Dissatisfied C. Exhausted D. Bewildered E. Be sought
13. ENCOUNTER
A. Meeting B. Dealing C. Conference D. Conflict E. Counteraction
13. BERTH
A. Sleeping place B. Tier C. Harbour D. Safe E. Position
DIRECTIONS: Find out the word from the given options, which is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word given in
bold as used in the passage.
14. POTENTIAL
A. Capacity B. Heredity C. Environment D. Achievement E. Kinetic
15. VOLUNTARILY
A. Forcibly B. Carefully C. Correctly D. Hesitatingly E. Haphazardly
Easy -02
1. B
2. A
3. E
4. E
5. C
6. B
7. E
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. D 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. A
EASY-03
It is a truism that effective advertising must be built on an understanding of the consumer. Yet sometimes perceptions and
assumptions about people and about countries prevent marketers from responding to the opportunities inherent in s ocial change.
There are two subjects about which everyone in the marketing and advertising communities has strong opinions and preconceptions.
One of them is women. The other is international marketing.
It isn’t too many years ago that markets in the United States were clearly separated b y gender. The assumption was that th e
target for all the expensive, big-ticket products and services, such as cars, travel and financing services were men. On the other hand,
women were sold food, household, fashion goods and cosmetics. It is remarkable to recall that at tha t tim e, working wome n we re
invisible in the marketing and advertising plans.
Most advertisers thought of women consumers as housewives. The usual target definition was “any hous ewife , 18 to 49 ”.
Occasionally, they would recognize young, single women, who in those days described girls as natural targets for cosmetic and fashion
targets. These two perceptions of women dominated marketing approaches to women in those days.
The surge of women entering the workforce has revolutionized the way we define the consumer market place. We f ind tha t
men are crossing over into the supermarkets and shopping for food and household products that used to be the exclusive responsibility
of the housewives.
We find women crossing over into big-ticket product categories. They have become good customers for f ina ncial s ervices,
travel and cars. We find that not all working women are young, single girls, and not all housewives are married.
In short, our perception of the total consumer marketpl ace has turned upside down as a result of this one single
demographic fact. The concept of effective advertising and marketing must be built on an understanding of the consumer, parti cula rly
relevant to the international market-place.
16. How can an effective advertising be built, according to the passage?
A. By conducting live demonstrations of the product/s.
B. By announcing handsome discounts.
C. By understanding the market players
D. By introducing free gift schemes.
E. None of these
17. Which of the following presents a true picture of the US markets?

A. It is a highly competitive market B. It is economical
C. It is separated by gender D. It is a highly expensive market
E. None of these
18. Which of the following falls in the big-ticket product categories?

A. ornaments and cosmetics B. Food items
C. cars and expensive tours D. Medicine and life-saving equipment
E. None of these
19. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Male customers dominate the market in terms of expenditure.
B. Women are more prosperous buyers than men.
C. Consumer psychology is the central theme of effective advertising.
D. A product can be sold without advertising.
E. None of these
20. Which of the following is true in the context of the passage?

A. In today’s context, the consumer is the king.
B. With effective advertising, the products become cheaper.
C. Nowadays, women have become good customers for big-ticket products.
D. There is a conflict of ideas between men and women.
E. None of these
21. Which of the following is FALSE in the context of the above passage?
A. Women and International Marketing are the two points of concern for the advertising community.
B. These days, the US markets are separated by gender.
C. In the past, most consumers took women consumers as housewives.
D. Nowadays, a large number of women are becoming working professionals.
E. None of these
22. What change has taken place in the consumer market-place?

A. Consumers are now more aware of the changing market trends.
B. There are more male customers than female ones in the market today.
C. Male consumers are buying the products which female consumers used to buy in the past and vice - versa.
D. The market has become customer-friendly.
E. None of these
23. What is the meaning of the phrase turn upside down as used in the passage?
A. to reverse the position B. to uplift
C. to make a negative impact D. to fall in disorder E. to crumble down
24. What is the central theme of the passage?

A. Advertising and consumer behavior B. Change in market trends
C. Consumer-friendly markets D. Advertising and women E. Market in disarray
DIRECTIONS (25-27): Choose the word that is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in
the passage.
25. RECALL
A. Recollect B. Call again C. Summon D. Order
E. Command
26. REVOLUTIONISED
A. Attacked B. Targeted C. Confronted D. Fundamentally changed
E. Symbolized
27. RELEVANT
A. Worth 2 Owing C. Pragmatic D. Sensible
E. Pertinent
DIRECTIONS (28-29): Choose the word that is most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning as the word given in bold as used in
the passage.
28. TRUISM
A. Fact B. Fallacy C. Irony D. Nuisance
E. Understatement
29. INHERENT
A. Prevalent B. Hidden C. Complex D. Extrinsic
E. Excluded
30. SURGE
A. Rush B. Decrease C. Soaring D. Dearth
E. Drain
16 E 17 E 18 C 19 C 20 C
21 B 22 C 23 A 24 A 25 A
26 D 27 E 28 B 29 D 30 B
HOMEWORK EXERCISE-I
Easy -- 04
Today the import duty on a complete machine is 35% for all practical purposes, whereas the import duty on raw materials and
components range from 40% -80%. The story does not end here. After paying such high import duties on components, once a
machine is made, it suffers excise duty from 5% - 10% (including on the customs duty already paid). At the time of sale, the machine
tools suffer further taxation, i.e., Central sales tax or State sales tax which range from 4% -16%. This much for the tax angle. Anothe r
factor which pushes the cost of manufacture of machine tools is the very high rate of interest payable to banks ranging up to 22 %, a s
against 4%-7% prevailing in advanced countries. The production of machine tools in India being not of the same scale as it is in other
countries, the price which India’s machine tool builders have to pay for components is more or less based on the pattern of h igh pricing
applicable to the prices of spares. The above represents only a few of the extraneous reasons for the high cost of Indian machines. The
machine tool industry in India has an enviable record of very quick technology absorption, assimilation and development. There are a
number of success stories about how machine tool builders were of help at the mo st crucial times. It will be a pity, in fact a tragedy, i f
we allow this industry to die and disappear from the scene. It is to be noted that India is at least 6000 km away from any dependable
source of supply of machine tools. The Government of India has always given a great deal of importance to the development of s ma ll
scale and medium scale industries. These industries have also performed pretty well. Today, they are in ne e d of he lp from I nd ia ’s
machine tool industry to enable them to produce quality components at reduced costs. Is it anybod y’s cas e tha t the nee ds of this
fragile sector (which needs tender care) will be met from 6000 km away? Then, what is it that the industry requests from the
Government? It wants a level playing field. In fact, all of us must have a deep introspection and recognise the fact tha t the m achine
tool industry has a very special place in the country from the point of strategic and vital interests of the nation . Mos t im p orta ntly, i t
pleads for the government’s consideration and understanding.
1. According to the passage, the factors responsible for the high costs of machine tools in India are
1. High customs duties 2. Sales Tax 3. High interest rates 4. Excise duties
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1, 3 and 4
C. 1, 2 and 4 D. 1 and 2 E. 1, 2, 3 and 4
2. If the banks’ rate of interest in India is made on par with that in advanced -countries, the cost of manufacture of
machine tools
A. May go up by about 4 to 7% B. Will remain the same due to import duty
C. May increase by about 22% D. May decrease by about 4 to 7%
E. May decrease by about 15 to 18%
3. According to the passage, all the following factors are responsible for high cost of India machine EXCEPT
A. Higher import duty on spares
B. Excise duty
C. Sales tax
D. High profit margin expected by manufacturers
E. Bank’s rate of interest on loans for manufacture
4. The disparity in the quantum of machine production in India and that in other countries leads to
A. The necessity to export the machine from India to other countries
B. Lethargy in the process of absorption and assimilation of new technology
C. A need to pay higher for components and spares
D. Over-production of machines as compared to the actual need
E. The development of small scale and medium scale industries.
5. Which of the following statements in TRUE in the context of the passage?

A. India’s machine tool industry has a praiseworthy record of performance.
B. In critical times, the machine tool builders allowed the industry to perish.
C. In case of machines, the excise duty is levied only on the cost price.
D. India’s quantum of production of machine tools is more than that of other advanced countries.
E. None of these
6. The availability of Indian machine tool industry’s help to small scale industry is most likely to result in
A. Deterioration in the quality of components manufactured by them
B. Severe competition among the small and medium scale industries.
C. Further increase in the customs duty on the imported machines.
D. Enhancement in the quality and quantity of their production at a cheaper cost.
E. Increase in demand of imported machine tools.
7. Which of the following groups of statements is definitely true in the context of the passage?
1. The vital role of India’s machine tool industry has not been duly recognised by the government.
2. Small scale industry’s performance can be further improved with the help from the Indian machine tool industry.
3. The author of the passage has not discussed all the factors which are responsible for high cost of Indian machines.
A. Only 1 and 2 B. Only 1 and 3
C. Only 2 and 3 D. All the statements are true E. None of these
8. Which of the following best explains the sentence “It wants a level playing field” as used in the passage? Th e
machine tool industry in India
A. Needs land for opening more factories
B. Needs freedom to import the desired components at a low cost
C. Seeks to have the small scale industry as its patron
D. Wants to adopt novel marketing strategies for sale promotion
E. None of these
9. Why do small and medium scale industries look for help from India’s machine tool industry?
1. To produce low cost components without dilution in quality.
2. To produce cheaper components notwithstanding the poor quality.
A. Only 1 B. Only 2 C. Either 1 or 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2E. None of these
10. Which of the following inferences can be drawn in the context of the passage?
A. Levying heavy custom duty is absolutely necessary.
B. Banks in other countries are running in loss owing to a low interest rate.
C. The government of India has not been considerate to the difficulties faced by the machine tool industry.
D. The government of India has duly recognised the role of the machine tool industry.
E. India should not waste its precious resources on the production of machine tools.
11. Which of the following is the principal focus of the content of the passage?
A. Exorbitant sales tax
B. Unrealistic strategy of development of technology
C. Reduction in rate of interest on loans to machine industry
D. Indian machine tool industry and its vital role in the country’s development
E. Encouragement to small and middle scale industries
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the world given in CAPITALS as used in
the passage.
12. SCALE
A. Quantity B. Proportion C. Quality D. Steep E. Trace
13. ENVIABLE
A. Miserable B. Disappointing C. Praiseworthy D. Pessimistic E. Jealous
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is most nearly the OPOSITE in meaning as the world given in CAPITAL S as used
in the passage.
14. DEPENDABLE
1. Independent 2. Creditable 3. Unreliable 4.Unapproachable
5. Incongruent
15. FRAGILE
1. Weak 2. Perfect 3. Vulnerable 4. Robust 5. Delicate
1. E
All these facts are duly mentioned in the first few lines of the passage.
2. E
Compare the rate of interest as mentioned in the first paragraph i.e. 4 -7% vs. 22% and the conclusion is obvious.
3. D
Option D not mentioned anywhere in the passage.
4. C
5. A
The machine tool industry in India has an enviable record ….
6. D
….they are in need of help ….to produce quality components at reduced costs.
7. A
8. B
A level playing field implies equality i.e. no favour or bias.
9. A
10. C
…..it pleads for the government’s consideration and understanding.
11. D 12. A 13. C 14. 3 15. 4
Easy 05
The train, named Samjhauta Express, was launched as a new symbolism of accord between two battle-scarred nations - India and
Pakistan which have lived together uneasily since their creation sixty five years ago. But Samjhauta Express between Am ri tsar and
Lahore has hardly transcended the invisible barriers that continue to divide the two countries. It has neither brought in its train
greater accommodation and understanding between the two countries nor, indeed, fostered an exchange of visi tors , commodities,
ideas or goodwill between the two peoples. If anything, the biweekly express itse lf has, since its launch over two decades ago, been
derailed several times by the conflicting political perceptions of Islamabad and New Delhi and has become a source of new ten sions.
Not long ago, reports had it that the militants trained and equipped with arms were using it to enter Punjab and Jammu a nd Ka shmir
to fuel insurgency in the two sensitive border states. These reports only led to greater harassment of genuine passengers cro ssing the
border to meet and visit their long-separated relatives. Earlier reports suggested that baskets of paan were being smuggled abroad the
train from India to meet the huge demand for betel leaf in Pakistan, which had banned imports from India of the commodity of
common consumption throughout the subcontinent.
Fresh trouble now seems to be brewing at Attari, the border station on the Indian side, where in a crackdown against petty smugglin g,
the customs authorities have banned the entry of porters to Platform number 2 reserved for international traffic. The customs offic ials
claim that the coolies were helping the passengers with excess baggage and thereby causing revenue loss to the government.
Contesting the charge, the porters say that the new regulation is hurting their employment. With just two departures a nd a rri va ls of
Samjhauta Express in a week, the porters’ pickings are not much to boast of, anyway. But notwiths tanding the quantum of loss ,
Samjhauta Express has bred new tensions.
1. What was the main purpose behind the launching of Samjhauta Express?
1. To facilitate trade between India and Pakistan. 2. To ease the heavy traffic load
3. To improve the relation between India and Pakistan 4. To facilitate the movement of the army
5. To facilitate smuggling
2. Samjhauta Express runs between
1. New Delhi and Karachi 2. Amritsar and Lahore
3. Attari and Lahore 4. Attari and Karachi 5. New Delhi and Islamabad
3. Which one of the following countries had banned imports from India?
1. Iraq 2. Afghanistan 3. Nepal 4. Pakistan 5. Sri Lanka
4. Which one of the following is the border station on the Indian side, according to the passage?
1. Attari 2. Katra 3. Srinagar 4. Doda 5. Amritsar
5. Why have the customs authorities banned the entry of porters to the Platform Number 2 at Attari?
1. Only foreigners are allowed 2. There is no need of porters
3. No train leaves from the Platform number Two 4. To check petty smuggling
5. To prevent petty smuggling and revenue loss to the government
6. According to the passage, the two sensitive border states of India are
1. Haryana and Jammu and Kashmir 2. Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir
3. Punjab and Rajasthan 4. Punjab and Uttar Pradesh
5. Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir
7. The Samjhauta Express between Amritsar and Lahore runs

1. Twice a week 2. Daily
3. Thrice a week 4. Twice a month 5. Four days in a week
8. What is the meaning of CRACKDOWN as used in the passage?

1. Broken 2. Foolish 3. Severe measures 4. Uncomfortable 5. Addiction
DIRECTIONS (9-12): Choose the word that is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in
the above passage.
9. ACCORD
1. Agreement 2. Forceful 3. Unity 4. Compromise 5. Measure
10. TRANSCEND
1. Supreme 2. Represent 3. Cross 4. Beyond 5.Freedom
11. FOSTER
1. Advance 2. Promote 3. Develop 4. Cause 5. Establish
Key
1. 3
…..was launched as a new symbolism of accord between two battle-scarred nations - India and Pakistan.
2. 2
But Samjhauta Express between Amritsar and Lahore has hardly….
3. 4
Pakistan, which had banned imports from India….
4. 1
Fresh trouble now seems to be brewing at Attari, the border station on the Indian side…
5. 4
….crackdown against petty smuggling, the customs authorities have banned the entry of porters …..
6. 2
7. 1
With just two departures and arrivals of Samjhauta Express in a week….
8. 3 9. 4 10.3 11. 2
CLASSROOM EXERCISE-II
Moderate --01
When life throws you a curveball, most of us tend to accumula te clutter and become rather disorganized for a while. It
happens to everyone. We become ill, a family member becomes ill, we are assigned a project at work that requires a lot of tra ve l , or
has a ridiculous deadline. Our lives change. We move, get married, have kids, or start a new job. During times of transition, a certain
amount of chaos, clutter and disorganization is natural. This is what we call “Situationally Disorganized”: Dis organiza tion t ha t is a
normal side effect of a life situation.
Chronic Disorganization is different because when life transitions happen to you, instead of “recovering” and “restoring order”
after a few months or so, the disorganization does not improve and may even continue to worsen over time. The clutter continu es to
accumulate. At a certain point, daily life becomes overwhelmingly stressful and chronic procrastination becomes a challenge a s we l l.
The clutter itself starts affecting your emotional state so strongly, you may find yourself so drained and depressed that you no longe r
have the heart or the energy to dig out alone.
Help will most likely be needed to recover. And, in many cases, it may be that you will ne ed ongoing he lp to m a intain a
reasonable level of organization. If your quality of life is suffering, and you are feeling stressed and overwhelmed m uch of the time ,
and you don’t feel like you can fix it yourself, you are likely to be “stuck” in a pattern of being “chronically” disorganize d. I f you f ind
that you tend to yo-yo between the extremes of getting organized and then becoming overwhelmed with clutter. This “pattern” m ay
also be considered “chronically disorganized.”
One of the key differences between situational and chronic disorganization is that not only are you functionally challe nged, I
have found that every CD person I’ve ever met or worked with, including myself, has been emotionally traumatized by the experience.
Many of us become almost numb to the situation so don’t even realize the chronic pain we are in. There tend to be acute flare -ups of
extremely intense emotions like frustration, anger, overwhelming grief and sadness for what your life could have been li ke, or dis gus t,
followed by episodes of other addictive or compulsive behaviors like shopping, eating, creative projects, self -isolation, workaholism, TV
watching or other kinds of “escape.”
1. Which of the following CANNOT be called an example of transition, as discussed in the passage?
A. Marrying off kids B. Getting a job promotion
C. Sticking to a job for 20 years D. Moving into a new house E. Having guests for a week
2. It can be made out that the expression throws you a curveball most likely means
A. Develops a sudden illness B. Presents multiple problems simultaneously
C. Presents a problem never seen before D. Presents a sudden crisis
E. Sends a heavy object towards you
3. Which of the following is NOT a feature of chronic disorganization?
A. Quickly shifting between organized and disorganized behaviours
B. Feeling unable to find a solution on one’s own
C. Mostly feeling stressed and overwhelmed
D. Emotional trauma is a part of it
E. The individual shows social withdrawal
4. The clutter, as per the passage, makes one

A. Socially unpopular B. Used to the situation
C. More likely to develop mental diseases D. Recover from diseases slowly
E. Devoid of all energy to even seek a solution
5. An analysis of this article reveals that most likely, the writer is a
A. Motivational speaker B. Psychologist
C. Part of a hospital D. Female counsellor
E. Doctor
6. The purpose of the second paragraph above is to

A. Offer examples to support the first paragraph B. Support the first paragraph in general
C. Describe another variety of disorganization
D. Discuss some theories on why disorganization occurs
E. Counter the ideas given in the first paragraph
7. According to the writer, situational disorganization is

A. Temporary B. A serious problem and demands professional help
C. Necessary D. Long-lasting and needs long treatment
E. None of these
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is the most OPPOSITE in meaning to the word printed in bold as used in
the passage.
8. FIX
A. Rectify B. Remove
C. Lose D. Hide E. Create problem
9. DRAINED
A. Stable B. Energetic
C. Dull D. Empty E. Full
10. TRANSITION
A. Disorganization B. Change
C. Transfer D. Loyalty E. Constancy
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is the SAME in meaning to the word printed in bold as used in the
passage.
11. OVERWHELMED
A. Affected B. Impressed
C. Weighed down D. Free E. Excessive
12. NUMB
A. Careless B. Dull
C. Not hearing D. Immune E. Responsive
Answer Key and Solution – RC -01
1. C
2. D
3. E
4. E
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. E
9. B
10. E
11. C
12. D
Moderate --02
DIRECTIONS: Read the following passage carefully to answer the questions that follow it on the basis of the
passage. Certain words are highlighted in BOLD letters to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
One day while swimming off the coast of Indonesia, I came across a river of refuse and raw s ewa ge s tretching for m i le s.
These streams and islands of refuse now populate all our oceans. In the middle of the Pacific, there is an island of garbage the size of
Texas. This floating pollution chokes and kills sea turtles -- driving them closer to extinction. At the same time, the cora l re efs where
sea turtles get their food are dying due to rising sea temperatures from global warming. To top it, sea turtles are hunted and killed for
meat, a delicacy in many Asian countries. It is an ugly but altogether 1 -2-3 type punch for this unique species.
This is not just a race to save a handful of charismatic species -- animals to which we attach human values or
characteristics. Who wouldn't want to save the sea otter, polar bear, giant panda or gorilla? These striking mammals tug at our
heartstrings and often our charitable purse strings. But our actions need to be just as swift when it comes to the valley longhorn beetle
or the ugly-looking Puerto Rican toad or the black-footed ferret, whose fate is intertwined with the prairie dog’s. The reality is that each
species, big, small, friendly or vicious, plays an essential role in its ecosystem. And we're in a race to preserve as much o f the a nimal
kingdom as possible.
Meanwhile, around the planet, the re are massive die-offs of amphibians, the canaries in our global coalmine. When frogs a nd
other amphibians, which have existed for millions of years, start vanishing, it indicates that our natural world is in peril. Ba t a nd bee
populations are also being decimated. Without bees, there will be no pollination, and without pollination, the predator that is
decimating these species -- humankind -- will also be headed toward its own extinction. Yes, there is a certain irony there.
This was all brought home to me in an intimate way after a recent trip to Panama. My young daughter, Ma ya, a ske d i f s he
could accompany me on my next trip there so that she could see her favorite animal -- the Panamanian golden frog – up, c los e a nd
personal in the jungle. Sadly, I had to tell her no. This small, beautiful frog -- the national symbol of Panama -- no longer exists in the
wild. Only a few live in captivity.
Is there hope? Yes. Because in e very place I visited to witness the extinction unfold, I met brave and selfless conservationists,
biologists and wildlife scientists working hard to save the species.
1. Which of the following is NOT supported by the passage?
A. We are more likely to try to help animals which look beautiful
B. The writer’s daughter wanted to have a close look at the Panamanian golden frog
C. The writer is an Indonesian
D. The Pacific garbage is responsible for eliminating many turtles
E. All the species are essential to create an environment with natural balance
2. The first paragraph above serves to

A. Discuss why the sea turtles are dying
B. Explore the idea of why conservation is important
C. Quote a personal example to build the case for conservation
D. Quote a personal example to explain why the conservation efforts have failed
E. Give reasons why the Indonesian coast is so polluted
3. The phrase brought home to me, as used here in the fourth paragraph, most likely means
A. Given an example in a personal way B. Was told to me in person
C. Was delivered while I was at home D. Driven forcefully into my mind
E. Came to me through my daughter
4. From the above passage, we can infer that

A. Saving the environment requires focusing on some animals only
B. Saving the environment requires focusing on some big animals only
C. To ensure the natural balance, we need to ensure that no species goes extinct
D. The writer is involved in animal conservation
E. None of these
5. The writer ends the piece on a/ an

A. critical note B. optimistic note
C. pessimistic note D. indifferent note E. humorous note
6. In the third paragraph, the word irony refers to the fact that
A. The animals being killed are very important for conservation efforts
B. The killer is not aware of the dangers present in his environment
C. The killer too may not survive long enough, if he continues like this
D. Without the bees, there cannot be any pollination
E. Without pollination, the bees will not survive
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is the most OPPOSITE in meaning to the word printed in bold as used in
the passage.
7. CHARISMATIC
A. Appealing B. Unclear
C. External D. Unnecessary E. Ugly
8. PERIL
A. Wild B. Safety
C. Shock D. Crisis E. Sequence
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is the CLOSEST in meaning to the word printed in bold as used in the
passage.
9. DELICACY
A. Something fragile B. Rarity
C. Festival item D. Popular dish E. Decorative item
10. TUG
A. Pull B. Affect
C. Touch D. Impress E. Grasp
Key and Solution- RC -02
1. C
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. E
8. B
9. D
10. A
Moderate --03
Frustration is a global cancer. It has spared no country. In some countries, frustration exists be ca us e the se countries a re
populated by “have-nots”. In other countries which are populated by “haves”, frustration is common among them also because they do
“have”. As far as India is concerned, its education system is breeding more and more frustration among both students and tea chers .
And yet no one seems too clear about what can be done to make it more meaningful. Many reforms have been discussed at length but
have come to nothing for one reason or the other. The authorities are now peddling the idea of autonomous colleges a s a m eans of
toning up teaching standards. They argue that by allowing certain colleges to introduce their own courses, hold seminars , a nd a bove
all, to evolve their own method of assessment, the students will get a far better deal. Indeed, they make out that such colleges will
have a free hand in nearly everything except granting degrees. In theory, all this sounds attractive enough. But there is li ttle to s how
that the managements concerned are keen on such reforms. Even today, nothing prevents a college fro m inviting gue st s peake rs on
specialised subjects or holding courses in English. It is no secret that colleges which may be ‘freed’ to an extent from univ ersity contro l
are highly elitist: In Mumbai, for example, there is a big cultural gulf between city c olleges and s uburba n colleges. I f s ome of the
former are now given a degree of autonomy, it will only heighten this disparity.
The answer to the vexed problem of declining standards in higher education does not lie in encouraging the growth of
‘model’ institutions but in improving overall standards. This is, of course, easier said than done, since more and more young people are
seeking degrees. The only solution, however unpalatable it may sound, is to reduce drastically the number of those who are a d mitte d
to colleges. Even though there is political pressure on many state governments to build new colleges and to re s e rve m ore s e at s for
backward classes, it will be sheer folly to expand such facilities recklessly without giving any thought to the qua li ty of e ducation
imparted. If admissions are made far more selective, it will automatically reduce the number of entrants. This should apply p articularl y
to new colleges, many of which are little more than degree factories. Only then can the authorities hope to bring down the te a che r
student ratio to manageable proportions. What is more, teachers should be given refresher courses every summer vacation to brush up
their knowledge. Besides, if college managements increase the library budget, it will help both the s taff and the students a great deal.
At the same time, however, it will be unfair to deny college education to thousands of young men and women unless employers s top
insisting on degrees even for clerical jobs. For a start, why can’t the government disquali fy graduates from securing certain jobs - s a y,
class III and IV posts? Once the degrees are delinked from jobs, at least in some important departments, i t will m a ke m any yo ung
people think twice before joining college.
1. The author’s chief concern seems to be

A. Frustration among students B. Spread of college education
C. Standard of education D. Autonomy to degree colleges
E. A and C
2. Which of the following is the main difficulty, according to the passage, in the way of improving standards?
A. Paucity of library facilities B. Paucity of funds
C. Ever increasing number of young men wanting degrees
D. Grant of autonomy to colleges E. Absence of refresher courses
3. How, according to the passage, can the number of students taking college education be reduced?
A. By abolishing seat reservations for backward classes
B. By reducing the number of colleges
C. By abolishing seat reservations for backward classes
D. By discouraging the founding of model institutions
E. By making admissions highly selective in nature.
4. Why, according to the passage, do more and more young men go in for college education ?
A. Because more and more colleges are opened
B. Because it is cheap
C. Because employers insist on degrees even for clerical jobs
D. Because many colleges help them get degrees easily
E. Because more and more facilities are made available
5. The author fears that granting autonomy to colleges will not help because
A. The proposal may be attractive, yet the college managements do not seem to be interested in it.
B. It contains no new proposals.
C. The experiment has not been successful anywhere else.
D. Autonomous colleges ten to dilute teaching and evaluation standards.
E. None of these
6. The author feels that it would be unfair to

A. Blame teachers for the downfall B. Deny education to young people
C. Blame students for the downfall D. Curtail grants to colleges
E. None of these
7. The cultural gulf in Mumbai colleges exists because

A. Some colleges are given preferential treatment B. Of geographical reasons
C. Some colleges are highly elitist D. The author has not given any reasons for it
E. None of these
8. What is the most appropriate meaning of the expression “have-nots” used in the passage?
A. Unwilling to have material possessions B. Wretched people
C. Poor people D. Middle-class
E. Dispossessed
9. What, according to the author, would be a folly?

A. Giving priority to quantity over quality in education B. Giving autonomy to colleges
C. Not improving evaluation criteria D. Giving money for libraries
E. Increasing teachers’ salaries
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in
the passage.
10. VEXED
A. Annoying B. Recurring C. Debatable D. Complex E. Dangerous
11. EVOLVE
A. Introduce B. Start C. Develop D. Abandon E. Establish
12. BREED
1. Decrease 2. Produce 3. Multiply 4. Variety 5.Help
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word given in bold as used in the
passage.
13. FOLLY
A. Right B. Exact C. Mistake D. Action E. Wisdom
14. HEIGHTEN
A. Widen B. Decrease C. Strengthen D. Dissolve E. Disappear
15. RECKLESSLY
A. Fast B. Thoughtlessly C. Carefully D. EasilyE. Calmly
10. C 11. C 12.B 13. E 14. B 15. C
1. E
2. C
3. E
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. A
10. C
11. C
12.B
13. E
14. B
15. C
HOMEWORK EXERCISE-II
Moderate --04
How do you make an American worker as enthusiastic, loyal and hard -working as a Japanese? A few years ago, the
fashionable answer was to copy Japanese ways such as quality circles - the use of teams of workers to improve quality - and
suggestion boxes. Monsanto, a chemical-to-drugs firm, thinks it has found a better way. A visit to its agricultural - che m ica ls plant in
Luling, on the Mississippi delta just outside New Orleans, suggests that it might as well be right.
The trick that Monsanto is attempting to pull off is one that many firms are talking about: making employees feel “ownership”
for their company. How? Mainly, it seems, by allowing them to use their brains as well as their hands. Monsanto’s main organisationa l
change in its factories has been to do away with most of its foreman, supervisors and quality inspectors and inste ad to invit e pla nt
workers to oversee themselves. To that end, it has given ordinary workers financial information about their pa rt of the ope ration.
Previously, as in most firms, this was kept secret. A production -line operator now knows, for example, what his section’s profit or loss is
at the end of each month.
Sometimes, this information is available on the interactive computers used to control plants: otherwise by more old -fashione d
ways. It means that workers can now tell what difference it makes to the business (and thus to their pay and future j ob prosp ects)
whether they do something well or badly, quickly or slowly. The next step has been to encourage them to form te a ms on a n a d hoc
basis, to make measurable improvements, whether big or small. At Luling, there is a plant producing analgesics for us e in he a dache
pills. It is 30 years old, so it leaks. Instead of calling in outside repairers, plant workers decided to form a small team to m ake i t le a k
less. Gleefully, they reckon they have already saved $ 155,000 a year. Previously, they didn’t think it mattered.
A further step has been to encourage teams to compete. In November, the whole agricultural division had a conference in St.
Louis called the “big” meeting at which 60 teams vied to prove that their scheme was the cleverest, safest or most valuable. According
to Mr. Ed Jurevic, the Luling plant manager, the atmosphere on the bus going there was like a team on the way to a footba ll game :
excited and determined to win. Monsanto’s chemicals division has launched a similar meeting called the “tournament of champio ns”.
Cynical? Well, the Economist’s correspondent met enough workers at Luling to be convinced that they, at least, are not. And
recently two employees, one from a fibre plant in Pensacola, Florida, and one from a chemicals factory in Chocolate Bayou, Texas were
summoned to talk to the parent firm’s board. One said, according to an evidently awed Mr. Richard Mahoncy, the chief executiv e that it
was “so exciting when somebody asks me to use my head. I have so much to offer.” Mr. Mahoncy thinks it is no coincidence tha t the
fibre plant has increased productivity by 50 % in the past three years.
Another useful change has been to give workers contact with their customers, so that they know where the product goes a nd
why. A Luling team redesigned the packaging of their product once they had what was really needed. Pre viously, the y would ha v e
gone through the sales staff. Now they can go direct.
Similarly, quality control in the filling of bottles of herbicide improved markedly once workers were trained in several differe nt
ways of measuring quality and could get feedback from vendors and customers. Complaints pe r 100, 000 halved in 1988. Me re ly
ceasing to overfill bottles (as a result of better measurement) saved perhaps $ 200,000 in costs last year. Why didn’ t quality c i rcles
work as well as this? According to Luling staff, circles were too artificial, being fixed on single projects with little feel for why they were
there. “It felt as if you were doing it for somebody else,” said one worker.
The change in Monsanto’s factories has not happened overnight. It took time to convince workers that management genuinely
wanted to attack the feeling of “us and them”. Success has meant that the same approach of using self-directed teams could a ls o be
applied to other tasks, such as safety, because workers were convinced that management was committe d. The ne w me thods we re
tried first at non-union plants where workers were more flexible, but have now been spread to some unionized plants. Tha t was e asy
whenever there was a sense of crisis. What has not yet been solved is how to link improvements with the pa y of ordinary worke rs,
beyond a general system of bonuses. That is what Mr. Mahoney wa nts to crack next.
On its own, Monsanto’s apparent breakthrough in employee motivation will not be enough to make the firm prosper. But a s
long as is it lasts, if will be a big help. One lesson is that in trying to match the Japanese ability to get the be st out of workers, it is not
enough merely to copy the Japanese methods of gimmicks. The question to be asked is not what the Japanes e a re doing but why.
Having answered that, firms can then seek their own means to achieve the same end.
1. Which of the following alternatives are listed in the passage as recognized Japanese methods for increasing
work efficiency?
1. Suggestion Boxes 2. Quality circles
2. Incentive of ownership 4. A new system of bonuses
A. 2 and 4 B. 2, 3 and 4 C. 1 and 2 D. 2 and 3
E. None of the options is correct
2. It is evident from this passage that

A. Monsanto followed the Japanese methods faithfully.
B. Monsanto’s success was achieved in spite of the Japanese gimmicks.
C. Monsanto achieved its goal by following novel methods which were creative, but not necessarily Japanese.
D. Monsanto has proved the worth of the Japanese methods by following them successfully.
E. Monsanto's new methods have failed.
3. Monsanto gave ordinary workers financial information about their part of the operation
A. Because they believed in the rights of the workers.
B. To make them understand the profits at stake for the owners.
C. To encourage their desire to own the factory.
D. To foster a greater sense of involvement.
E. So as to make them understand the company's balance sheet
4. Monsanto did away with most of its foremen, supervisors and quality inspectors because
A. They added considerably to the expenditure.
B. They generally tend to foment trouble among the workers.
C. They wanted the plant workers to take on the additional work.
D. They wanted to nourish the enthusiasm and innate sense of responsibility in the workers.
E. None of these
5. The competition among the teams elicited an enthusiastic response

A. Because it was in the nature of the holiday.
B. Because the winners would be rewarded suitably.
C. Because the workers could not use their brains as well as their hands.
D. Since the workers had a sportive spirit.
E. Because it was a sports match among them.
6. The plant workers repaired the leak in the analgesics unit happily
A. Because it proved their capability. B. Since they were expected to do it.
C. In order to save $ 155,000 annually for the owners. D. Because of a sense of ownership.
E. It eased the burden of their operational duties
7. The fibre plant has increased its productivity by 50% in the past three years because
A. Creative suggestions were invited from the workers.
B. Mr. Richard Mahoncy was the chief executive.
C. The workers thrived under the attentions of the Economist.
D. There was no cynicism among the workers.
E. There were better incentives on offer
8. In the herbicide section, the complaints from customers were halved in 1998
A. Because the workers were allowed to sell the stuff.
B. Because the workers were trained in measuring quality and could get feedback from the customers.
C. Because the quality circle was effective.
D. Because the bottles were not overfilled.
E. Because the sales had got halved
9. A Luling team redesigned the packaging of their product

A. After they understood what their customers wanted.
B. To experiment with their new-found freedom.
C. In order to make it more attractive.
D. To save costs.
E. As the earlier one had been rejected by the management
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. The workers had to be convinced that the management was committed.
B. The new methods were tried first at unionised plants.
C. Quality circles were fixed on single projects with little feel of why th ey were there.
D. Self-directed teams could be used to tackle varied tasks.
E. All these statements are true.
11. One problem which has not yet been solved is

A. How to make the unions more friendly to the management.
B. How to assess the work efficiency of individual workers.
C. How to avoid cut-throat competition among the teams.
D. How to link improvements with the pay of ordinary workers.
E. All these problems have been solved.
12. This passage gives us

A. The success story of Monsanto.
B. A critical analysis of the Japanese methods of management.
C. An understanding of the psychology of workers.
D. An insight into new methods of employee motivation.
E. How Monsanto plans to become the industry leader on the basis of improvements at the workplace.
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in
the passage.
13. CYNICAL
A. Not believing B. Faithful C. Hopeful D. Truthful
E. Interested
14. BREAKTHROUGH
A. Change B. Concept C. New discovery D. Success
E. New method
15. CRACK
A. Bust B. Solve C. Repair D. Attack E. Break
1. C
2. C
3. D
4. D
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. D
12. D 13. A 14. C 15. D
Moderate --05
Japan’s system of economic management is probably without parallel in the world. Although the extent of direct state
participation in economic activities is limited, the government’s control and influence over business is stronger and more pe rvasive than
in most other free-enterprise countries. This control is not exercised through legislation or administrative action but through constan t -
and to an outsider, almost obsessive, consultation with business and through the authorities' deep indirec t involve ment in ba nking.
Consultation is mainly by means of joint committees and groups that keep under review, monitor performance of, and set ta rget s for
just about every branch and sector of the economy. In addition, there are several agencies and government departments that conce rn
themselves with such aspects of the economy as exports, imports, investment, and prices, as well as overall economic growth. The se
are staffed by experts, who are not only in constant touch with business but are also close to the minister concerned; the y form a n
integral part of a system that is quick to collate and interpret the latest economic indicators and to respond to the cha nges in the
situation. The most important of these agencies is the Economic Planning Agency. Like the Bureau of Statistics, i t form s pa rt of the
Prime Minister’s Office and, apart from monitoring the daily running of the economy, it is also responsible for long -term planning.
The system works well, without any major crises in government-business relations, because of the unusual self-discipline of
Japanese businessmen in their dealings with the authorities and the government's deep understanding of the role, needs, and
problems of business. The need for large-scale government participation in economic activities is thereby obviated a nd, unlike m any
governments in the free-enterprise world, the state appears to be positively reluctant to extend its direct role . The governme nt ha s
monopoly on tobacco and salt, which is operated through the Japan Monopoly Corporation. It also runs the telephone a nd te legraph
services through the Nippon telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation, while another publicly-owned company, the Japa n Na tional
Railways is responsible for about two-thirds of rail transport. The government has an interest in air travel, ratio, and television. It plays
no part in gas production or except for providing electricity in economically undeveloped areas- in electricity generation.
The government’s economic influence is supplemented by its substantial role in bankin g. The s tate owns a number of
financial institutions, such as the Japan Development Bank, the Export-Import Bank, the Small Business Finance Corporation, a nd the
Housing Loan Corporation, whose principal objective is to provid e finance to private enterprise in areas in which it is considered
particularly desirable. The Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Japan have considerable influence over business investment d ecisions
because of the close interdependence of business, the commercial banks, and the central bank. The industry looks to the banks for a
substantial part of its investment funds, which are a turn dependent on the central bank's financial support.
1. The Bureau of Statistics in Japan

A. Has been set up by Japanese business concerns
B. Is a wing of the Economic Planning Agency
C. Is a branch of the Japan Development Bank
D. Is a part of the Prime Minister’s office
E. Is responsible for setting up important industries in Japan
2. One of the major factors contributing to the success of the Japanese economic management system is
A. That its politicians are honest
B. That its banking system is allowed to function independently of government interference
C. The efficiency of the Bureau of Statistics
D. That Japanese businessmen strictly adhere to instructions of government authorities
3. One of the important functions of the Japanese Economic Planning Agency is

A. To resolve any crisis in government-business relations
B. The supervision of the efficient running of government-owned corporations
C. To keep abreast of the daily running of the economy
D. To influence business investments decisions.
4. The tendency of many other governments in the free-enterprise world is

A. To extend their direct role in the nation’s economic activities
B. To denationalize state-owned corporations
C. To assume monopoly over electricity generation
D. Not to have any influence over the banking system
5. The Japanese government is able to influence business investment decisions in the private sector through
A. The daily monitoring of economic progress
B. Its considerable control over the banking system
C. Its monopoly over the communication system including telephones and railways
D. Government Directors in Company Boards
6. Most of the investible funds for Japanese industry come from

A. Their export profits C. Public participation in equity capital
C. The banking system D. Government funds
7. One of the economic activities in which Japanese government has a monopoly interest is
A. Generation of electricityB. The banking system C. The railways D. Salt
DIRECTIONS: Choose the word which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word given in bold as used in the
passage.
12. INTEGRAL
A. Additional B. Extra C. Unnecessary D. Optional E. Clear
13. COLLATE
A. Scatter B. Distribute C. Publish D. Mystify E. Withhold
14. SUPPLEMENT
A. Weaken B. Subtract C. Criticize D. Unnecessary E. Core
1. D
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. C 9. A 10. A
DOUBLE PHRASES 22
Directions (1-50): Fill in the blanks with the MOST APPROPRIATE pair given in the options:
1) Today’s wealth of some nation conceals its long-standing fundamental in feeding itself.
a) substantial, ability b) perpetual, belief
c) a martyr, killed d) ostentatious, urge
2) Because he was , he human society.

a) a stereotype, followed b) a misanthrope, shunned
c) good, represented d) anthropologist, helped
3) I am not attracted by the life of the always wandering through the countryside, begging for charity.
a) proud, almsgiver b) noble, philanthropist
c) affluent, mendicant d) peripatetic, vagabond
4) Her true feelings themselves in her sarcastic asides: only then was her revealed.
a) concealed, sweetness b) manifested, bitterness
c) hid, sarcasm d) grieved, charm
5) The sugar dissolved in water ; finally all that remained was an almost residue on the bottom of
the glass.
a) quickly, lumpy b) immediately, fragrant
c) gradually, imperceptible d) subsequently, glassy
6) It is foolish to vent your spleen on object; still, you make enemies that way.
a) an inanimate, fewer b) an immobile, bitter
c) an interesting, curious d) an insipid, dull
7) Moreover, a fact-finding mission by BSN to India in January this year strongly recommended that the
French group should go it alone, and not hand over to an Indian partner.
a) constituted; authority b) organised; papers
c) dispatched; control d) sponsored; power
8) It is indeed _______ that fifty years after independence, we have failed to ________ a suitable education or
examination system.
a) bad; produce b) improper; create
c) sad; evolve d) objectionable; present
9) The bandit ______ the traveller of his purse of gold and______ him grievously.
a) snatched; hurt b) stole; injured
c) demanded; beat d) robbed; wounded
10) Santosh looked very happy and ______ when he heard that his proposed scheme was _______ by the
committee.
a) energetic; rejected b) elated; accepted
c) satisfied; stalled d) disconsolate; approved
11) It is ______ for every tax payer to ________ the tax returns to the Income Tax Department.
a) necessary; lodge b) binding; pay
c) obligatory; submit d) possible; remit
12) The ______ of glory lead but to the ______ _.

a) ways; happiness b) acts; prosperity
c) paths; grave d) achievements; suffering
13) Cholesterol has long been identified as a silent killer because the patient has no ________ of the danger freely
______ his system.
a) idea; infecting b) thought; attacks
c) information; invading d) inkling; traversing
14) Synthetic milk _______ real milk in all ______ except taste and nutritional qualities.
a) resembles; respects b) exempted; respect
c) copies; manners d) marks; qualities
15) If we do not take ______ care in our industry, we will have to _______ a grave problem.
a) normal; experience b) proper; face
c) adequate; catch d) intensive; aggravate
16) He shifted to his late parents’ house not because of the _______ it provided but for purely __ ______ reasons.
a) convenience; sentimental b) grace; aesthetic
c) value; monetary d) comforts; personal
17) Some people have the ______ for learning foreign languages but they have no ________ in speaking.
a) mania; urge b) aptitude; interest
c) stamina; fondness d) capacity; ability
18) The increasing revival of dramatic classics is, to one critic, ______; it seems to him a sign of the _______ of the
modern theatre.
a) auspicious; resurgence b) deplorable; anaemia
c) incomprehensible; paradox d) astounding; vitality
19) We must explore _______ sources of energy as our supply of fossil fuel has been _____ _.
a) alternate; depleted b) guaranteed; over
c) natural; exhausted d) sufficient; increased
20) This partly explains how the Mehra family has been able to _____ its lavish life style in recent times, despite the
fact that all its assets have been _____ _.
a) keep up; destroyed b) develop; liquidated
c) afford; attached d) keep; removed
21) The activities of the association have ______ from the ________objectives set for it in the initial years.
a) grown; simple b) deviated; original
c) details; grand d) emerged; total
22) Those suffering from glaucoma find that their _______ vision is _______ and that they can no long er see
objects not directly in from of them.
a) optical; distorted b) peripheral; impaired
c) prephrastic; demurred d) peripatetic; diminished
23) _______the broker had warned him that the stock was a ________ investment, he insisted on buying a
thousand shares.
a) because; prudent b) since; negligible
c) although; precarious d) as; vulnerable
24) Due to ________ rainfall this year; they had to _______ cut in water supply.
a) scantly; lift b) heavy; regulate
c) inadequate; impose d) sufficient; enforce
25) He is so _______ that everyone is always ________ to help in his work.

a) helpful; reluctant b) aloof; co-operative
c) magnanimous; eager d) miserly; ignorant
26) Instead of______ , prove your worth by ______ something.

a) begging; demanding b) talking; doing
c) worrying; paying d) writing; reading
27) The great scientist ________ himself with ability and moderation all _______ the conference.
a) felt; about b) displayed; in
c) disclosed; besides d) conducted; through
28) The speech _____ with subtle threats has resulted in _______tension in the sensitive areas of the city.
a) started; reduced b) replete; increased
c) full; escalating d) forced; dissolving
29) The minister felt that the ______ made by the committee was _______ even though similar schemes had
worked earlier.
a) decision; gainful b) choice; profitable
c) recommendation; infeasible d) election; acceptable
30) We can _____ to travel by air, but we _______ train journey.

a) plan; enjoy b) aspire; commute
c) afford; prefer d) decide; undertook
31) He was no convinced that people were driven by _____ motives that he believed there was no such thing as a
purely ______ act.
a) personal; anti-social b) personal; eternal
c) altruistic; praiseworthy d) ulterior; selfless
32) Any system is likely to ____ for ______ of support from the public.
a) survive; lack b) succeed; reason
c) fail; want d) finish; failure
33) Since we _______ read every book, we_______ only the famous ones.
a) have; sold b) should; buy
c) cannot; select d) can; purchase
34) The education minister emphasised the need to discover and ______ each student’s ________ talents.
a) enlarge; dormant b) belittle; concealed
c) develop; intrinsic d) flourish; hidden
35) The mill workers were not _____ with their low wages and non-payment of wages for last three months ______
fuel to the flames.
a) good; put b) satisfied; added
c) joyful; poured d) pleased; directed
36) He is usually _______, but today he appears rather ________ _.

a) strict; unwell b) tense; restless
c) calm; disturbed d) happy; humourous
37) The changes made in the system were so ______ that they didn’t require any _____ .
a) big; time b) genuine; intelligence
c) obvious; modifications d) certain; expertise
38) He was ________ of playing _ _____ and loose with the sentiments of his dearest friends.
a) complained; thick b) accused; tight
c) innocent; false d) guilty; fast
39) He granted the request because he was _______ to _____ his friend.
a) bound; hurt b) destined; agonise
c) reluctant; disappoint d) unwilling; please
40) I would like to ______ your attention to the second paragraph of my letter ________ to the terms of sale of the
machinery.
a) invite; according b) withdraw; regarding
c) react; mainly d) draw; pertaining
41) I don’t ______ I shall be ________ to go.

a) know; wanting b) consider; desirous
c) think; able d) believe; liking
42) After several _______ attempts to ______ the rebels, Army was deployed to rout them.
a) successful; control b) abortive; subjugate
c) futile; control d) fruitless; down
43) It is pity that masses are often _______ by the _______ arguments of the politicians.
a) beguiled; specious b) pleased; false
c) deluded; illusory d) deceived; desulting
44) The ________ attitude of the Government in tackling the problem of the Army personnel has made them
_______.
a) haughty; pathetic b) adamant; afraid
c) arbitrary; restive d) uncared; restless
45) Every member of the team showered _______ on Arnav for his ______ performance.
a) praise; exceptionable b) appreciation; remarkable
c) encomium; exceptional d) approval; unique
46) Speaker after speaker _________ the ___ ______ behaviour of the Minister with the Air Hostess.
a) blamed; unsuitable b) censured; unbecoming
c) criticised; graceless d) reproached; unmoral
47) The ________ behaviour of Principal is _ __ to callousness towards the bereaved family of the teacher.
a) cruel; equal b) apathetic; tantamount
c) heartless; like d) antipathetic; compared
48) The _________ is the nickname given to any object or place according to its________ characteristics.
a) title; clear b) sobriquet; unique
c) caption; special d) pseudonym; poetical
49) The ______ to judge the ability of a candidate is ________ laid down by Government.
a) criterion; specifically b) criteria; clearly
c) measurement; ably d) system; specially
50) The oblique _______ implied in her talk wounded the ____ ___ of the family.
a) sarcasm; pride b) meaning; respect
c) significance; feeling d) suspicion; sentiments
ANSWERS

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PARTS OF SPEECH

1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective

1. A noun is the name of person, animal, place or thing.

2. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun

7. A conjunction is used to join words, group of words or sentences.

Consider this example:

(‘A’ and ‘the’ are articles. Articles are actually adjectives.)

Rule No 2. Plural subject must have plural verb.

Rule No 3. Two subjects joined by ‘and’ take a plural verb.

Rule No 4. If two subjects express one idea, use a singular verb.

Rule No 10. Title of the books needs singular verbs:

Rule No 12. If the subject is ‘The number of’..…use a singular verb. :

2. Lime and soda (A) / is (B) / a digestive drink. (C) / no error(D)

For example: – Apple, Ram, Pencil, Chandigarh, etc.

Action: Movement, action, activity, theft, hatred, mischief.

Quality: Truth, honesty, kindness, goodness, bravery, wisdom .

State: Childhood, Boyhood, Youth, Freedom, Slavery, Sickness, Sleep.

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS OF CERTAIN NOUNS

1) When the Noun denotes some living thing; as,

2) When the Noun denotes some personified things; as,

3) When the Noun denotes time, space, or weight; as,

ERRORS IN THE USE OF NOUN

Furniture The furniture of my house is quite new.

Riches Riches do many things.

The fishes of this river include salmon and sturgeon.

12) They left)A)/ their luggages(B)/ at the railway station(C)/ no error(D)

Pronouns are words used to replace nouns already mentioned.

Who Whom Whose -

ERRORS IN THE USE OF PRONOUN

4. ‘Let’, ‘But’ and ‘Except’ is followed by pronoun in the objective case.

9. The possessive pronoun of the indefinite pronoun ‘One’ is ‘one’s’.

REFLEXIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 6

The relative pronoun should be placed as near as possible to the antecedent.

Here is the book that you lent me.

Which is used for animals and non living.

Whose is used in possessive case both for persons and animals.

The girl whose hair is long is my sister.

‘Only’, ‘any’, ‘it is’, ‘all’, ‘superlatives’ usually take ‘that’

He is the only man that can do it.

PRONOUNS CLASSWORK EXERCISE

4) My I know (1)/ to who (2)/ I am (3)/ speaking? (4)/ No error (5)

Simple Present Tense is used:

• To express general or universal truths.

• To express a fact or something which is true at present.

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

2. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

3. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I have played. I have not played.

2. PAST PERFECT TENSE

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

3. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

2. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE