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Physical Geography 03

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11 views6 pages

Physical Geography 03

Uploaded by

Ankit Parashar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Saksham BPSC
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Lecture – 03
Solar System

Saksham BPSC
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Solar System
Nebula and Milky Way :-
A nebula is a giant cloud of dust and gas in space. Some nebulae (more than one nebula)
come from the gas and dust thrown out by the explosion of a dying star, such as a
supernova. Other nebulae are regions where new stars are beginning to form. For this
reason, some nebulae are called “Star nurseries.”
Formation of Nebula :-
Nebulae are made of dust and gases - mostly hydrogen and helium. The dust and gases
in a nebula are very spread out, but gravity can slowly begin to pull together clumps of
dust and gas. As these clumps get bigger and bigger, their gravity gets stronger and
stronger.

Galaxies :-
❖ There are four types of galaxies.
❖ This was discovered by Edwin Hubbel.
➢ Elliptical
➢ Spiral
➢ Bulged Spiral
➢ Irregular

Name Elliptical Spiral Barred Spiral Irregular

Shape Ellipsoidal in Spiral arms A liner, Bar- Lack of well defined


shape shaped band of shape or structure
stars at the
centre.

Age of Older and Younger stars Very young new Collection of older
stars smaller stars in arms and born stars. and new stars.
older at
central bulge

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Example

Andromeda Large Magellanic cloud


Milky Way galaxy
galaxy
Whirlpool
galaxy

Small Magellanic cloud

Colour Yellow - Red Arms - Blue Bright blue No specific


Centre - Red symmetry

Star Minimal Maximum in Stellar nursery at Moderate


Forming spiral arm centre which fuels
star birth.

Characteristics of Milky Way Galaxy :-


❖ Its shape is spiral.
❖ Its diameter is about 100,000 light years.
❖ The galaxy which is in our solar system is called Mandakini.
❖ The part of Mandakini which is visible like light from the earth is called the milky
way of gold.
❖ It cannot be seen completely from the earth.
❖ It rotates in a counterclockwise direction at its centre.
❖ The sun and all the planets revolve around its centre. Sun completes one round of
this in 25 crore years, which is called the cosmic year.
❖ Note :- According to astronomer Harlow, any galaxy starts irregularly at first and
assumes a spiral shape and after the growth of the star, it turns into long circular
galaxies.
Formation of Planets :-
❖ Planet is a celestial object fulfilling three criteria :
➢ Orbiting the (Star) Sun.
➢ Possessing sufficient size to maintain a spherical shape through gravity
➢ Having cleared its orbital path of comparable - sized objects (Dualistic Concept).

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❖ The first logical hypothesis regarding the origin of the Earth was presented in 1749
by French Scientist Caste de Buffon.
❖ In due course of time, two kinds of concepts regarding the Earth were formulated -
➢ Monotheistic Concept
➢ Dualistic Concept
❖ Geocentric Theory :-
➢ It is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the centre. Under
most geocentric models, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbit Earth.
➢ The geocentric model was proposed by Ptolemy.
❖ Heliocentric Theory :-
➢ The theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun is called the heliocentric
theory, helio meaning 'sun' and centric meaning 'in the centre.
➢ The Polish astronomer, Nicholas Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory in
1543.
Origin of Planet / Earth :-
Early Hypothesis :-
❖ Monotheistic Hypothesis :-
➢ Caste de Buffon (1749) :- Comet Hypothesis
✓ Buffon theorised that a giant comet struck the Sun, causing a large amount
of material to be ejected.
✓ This ejected material, according to Buffon, cooled and condensed, forming
the planets and asteroids in our solar system. Larger masses became planets,
while smaller ones became asteroids.
✓ Limitations of the Hypothesis:
• Buffon mistakenly assumed comets could be as large as stars, which we
now know isn't true.
• The idea of a single, direct collision isn't considered a likely scenario for
solar system formation.
➢ Imanual Hypothesis (1755) :- Gaseous Hypothesis
✓ Primordial Cloud: Kant envisioned a vast cloud of gas and dust particles as
the starting point.
✓ Gravity caused this cloud to collapse, and as it did, it also began to rotate
faster due to the conservation of angular momentum.

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✓ The rotation caused the cloud to flatten into a disk shape.


✓ Kant further proposed that the centrifugal force (outward force) from the
rotation could have ejected rings of material from the disk.
✓ These rings and the remaining disk material, according to Kant, eventually
condensed to form planets and moons.
✓ Limitations :-
• The origin of primordial matter is unknown.
• The origin of angular momentum is unknown. Kant did not explain how
angular momentum was generated in the primordial matter after
particle collisions.
• Gravitational pull is a problem. According to Kant, the collision of
primordial matter particles was caused by gravitational pull.
• He has not made this clear why there are only nine planets, not eight or
ten or more than this.
➢ Laplace (1796) :- Nebular Hypothesis
✓ Initially, there was a nebula cloud composed of Helium, Hydrogen, and dust
particles, with a size similar to that of the present-day solar system.
✓ As the nebula cloud began to rotate more rapidly, most of the hydrogen and
helium elements gravitated to the centre and began colliding with one
another.
✓ When lighter elements such as hydrogen and helium pushed toward the
centre and heavier elements pulled away from the centre, planets were
formed.
✓ If we look at our solar system, we can see that the sun is made of lighter
components while planets are built of heavier elements.
✓ Limitations :-
● Laplace considered that a heated and whirling nebula existed at first, but
he did not specify the source of the nebula's beginning. Where did that
nebula's heat and motion come from?
● According to the nebular hypothesis, all satellites should spin in the same
direction as their parent planets, yet a few satellites of Saturn and
Jupiter actually rotate in the other direction.

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➢ Lockier (1919) :- Meteoric Hypothesis


✓ Lockyer placed a strong emphasis on collisions between meteoric particles as
a driving force for change and evolution in cosmic systems.
❖ Dualistic Hypothesis :-
➢ Dualistic theory was propounded by Chamberlin and Moulton for the very first
time in 1905.
➢ According to this ideology, along with the Earth, other planets and satellites
were formed with the cooperation of one or more stars along with the Sun.
❖ Tidal Hypothesis :-
➢ Sir James Jeans proposed this hypothesis in 1919 to explain Earth’s origin.
➢ Harold Jeffreys modified the tidal hypothesis in 1929 for increased relevance.
According to this hypothesis, the Sun was once a gaseous mass, and an
intruding star, larger than the Sun, came close.
➢ Tidal forces damaged the intruding star on the primitive Sun’s surface, ejecting
matter that became the building material for future planets.
❖ Interstellar Theory :-
➢ Otto Schmidt proposed this hypothesis in 1943. According to the theory, when
the Sun passed near the Milky Way, gaseous clouds and dust particles were
attracted by the Sun’s gravitational force, orbiting around it.
➢ Initially, gas and dust particles moved separately in a disorganised manner. The
dust, present in larger quantities, condensed into a flat plate, forming planets
and satellites through multiple stages of condensation.
➢ The hypothesis suggests that dark matter in the universe exists in the form of
gas and dust clouds, possibly originating from meteors and stars.



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Saksham BPSC

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