J. N on linear S ci. A ppl. 1 (2 008 ), no.

1, 4
5 –48

T he J o urn a l of N on lin ea r S cien ce

sa nd its A pp lication s http : / / w w w . tj nsa . co m

KANNAN FIXED POINT THEOREM ON GENERALIZED

METRIC SPACES
AKBAR AZAM∗ AND MUHAMMAD ARSHAD
Communicated by Professor Ismat Beg
Abstract . We obtain sufficient conditions for existence of unique fixed point
of Kannan type mappings defined on a generalized metric space .
1. Introduction and preliminaries
The fixed point theorem most frequently cited in l it erature is Banach contrac -
t ion mapping principle ( see [ 2 ] ) , which asserts that i f X is a complete
metric
space and T : X → X is a contractive mapping i . e . , there exists λ ∈ [0, 1) such
that for all x, y ∈ X,
d(T x, T y) ≤ λd(x, y). (1)
Then T has a unique fixed point . The contractive definition ( 1 ) implies that T i s uniformly
continuous . It i s natural to ask if there is a contractive definition which do not force T to
be continuous . It was answered in affirmative by Kannan [ 3 ] , who established a fixed point
theorem for mappings satisfying :

d(T x, T y) ≤ λ[d(x, T x) + d(y, T y)] (2)

for all x, y ∈ X, where λ ∈ [0, 1).
Kannan ’ s paper [ 3 ] was followed by a spate of papers containing a
variety of contractive definitions in metric spaces . Rhoades [ 4 ] considered 250 type of
contractive definitions and analyzed the relationship among them .
Recently Branciari [ 1 ] introduced a class of generalized metric spaces by replac - ing triangular
inequality by s imilar ones which involve four or more points instead

Date : Received : 1 3 July 2008 ; Revised : 24 July 2008 .

∗ Corresponding author . 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification . Primary 47 H 1 0 ; Secondary 54 H 25 .
Key words and phrases . Fixed point ; contractive type mapping ; generalized metric space .
45
46 AZAM , ARSHAD
of three and improved Banach contraction mapping principle . In the present pa -
per we continue this investigation for the mappings introduced by Kannan [ 3 ] . Definition
1. 1. Let X be a nonempty set . Suppose that the mapping d : X×

X → R, satisfies :

(1) d(x, y) ≥ 0, for all x, y ∈ X and d(x, y) = 0 if and only i f x = y;

(2) d(x, y) = d(y, x)forallx, y ∈ X;
(3) d(x, y) ≤ d(x, w) + d(w, z) + d(z, y) for all x, y ∈ X and for all distinct points
w, z ∈ X − {x, y}[ rectangular property ] .
Then d i s called a generalized metric and (X, d) is a generalized metric space . Let xn be
a sequence in X and x ∈ X. If for every  > 0 there is an n0 ∈ N such that d(xn , x) < , for all
n > n0 then {xn } i s said to be convergent , {xn } converges to x and x i s the l imit of {xn }.
We denote this by l imn xn = x, or xn → x, as n → ∞. If for every  > 0 there is
an n0 ∈ N such that d(xn , xn+m ) <  for all n > n0 , then {xn } i s called a Cauchy
s equence in X. If every Cauchy sequence is convergent in X, then X is called a complete
generalized metric space .
Let us remark [ 1 ] that
( i ) d(an , y) → d(a, y) and d(x, an ) → d(x, a) whenever an i s a s equence in
Xwithan → a ∈ X
( i i ) X becomes a Hausdorff topological space with neighborhood basis given
by :
B = {B(x, r) : x ∈ X, r ∈ (0, ∞)},
where ,
B(x, r) = {y ∈ X : d(x, y) < r}.
Example 1 . 2 . [ 1 ] Let X =R and 0 6= α ∈ R. Define d : X × X → R as fo llow :


 0 if x = y,
d(x, y) = 3α ifxandyarein{1, 2}, x 6= y.

α ifxandycannotboth@atimein{1, 2}, x 6= y.


Then it i s easy to s ee that (X, d) i s a generalized metric space but (X, d) i s not a standard
metric space because it lacks the triangular property :
3α = d(1, 2) > d(1, 3) + d(3, 2) = α + α.
2. Main Result
Theorem 2. 1. Let (X, d) be a complete generalized metric space , and the map -
ping T : X → X satisfies (2). Then T has a unique fixed point .
Proof . Let x0 be an arbitrary point in X. Let x1 = T (x0 ), If x1 = x0
then x0 = T (x0 ) this means x0 i s a fixed point of T and there is nothing to prove
. Assume that x1 6= x0 , let x2 = T (x1 ). In this way we can define a sequence of points in
X as follows :

xn+1 = T xn = T n + 1x0 , xn 6= xn+1 n = 0, 1, 2, ....

 KANNAN FIXED POINT THEOREM 47 Using the inequality ( 2 ) , we have
d(xn , xn+1 ) = d(T xn−1 , T xn )
≤ λ [d(xn−1 , T xn−1 ) + d(xn , T xn )]
≤ λ [d(xn−1 , xn ) + d(xn , xn+1 )]
λ
≤ d(xn−1 , xn ).
1−λ
We can also suppose that x0 i s not a periodic point , in fact if xn = x0 , then ,
λ
d(x0 , T x0 ) = d(xn , T xn ) = d(T nx0 , T n + 1x0 ) ≤ d(T n − 1x0 , T nx0 )
1−λ
λ λ
≤ [ ]2d(T n − 2x0 , T n − 1x0 ) ≤ ... ≤ [ ]nd(x0 , T x0 ).
1−λ 1−λ
 
λ
Put h = 1−λ
, then h < 1 and
[1 − hn ] d(x0 , T x0 ) ≤ 0.
It fo llows that x0 is a fixed point of T. Thus in the sequel of
proof we can suppose T nx0 6= x0 for n = 1, 2, 3, ... Now inequality ( 2 ) impies that
d(T nx0 , T n + mx0 ) ≤ λ[d(T n − 1x0 , T nx0 ) + d(T n + m − 1x0 , T n + mx0 )].
λ[hn − 1d(x0 , T x0 ) + hn + m − 1d(x0 , T x0 )].
Therefore , d(xn , xn+m ) → 0 as n → ∞. It implies that {xn } is a Cauchy sequence in X. S ince X i
s complete , there exists a u ∈ X such that xn → u. By rectangular property we have
d(T u, u) ≤ d(T u, T nx0 ) + d(T nx0 , T n + 1x0 ) + d(T n + 1x0 , u)
≤ λ[d(u, T u) + d(T n − 1x0 , T nx0 )] + hn d(x0 , T x0 ) + d(T n + 1x0 , u)
hn 1
≤ hd(T n − 1x0 , T nx0 ) + d(x0 , T x0 ) + d(T n + 1x0 , u)
1−λ 1−λ
hn 1
≤ hnd(x0 , T x0 ) + d(x0 , T x0 ) + d(T n + 1x0 , u).
1−λ 1−λ
Letting n → ∞ and using the fact that , d(an , y) → d(a, y) and d(x, an ) →
d(x, a) whenever an i s a s equence in X with an → a ∈ X , we have u = T u.
Now we show that T has a unique fixed point . For this , assume that there exists
another point v in X such that v = T v. Now ,
d(v, u) = d(T v, T u)
≤ λd(v, T v) + d(u, T u)
≤ λd(v, v) + d(u, u) = 0.
Hence, u = v. 
Example 2 . 2 . Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Define d : X × X → R as fo llows :
d(1, 2) = d(2, 1) = 3
d(2, 3) = d(3, 2) = d(1, 3) = d(3, 1) = 1
d(1, 4) = d(4, 1) = d(2, 4) = d(4, 2) = d(3, 4) = d(4, 3) = 4.
48 AZAM , ARSHAD Then (X, d) is a complete generalized metric space but (X, d) is not
a metric
space because it lacks the triangular property :
3 = d(1, 2) > d(1, 3) + d(3, 2) = 1 + 1 = 2.
Now define a mapping T : X → X as follows :
(
3 if x 6= 4,
Tx =
1 if x = 4.

Note that
d(T (1), T (2)) = d(T (1), T (3)) = d(T (2), T (3)) = 0
and in all other cases
d(T x, T y) = 1, [d(x, T x) + d(y, T y)] ≥ 4.
1
Hence , for λ = 3, all conditions of Theorem 3 are satisfied to obtain a unique
fixed point 3 of T.
References
[1] A . Branciari , A fixed point theorem of Banach - Caccippoli type on a class of generalized
metric spaces , Publ . Math . Debrecen , 57 1 - 2 ( 2000 ) , 3 1 - 37 . 1 , 1 , 1 . 2
[ 2 ] K . Goebel and W . A . Kirk , Topics in metric fixed point th eo ry , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge
1 990 1 [ 3 ] R . Kannan , Some results on fixed points , Bull . Calcutta . Math . Soc . , 60 ( 1 968 ) , 7 1 - 76
. 1,1
[4] B . E . Rhoads , A comparison of various definitions of contractive mappings , Trans . Amer .
Math . Soc . , 26 ( 1 977 ) , 257 - 290 .
1
Department of Mathematics , F . G . Postgraduate College , Islamabad , Pakistan
Department of Mathematics , Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences , Interna - tional Islamic
University , Islamabad , Pakistan