UT Erary ST are) Se WSBTEI SCHEME PATTERN | ae H Coe we a eon) i an WISE Sa Su AT emis PG USSU SR TTL‘sper Rorzed Slabs of MSBTE - I SCHEME Operating System T.Y. Diploma (Semester - V) Computer Engineering / IT Program Group (CO/CMVIF/CW) Iresh A. Dhotre ME. (Information Technology) EcFacully, Sinhgod College of Engineering Pune Poonam A. Vengurlekar Pursuing ME. (), B.Tech, (7) Lecturer, Thakur Polytechnic Kandivali East, Mumbo! Hitesh K. Mhatre ME. (Computer Engineering) VC Head of Computer Engineering Department Provin Potil College of Diploma Engineering and Technology Thone +. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS vos reziapotet cy AnUpTirst fr Koowedge —_miNsienorh contestant oOperating System LY, Diploma (Serester- V) ‘Computer Ensineesing / IT Prosram Group (CO/CM/IF/OW) Fn Edo Jane 2019 © Copyright with Authors {All publishing rights (printed and ebock version) reserved with Technical Publications. No part of this baok should be reproduced in any form, Elecronic, Mechanical, Photocopy or any information storage and retrieval tem without aor permission in wring, From Technical Publications, Pune Publhedlby: wy, OMes No. 412, Solow Poth Pere - 411000, M8. NDA SP TECHNIGAL 2 ""S°3,25.2).ci pei is Moye Printer Sree Sind oral ane, Nido lbp, Price 8120 Isuy 978-98-89140-02-2 ih BUSSSITROO2? 9780389120089 (11 woPREFACE The importance of Operating System is well known in various engineering fields. Overwhelming respondse to our books on various subjects inspired us to write this Book. The boob is structured to cover the key aspects of the subject Operating System. The book uses plain, lucid language to explain fundamentals of this subject. The book provides logical method of explaining various complicated concepts and stepwise ‘methods to explain the important topics. Each chapter is well supported with necessary illustrations, practical examples and solved problems. All chapters in this book are arranged in @ proper sequence that permits each topic to build upon earlier studies. All care has been taken to make students comfortable in understanding the basic concepts of this subject Board questions have been added at the end of each section to help the students in picking important points from that section. The book not only covers the entire scope of the subject but explains the philosophy of the subject. This makes the understanding of this subject more clear and makes it more interesting. The bock will be very useful not only to the students but also to the subject teachers. The students have to omit nothing and possibly have to cover nothing more. ‘We wish 10 express our profound thanks to all those who helped in making this book a reality. Much needed moral support and encouragement is provided on numerous occasions by our whole family, We wish to thank the Publisher and the entire team of Technical Publications who have taken immense pain to got this book In time with quality printing. Any suggestion for the Improvement of the book will be acknowledged and well appreciated. Authers 2. A Dhetre Poonam A, Dengurtekar Hutesh K. Mateo Dedieated to God. aSYLLABUS Operating System (22516) Teaching Examination Scheme ‘Sehome creat Theory Practical (L+T+P)|Poper| ESE PA Total ESE PA Total ute es ax | atin | max | min | Max | min | max | Min | max | atin | Max | min af-[2) [| [a | | @ | wo] © [ase] wo | 2s | | so | 2 Unit Unit Outcomes (UOs) Topics and Sub «topics {in cognitive domain) Unit -1 1a. Explain the functioning of given | 11 Operating System - Concept, overew of component of O5, Components of operating. system, operations of OS: owns tb, Explain characteristics of the FE ee Biven type of operating system. Resource management, Security 1c. eotify type of operating | REOURE man » system sullable for the giver | Yowy of O8, User view, System type of application ve 1d. Exscute command on command | 4.) pifrent Types of Operating line for the given task. systems- Batch operating system, Malt Programmed, © Time Shared "OS, Muliprocessor Systems, Distributed. Syste, Real time systems Mobile OS (Android, 05) 13. Command line based OS - DOS, UNIX GUI based OS - WINDOWS, LINUX Unit 2a Suc stp, and rst the given | 24 Different Suviews of Operating Componants'ot | 2>- Explain uso of tho given Systom | 22 System Calls- Concept, types, Operating System cal of specified 05. of system calls 2c, Explain process the OS follows | 23 05 Components Process Jn-managing the given resource. ‘Management, Main Memory 2d. Explain use of the given Management, File Management, ‘operating system tool V0 System management. Seconclary stocage managernent 24 Use of operating system tool ‘user management, security policy “device manegemnent, performance monitor, task Scheduler omunit 3a. Explain functions carried out in] 31 Process: process states, Process Process Management |. BE BYES Pres tt Contzol Block (PCB). acess Management|, Describe the fmetion of the | 32 Process Scheduling- Scheduling given component of process | Queues, “Schedules, Context ack in PCE switch Se Byplain. characteristics of the| 33. Inerprocess commuriation given mulitiveating model (PC) troduction, shared Bd. Deserhe method of executny memory system and message the, given. process command | Passing system vith Example 34 Threads - Benefits, users and kere! threads, Multithreading, Models: Many to One, One 10 One, Many t© Many 25 Execute process commands- lke po. walt leep, ext, il Unit = “a. Justify the need and objective of | 41. Scheduling types - scheduling given job scheduling criteria | Objectives, CPU and 1/0 burst PU Scheduling and | Frith relevant example eycies, Preempave, Now ‘Algorithms 4. Explain with example she ee ee procedure of allocating CPU to ul ni. fhe. given process ing the | 42 Types of Scheduling. algorithms. specled 08 Fist. come fist served (FCFS), de Coloulaw tumarvund time and | Shottes Job First (JM), Shortest average, wating, time of the | Remaining Time(SRTN), Round fiven scheduling gorithm. Robin (RR) Priority scheduling, 4d, Explain functioning ofthe piven | , . Tuutlevel queue scheduling rekessury cOndiuon leading, to | 43 Deadlock- System Models, deadlock Necessary Conditions leading to Deadlocks, Deadlock Handling: Preventions, avoidance Unit-v Se Desbe ihe working of | SI Baie Memory Managoret specified memory management ming, a wiley Fnction. Varible, free Space aregomen ° jain characteristic of the| management ‘Techniques ppm owt of te] at fecmnigues 52 Virtual Memory: Introduction 40 Se Write algorithm for the given) Pasing ‘Segmentation, wate igen for, eo PO din mi Sd, Calculate Page fault for the | 53. Page Replacement Algorithms: given page reference string FIFO, LRU, Optimal 7Unit - vi Fille Management Explain structure of the given file system with example. Describe mechanism of the given file access method. Explain procedure to create and access directories and assign the given files access permissions, Explain features of the given Raid level structure of “hard disk. 6 62 63 File = Concepts, Attributes, Operations, types and File System Structure ‘Access Methods - Sequential, Direct, Swapping, File “Allocation Methods = Contiguous, Linked, Indexed, Directory structure Single level , two levels, qeestructured directory, Disk Organization and disk Structure ~ Physical structure, Logical structure, aid structure of disky raid level Ot 6. woTABLE OF ss Chapter-1 Overview of Operating System (1=1) to (1 +28) 1.4 Operating System Concept «....2.2.ssseeeeee Tel 1.2. Components of Computer System. el 1.3 Operation of OS. 1.3.1 Dual Mode Operation 1.3.2 Resouree Management 1.33 Protection and Security 1 Views of 08, LA User View 1.42 System View 15 Different Types of Operating System 1 Batch Operating System 1.5.11 Spooting, 7 1.52 Multiprogrammed OS 1-7 153. Time Shared OS Les 1.54. Difference betwoen time sharing OS and Muliprogramming OS Leo 1.6 Multiprocessor OS. 10 1.6.1 Advamages and Disadvantages of “Multiprocessor Systems 10 1.6.2. Symmetric Multiprocessing 10 1.63 Asymmetric Multiprocessor un 1.64. Difference between Symmetric and Asymmetric Mukiprocessor ei 1.65. Differentiate between Multiprocessing and Mukiprogramming OS 1.7 Distributed OS wn Client-Server Computing 72 173 Peerto-Pocr System Distinguish between Client» Server and Peerso-Peer Model 1.8 Reol Time Systems wi) CONTENTS 19 Mobile O8-0.cscsievovesesisereveceresy 1s 19.1 Andiiod. ... Leis 1.9.11 Android Architecire 1.9.1.2 Comparison of Android OS Vs iPhone OS Features [ele 1.9.13 Android Benefits tele 192 ios leis 1.9.2.1 Media Layer te 1.9.22 Core Services Layer 1-20 1.9.23 Core OS Layer beat 1.10 Command Line based OS 1-22 1.10.1 Dos. 1-22 1.102. UNIX. 1-22 1.1021 Architecur of Unix OS, teas LIL GUL based 0S 1-3 LAL Windows, 1-23 LALLA Windows Architecture tae 1.12 Two Marks Questions with Answers. “0 Lita Chapter-2 Services and Components of Operating System (2-1) to (2-8) 21 Different Services of Operating System 2 22 System Calls 2-2 2.211 Clasification of System Call... 223 2.3. 0S Components . 2-4 23.1 Process Management 2-4 2.3.2 Main Memory Management, 2-5 23.3 File Management... 2-5 23.4 UO System Management. . 2-5 23,5. Secondary Storaze Mansgement ........ 2+ 24 Use of Operating System Tools 2-6 2.5 Two Marks Questions with Answers 2-7Chapter-3 Process Management (8-1) t0 (3-18) 3.1 Process Bi 3.11 Proves States 3-2 3.12 Process Control flock 3-2 3.1.3. Difforenee between Process and Program . 3-3 3.2 Process Scheduling 3-4 321 Schedulers 3-4 3.2.2. Difference between Long Term, Short Term and. Moaium Term Scheduler 3-6 323. Content Switch 3-6 3 Inter-Process Communication 3-7 33.1 Shared Memory 368 33.2 Message Passing System 3-9 33.3 Features of Message Passing 3-10 3.4 Threads 3-01 3.4.1 Thread Benefits. 3-11 3.42 Difference between Thread and Process... 3= 1] 3.43 Thread Lifeeyele 3.4 User Level Thread 3.4.5 Kemel Level Thread 3.46 Dilerence between User Level and Kemel Level Thread 3.4.7 Mulitneading Models 3.5 Execute Process Commands 3.5.1 ps Command 352. wait. 353. Sleep. 354 exit 355 ill 3.6 Two Marks Questions with Answers .....2. 3-17 Chapter-4 CPU Scheduling and Algorithms. (41) to (4 +28) 4.1 Scheduling Types 4.1.1 Preemptive and Noxepreemplive Scheduling 4= 1 4.1.2 Difference between Preemptive and "Non-preemptive Scheduling 4-2 41.3 CPU Scheduling Criteria 4.2 414 Dispatcher 4-2 42 Types of Scheduling Algorithms 4e3 4.2.1 First Come First Serve Scheduling 433 4.22 Shortest Job Fist Scheduling 403 4.23 Priority Scheduling 44 44.2.4 Round Robin Scheduling 404 42.5 Comparison between FCFS and RR... 4-4 4.2.6 Cornparison of CPU Scheduling Algorithm 4-5 42.7 Shortest Remaining Time Next 4e5 4.2.8 Multilevel Queue Scheduling 4-6 4.2.9 Multilevel Feedback Queve Scheduling... 4=7 4.3 Deadlock. 4e12 43.1 Sysiem Model an 4.3.2 Resource Allocation Graphs 4an14 4.3 Necessary Condition for Deadlock ans 43.4 Deadlock Handinge Deadlock Prevention . 4=15 43.5 Deadlock Avoidance 4-15 435.1 Banker's Algorithm 24-18 4.4 Two Marks Questions with Answers ....... 4-26 Chapter-5 Memory Management (5-1) to (5-30) 8.1 Basic Memory Management ae 5.1.1 Punetions of Memory Management 5-1 5.1.2 Basie Hardware of Memory se 5.1.3 Address Binding 5-2 ¥ TECHUEN. PUBLICATIONS" fap rac roadoo 5.14 Logical and Physical Address 5.2 5.15 Swopping. $03 5.2 Fixed Partitioning s-4 52.1 Dynamic Memory Partitions. ........0065-5 5.2.2 Memory Protection and Mapping. 5-6 5.3 Variable Partitioning S-7 5.3.1 Difference between Contiguous and ‘Nencontiguous Memory Alloeation. ......5=7 5.3.2 Fragmentation csneScl 5.3.3 Difference between Intemal and External Fragmentation 5-8 53.4 Compection ene 53.5 Placement Algorithms. 25-9 4.4 Free Space Management Techniques .........5=10 8.5 Virtual Memory... s-12 SO Paging ...ecsesee sxnvera eS all 5.61 Protection and Sharing 5-16 5.62 Paging with TLB, s-17 5.63 Page Teble Structure 5-18 5.63.1 Multilevel or Hierarchical Page Table vSe18 5.63.2 Hashed Page Tables 5-19 5.6.3 Inverted Page Table 5-19 564 Advantages of Poging 5-20 5.65 Disadvantages of Paging. 5-20 $8.7 Segmentation 5-20 5.7.1. Protection and Sharing 3-21 S72 AGVOMIOGES ooo esessesseseereeeeeeS=21 5.73. Disadvantages $221 5.7. Diflerence beoween Segmentation und Paringississcitvscavscsevessoie SM ‘8.8 Page Replacement Algoritam ..... 5-22 58.1 FirstleeFiestOut 5-22 58.1.1 Belady’s Anomal 5-2 5.82 LRU Page Replecement Alport .....3=24 5.83. LRU Appronimetion Algorithms 5-25 5.84 Optimal Poge Replacement os 5-26 58.5. ifference between FIFO, LRU snd Optimal. 5-27 5.9 Two Marks Questions with Answers 5-29 Chapter-6 File Management (6-1) to (6-14) Gite sea ccvovmeressernemmcnasaed él 6.1.1. File Concept... 6-1 6.1.2 File Arwibues 6-1 6.1.3 lle Types... 6 6.14 File operations. 6-2 6.15. File System Structures... 26 6.2 Access Methods 6-3 62.1. Sequential Access Method 63 62.2. Dineet Access Method 623 62.3. Swepping 6-4 624 Allocation Methods .......060s0cesees 624 62.41 Contiguous Allocation Got 62.42 Linked Allocation 65 62.43 Indexed Allocation 65 63 Directory Structures 66sec ee ee cence 66 63.1. Single Level Directory Sucture = 6-6 63.2 Two Level Directory Structure .....4.24 6-7 633. Tree Structured Directories... 6-7 634 - 6-8 635 6-9 63.6 RAID Structure. 6-10 6.4 Two Marks Questions with Answers ....... 6<13 Solved Sample Papers (8-1) to (S-4) ¥ EERE. PABUICATONS™ dapat now« pe a owinsUNIT OVERVIEW O! F OPERATING SYSTEM 1.4 | Operating System Concept Dofine operating system ‘+ An operating, system is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an Interface between the user of a computer and the ‘computer hardware What are the functions of OS 7 + Operating system performs three functions : 1. Convenience : An OS makes a computer more convenient to use. Rfficiency : An OS allows the computer system resources to be used in an fficient Ability to evolve : An OS should be constructed im such a way as to permit the effective development testing and introduction of system functions without at the same time interfering with Board Question 1. List amy four functions of operating systor 41.2 | Components of Computer System + Computer system consists of hardware device and software that are combined to provide a tool to user for solving problems. + Fig. 12.1 shows modern computer system. + Modern computer consists of one or two CPU with main memory and various 1/0 devices. Common, ae» bus is used for devices. Hach device has its own device controller. communication between these CPU and device controller uses memory cycle for execution purposes. But memory cycle is only available to one device at a time, + Bootstrap program is loaded when user start the computer. It initials all the device connected to the computer system and then loads required device drivers. «+ After this, operating system loads in the computer system, In UNIX OS, an ‘init! is the first process which execute by OS. Intecrupt is software and hardware, It is used to send signal to CPU, Software interrupt is sometime called system call. ‘+ When interrupt is trigger. the CPU stops executing the instruction and control is transfor to the fixed location. Starting address is stored at fixed location ‘where the service routine executes. “Interrupts do not alter the control flow of the process executing on the processor. Storage structure «+ Processor access the data from main memory before executing any instruction. Main memory is also called Random Access Memory (RAM). DRAM js used in main memory. Fig. 12.2 shows ‘hierarchy of storage device. ‘At the top of the hierarchy, we have storage on the CPU registers. For accessing the CPU, it is fastest form of storage. + Cache memory capacity is less than 1 MB.Operating Syste comoter Overview of Opting Sytem Mouse Fig. 1.2.1 Modem computer system Fig. 1.22 Hierarchy of storage device + User program and data are stored in the main memory, Main memory is volatile, so it cannot stored permanently. + Storage system is classified as temporary storage or permanent storage, Top level storage devices are low capacity with faster CPU access and bottom level storage devices having very large capacity with slow CPU access speed. Wo structure + Every device uses a device controller to connect it to the computer's address and data bus. Devices can be classified as a block oriented or character oriented, depending on the number of bytes transferred on an individual operation + Storage devices are used to store data while the computer is off + All the 1/0 devices are connected to each other by using common bus. CPU and main memory is also connected with this bus, + Various types of controller is used in the computer system, Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) controller can handle upto seven devices. Each device controller have its own buffer, * TEERRUCAL PUBLICA. Ap tensOpecating System L + Device controller manage the data transfer between peripheral device and its controller. Device driver is handled by dovice controler. VO operation stops 1. Device driver loads the registers within the device controller, 2 Device controller takes action according to the data loaded into the register. 3. Data is transfer from device to its local buffer with the help of device controler 4. After completion of data transfer, the device controller sends an interrupt signal to device driver about data transfer completion operation, 5. Then control goos to operating system. + The device driver is the operating system entity that controls CPU-/0 parallelism. The software that communicates with device controller is called device driver +A device can be started by the device driver, and the application program can continue operation in parallel with the device operation Board Question 1, List and drao a neat labelled diagram of four components of computer system. 4.3 ] Operation of OS + For singleuser programmer operating systems, programmer has the complete control over the system. They operate the aystem from the console. When new operating systems developed with some additional features, the system control transfers from programmer to the operating system. Old operating systems were called resident monitors, The operating system began to perform ‘many of the functions, like input-output operation ‘with the resident monitor, + Before the operating system, programmer is responsible for the controls of input-output device operations. As the requirements of programmers from computer systems go on increasing and development in the field of communication helps to Overvsw of Operating Syst the operating system to fulfill the needs of programmers, + Sharing of resource among different programmers is possible without increasing cost. It improves the system utilization but problems increase. If single system was used without share, an error occurs, that could cause problems for only the one program. ‘which was running on that machine In sharing, other programs also affected by single program. For example, hatch operating system faces the problem of infinite loop. This loop could prevent the correct operation of many jobs. In multiprogramming system, one erroreous program affects the other program or data of that program. + For proper operation and crror free result, protection of error is required. Without protection, only single process will execute one at a time otherwise the output of each program is separated While designing the operating system, this type of care must be taken into consideration. + Computer hardware detects the errors. Operating, system handled this type of exrors, Execution of illegal instruction or access of memory that is not in the user's address space, this type of operation found by the hardware and will trap to the operating system. + Trap uses an interrupt vector and it transfer the contralto the operating system. When ‘occurs, OS terminates the program abnormally Hardware protection is used to handle this type of situation 1.3.1 | Dual Mode Operation ‘+ For proper operation and correct output, operating, system must be protected. The users program and dala must be protected from any malfunctioning program, Shared resource also needs some kind of protection. + Dual mode uses user mode and monitor mode for working of OS, The monitor mode also called system mode, supervisor mode ot privileged mode. «+ For indicating current mode of the system, mode bit is used in the computer hardware. The mode bit is © for monitor and 1 for user, With the mode bit, user are able to distinguish between a task that is executed in user mode or monitor mode. ¥ TECHWUCAL PUBLICATIONS fo up et oeOperating Sytem verew of Operating System, + At the booting time, the hardware starts in the ‘monitor mode, then operating system is loaded. The hardware switches from user mode to monitor ‘mode when interrupts occur. In monitor mode, OS gains control of the system, The dual mode operation provides the protection to the operating system from unauthorised users. The privileged instructions are executed only in the monitor mode. The computer hardware isnot allowed for executing the privilege instructions in ‘other mode, ie. user mode. If anybody tries to execute the instructions in user mode, it is, considered as illegal instruction and also traps it to the operating system. Software may trigger an interrupt by exceuting a special operation called a system call. System call is, fone type of request which is invoked by the user or system, Using privileged. instructions, user will interact with the operating. system. This type of request is invoked by user to execute the privileged instructions, As said earlier, this request is called system call or monitor call. When a system call is executed, itis treated by the hardware as a software interrupt. 4.3.2 | Resource Management A computer is a set of resources, These resource provides various functions to the user. Functions like data movement, storing of data and program, operation on data are control by an operating, system, “Fig. L341 shows OS as a resource manager. | 1 kerio JOS kere] |—=[] pnnter eer }—O Nowe oer “NG controior 4 +O ‘program an! ree] | Novoruoters ok sce ae = = Se Fig. 4.31 08 as a resource manager +The operating system is responsible for managing tho all resources. portion of the OS is in. main ‘memory. This portion of the OS is called kernal + User program and data is also stored in remaining parts of the memory. Allocation of main memory is controlled by operating roraicer CPUrae | Slaven, Symmeteic multiprocessing Asymmete is ensier to implement in mulliprcessing is dificult ‘operating systems ‘o implement. Single OS manages all Separate 0S, or seperete cores copy of same Os manage Simultaneously. feath core Masocaiew samy ek cused. Is uses concept of masterslave concept ‘The processors ‘communicate with each ‘other through shared memory. 4.6.5 | Differentiate between Mul ‘and Multiprogramming OS: Shared memory is not used for communication. Maltiprocsesing “Multiprocessing refers to processing of multiple ‘st same time by Foultiple CPUs, It ullizes multiple CPUs Maltiprograrning -Multiprogramming keeps several programs in main ‘memory at the same time and execute thom concurrently wilizing single CPU. 1e utlizes single CPU * TECHIICN. PLICATIONS. po omeOperating Sytem an 1k permits parallel Context switching takes processing! place. Less time taken to process Mare Time taken to the jabs. process the jobs 1 used in parallel Tes used in batch ‘operating system ‘operating stern, More exponsive systom Less expensive system Board Questions 1, List different types of operating systems. Explain adoetees of malipocesor sytem (any too. INSBTE Waters es 2. What i& multiprocesor sysen 1 Gice two adoosages of 3. Explain multiprocessor system: and ite fo types. [Ez Joiseinuted 08 «Definition : A distributed system is a collection of autonomous hosts that are connocted through a computer network +A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as single coherent system. Each host executes components and operates a distnbution middleware. ‘+ Middloware enables the components t0 coordinate thelr activities, Users porceive the system as a single integrated computing facility +A distributed computer system consists of multiple software components that are on multiple computers, but run as a single system. The computers that are in a distlbuted systom can be physically cose together and connected by a local network, of they can be geographically distant and connected by a wide area network Overview of Operating System © A distributed system can consist of any number of possible configurations, such as mainframes, personal computers, workstations, minicomputers fand so on. ‘Distributed operating systems depend on, networking for their operation, Distributed OS runs oon and controls the resources of multiple machines. It provides resource sharing across the boundaries of a single computer system, It looks to users like 4 single machine OS. «Distributing OS owns the whole network and makes it Took like a virtual uni-processor or may be 2 virtual multiprocessor. ‘Definition : A distributed operating system is one that looks to its users like an ordinary operating system but runs on multiple, independent CPU, «Distributed systems depend on networking for their functionality. Fig 171 shows the distributed system, ‘Examples of disinbuted operating system are Amoeba, chrous, mach and y-system “© A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally Limited to a geographic area such as a college, lab or building. ‘= WAN provides long distance transmission of data ‘and voice. Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can alco be connected through leased lines or satellites. +A MAN typically covers an area of between 5 and 50 km diameter. Many MANs cover an atea the size of a city, although in some cases MANe may be as small as a group of building ( A cotonay Fig. 1.7.1 Distributed systom TEEHCAL PUBLEAIIONS™ Jap rite nweazeOperating Stern 1 Overview of Operating Syste +A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of regional nasources. MAN provides the transfer rates from 34 to 150 Mbps. Advantages of distributed OS : 4. Resource sharing : Sharing of software resources such as software libraries, database and hardware resources such as hard disks, printers and CDROM can also be done in a very effective way among all the computers and the users. 2. Higher reliability : Reliability refers to the degree of tolerance against errors and component failures. Availability is one of the important aspects of reliability. Availability zefers to. the fraction of time for which a system is available for use, 3. Better price performance ratio : Reduction in the price of microprocessor and increasing, ‘computing power gives good priosperformance ratio. 4. Shorter responses times and higher throughput. 5. Incremental growth : To extend power and functionality of a system by simply adding. additional resources to the system. Difficulties in distributed OS are 1. There are no current commercially successful examples. 2 Protocol overhead can dominate computation costs. 3. Hard to build well, 4, Probably impossible to build at the seale of the internet. 1.7.1 | Client-Server Computing ‘+ The system is structured as a set of processes, called servers that offer services to the users, called clients. + Server systems are of two types : compute servers and file servers ‘+ Compute-server system : It provides an interface to which a client can send a request to perform an action. In response, the server performs some operation and sends the results to the client. Server contains database, ‘+ File-server system : Client can performs various ‘operation like create, read, update and delete file on file server. Web server is best example of this type. + Fig. 172 shows the client server model. Gan Panes Rowest Toy | Response | esporse a — Fig. 1.7.2 Client server model cient 1+ The client-server model is usually based on a simple request/reply protocol, implemented with, send/receive primitives or using Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) or Remote Mothod Invocation (RMI) 1. The client sends a request (invocation) message to the server asking for some 2. The server does the work and retams a result (eg. the data requested) or an error code if the work could not be performed. *Server is a process; Client is a process. Clients invoke servers, servers sond results to clients Secvers can be clients of other servers. HITTP (Web) server is a server process to its client processes (web browsers), HTTP server may be a client of a database server. Service may be provided by multiple cervers, as is most often the case within a large enterprise, Cache is a repository of recently accessed objects (files, graphics) that is physically closer to the client than the server from which it originated. Proxy server sits in between clients and servers and can. play many mitigation roles ‘Advantages = 1. Simple to implement. 2. Provides good security 3. All files are stored in a central location. ¥ TECHOACAL PUBLICATIONS Jo op te er ineOperating system 1 Disadvantages : 1. Single point of failure 2A specialist network operating system is needed. 1.7.2 | Peor-to-Peor System +All processes (objects) play similar role, Do not roquire a server process. Processes (objects) interact, without particular distinction between clients and ‘The pattern of communication depends on the articular application. Fig. 17.3 shows the peer-to-peer model. 7 hed Fig. 1.7.3 Peer to poor model +A large number of data objects are shared; any individual computer holds only a small part of the application database, Processing and communication loads for access to objects are distributed across ‘many computers and access links. This is the most general and flexible model. A group of computers connected together to combine their computing and processing abilities to search the Internet or salve very complex problems + Problems with peer-to-peer : High complexity due to 1. Cleverly place individual objects 2, Rotriove the objects 3, Maintain potentially large number of zeplicas, Overview of Operating Sytem Distinguish between Client - Server ‘and Pecr-to-Peor Modol eerto-peet mode! ‘The prerto-peer model The Image )0 framework, the purpose of which is to facilitate the importing and exporting of image data and image metadata, was introduced in 10S 4. The framework supports a wide range of image formats including PNG, JPEG, TIFF and GIF. 4, Assets brary framework : The assets library provides a mechanism for locating and retrieving video and photo files located on the iPhone dovice. In addition to accessing existing images and videos, this framework also allows new photos and videos to be saved to the standard device photo alburn. 5. Core graphics framework : The 108 core graphics provides a lightweight two dimensional rendering engine. Features of this framework inchide PDF document creation and resentation, vector based drawing, transparent layers, path based drawing, antivaliased framework * RCAC PURLICAIONS™ 0 nt reOpertng System Overview of Operating Syne rendering, color manipulation and management, image rendering and gradients, 6 Core image framework : A new framework Inteoduced with iOS 5 providing a set of video and image filtering and manipulation capabilities for application developers, 7. Quartz core framework : The purpose of the Quarts Core framework Is to provide animation capabilities on the iPhone. It provides the foundation for the majority of the visual effects and animation used by the UIKit framework and provides an ObjectiveC based programming terface for creation of specialized animation within iPhone apps. B. OpenGL £S framework ; For many years the industry standard for high performance 2D and 3D graphics drawing has been OpenGL. OpenGL. for Embedded Systems (ES) is a lightweight version of the full OpenGL specification designed specifically for smaller devices such as the Phone, 9. GLKit framework : The GLKit framework is an Objective-C based API designed to ease the task of creating OpenGL ES based applications. 10. NewsstandKit framework : The Newsstand application is a new feature of 10S 5 and is Intended a a central location for users +0 gain access to newspapers and magazines. ‘The NewsstandKit framework allows forthe development of applications that usllize this new 11, 108 audio support 108 is capable of supporting audio in AAC, Apple Lossless (ALAQ), A-law, IMAJADPCM, Linear PCM, plaw, DVI/Intel IMA ADPCM, Microsoft GSM 610 and AES3-2003 formats through the support provided by the following frameworks 12. AV foundation framework : An Objective-C based framework designed to allow the playback, recording and management of audio content 1922] Core Services Layer +The Core Services layer contains fundamental system services for apps ‘Key among these services are the core foundation and foundation frameworks, which define the basic types that all apps use. ‘This layer also contains individual technologies to support features such 2s location, ‘Cloud, social media and networking. + Features Peer-to-Peer services iCloud storage ‘Automatic reference counting Block objects Grand central dispatch In-App purchase SQLite XML support File-sharing support, data protection ‘It consists of the following frameworks. Address book framework : This provides programmatic access to the iPhone Address Book contact database allowing applications to retrieve ‘and modify contact entries. + CFNetwork framework ; The CFNetwork framework provides 2 Chased interface to the CPAP networking protocol stack and low level access to BSD sockets. This enables application code to be written that works with HTTP, FTP and domain name servers and to establish secure and encrypted connections using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or ‘Transport Layer Security (ILS) + Core Data Framework : This framework is provided to ease the creation of data modeling and storage in Model-View-Controller (MVC) based applications Use of the Core Data framework significantly reduces the amount of code that needs to be writton to perform common tasks when working with structured data within an application 1+ Core foundation framework : The core foundation framework is a Cased Framework which provides basic functionality such as data types, string ‘manipulation, raw block data management, URL. ‘manipulation, threads and run loops, date and times, basic XML manipulation and port and socket ‘communication. * TRERRUCAL BURLERTIONS™ An pa ageOperating Sytem 1 a Overview of Operating Systm +The core media framework is the lower level foundation upon which the AV foundation layer is built. + Core telephony framework : The iOS core telephony’ framework is provided to allow applications to interrogate the device for information about the current cell phone service provider and to receive notification of telephony related events. «+ EventKit framework : An API designed to provide applications with aceess to the calendar and alarms ‘on the device. “Most applications will use iCloud document storage to share documents from a user's iCloud account ‘This is the feature that users think of when they think of iCloud storage. A user cares about whether documents are shared across devices and can see and manage those documents from a given device. + Data protection allows applicatione that work with sensitive user data to take advantage of the builtin encryption available on some devices «When your application designates a specific file as Protected, the system stores that file on-disk in an encrypted format. While the device is locked, the contents of the file are inaccessible to both your application and to any potential intruders. + However, when the device is unlocked by the user, a decryption key is created to allow your application to access the file. [1823] Core 0S Layer «The Core OS layer contains the low-level features that most other technologies are built upon + Even if you do not use these technologies directly in your apps, they are most likely boing used by other frameworks. + And in situations where you necd to explicitly deal with securty or communicating with an extemal hardware accessory, you do so using the frameworks in this layer ‘+ This layer provides a variety of services including. Jow lovel networking, access to external accessories and the ‘operating system services such as memory management, file system handling and threads. usual fundamental + The Core OS layer occupies the bottom position of the 10S stack and, as such, sits directly on top of the device hardware +The layer provides a variety of services including. Jow level notworking, access to external accessories and the usual fundamental operating system services such as memory management, file system handling and threads, + Accelerate framework : Introduced in 108 40, the Accelerate framework contains interfaces for periorming DSP, linear algebra and. ‘image-processing calculations, The advantage of using this framework over writing your own these that they ‘optimized for all of the hardware configurations present in 108, based devices, Therefore, you can write your code once and be assured that it runs efficiently on all devices + Extemal accessory framework : It provides the ability to interrogate and communicate with external accessories connected physically to the iPhone via the 30-pin dock connector or wirelessly via Bluetooth. + Security framework : The 108 Security framework Provides all the security interfaces you would expect to find on a device that can connect to external networks including certificates, public and private keys, trust policies, key chains, encryption, digests and Hask-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC), + The core bluetooth framework allows developers to interact specifically with Bluetooth Low-Energy (“LE’) accessories, The Objective-C interfaces of this framework allow you to sean for LE accessories, connect and disconnect to ones you find, read and write attributes within a service, register for service and attribute change notifications and much more + System : The system level encompasses the kernel environment, drivers and low level UNIX interfaces fof the operating system, The kernel itself is based fon Mach and is responsible for every aspect of the operating system. versions of interfaces is are ‘it manages the virtual memory system, threads, file system, network and interprocess communication The drivers at this layer also provide the interface F TEERICN. 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