10th grade unit 4

collocations

make a choice popular tourist attractions

have no choice summer vacation
suitable choice a range of
holy shrine a wide range of sth
prefer sth to sth as much as possible
domestic flights pay for a ticket
international flights ancient wind towers
check websites ancient times
take your time get information about sth
save time and money break the rule
by yourself a four-season country
on your own a foreign country
historical sites attract sb’s attention
make a suggestion respect other cultures
have a suggestion have respect for sb
plan a vacation feel sick
be similar to home-made food
travel around the world means of transportation
arrive at / get to your destination a popular holiday destination
reach your destination

Synonyms
actual = real / true next to = close to / near
ancient = very old possibly = probably / maybe
arrive at = reach / get to prepare = make ready
be careful about = take care of probable = possible
domestic = home quick = fast / rapid
entertainment = fun risk = danger
historical = past / ancient seem = look
illness = disease sick = ill
in fact = really / actually similar = alike
journey = trip / travel / tour vacation = holiday
loudly = aloud
 Antonyms

ancient ≠ new / modern illness ≠ health

domestic ≠ foreign / international inside ≠ outside
every thing ≠ nothing next to ≠ far from
familiar ≠ strange politely ≠ rudely
front ≠ back quietly ≠ loudly
hard / difficult ≠ easy sell ≠ buy
historical ≠ modern sick ≠ healthy / well
host ≠ guest similar to ≠ different from
sunrise ≠ sunset
Modal verbs
Here's a list of the modal verbs in English:

will might may could can

ought to should shall must would
Modals are different from normal verbs:

1: They don't use an 's' for the third person singular.

2: They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?').
3: They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to').
Can
1. ability in the present or future I can swim well.
2. request Can you bring me a glass of water?
3. asking for permission Can I leave the classroom?
4. giving permission You can leave the classroom now.
May
1. possibility about now or in the future We may go on a picnic this weekend.
2. asking for permission (formal) May I leave the classroom?
3. giving permission (formal) You may leave the classroom.
Must
1. internal obligation (by the speaker) Teacher: You must speak English in the class.
I must go home.
2. deduction: to say how sure or certain we are about something (based on the information we have).
They must be very rich. They live in an enormous house.
3. very strong suggestion You must come and see us again!
4. prohibition (not allowed to do sth) You mustn’t park here.
You aren’t allowed to park here. You can’t park here
 Should
1. advice, suggestion, mild obligation: what you think is good or not good to do.
You should study hard.
You shouldn’t drink coffee at night.
I think you should see a doctor.
I don’t think you should borrow money from her.
Prepositions of Time
in
in + parts of the day in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
months in January, in April, ….
seasons in spring, in summer, in fall / autumn, in winter
years in 2004, in 1998
at
at + time fractions at 6 o’clock, at 8:15
at midnight, at midday, at noon, at night, at sunrise, at sunset,
at lunchtime
at + festivals at Christmas, at Thanksgiving
on
on + days of week on Sunday, on Wednesday morning, on Friday night, ...
on holiday, on vacation
Prepositions of Place
in cities / countries / continents / rooms / building / enclosed spaces
in Tehran / in Iran / in Asia / in the kitchen / in a museum / in the garden / in the car
on a surface / transportation / page / TV / radio / street names / floors / right / left
on the wall / on a shelf / on the balcony / on a bus / on a train / on a bike / on page 21 / on TV / on the
radio / on Oxford Street / on the second floor / on the roof / on the right / on the left
at at home / at school / at university / at the bus stop / at a train station/
at work / at a party / at the door /at the table / at the airport / at 59 Oxford Street

at the top / bottom of the page / at the concert /

in front of ≠ behind
next to / beside / by
under ≠ on
over ≠ below
 Adverbs
Adverbs are used to describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They are often (but not always
made by adding 'ly' to the adjective.
*I walked slowly ('slowly' tells us about the verb 'walk').
*They worked quickly.

Adverb or adjective?
It's important to remember to use an adjective after a linking verb. However, this can be tricky as some
verbs can be used as both normal verbs and as linking verbs. One test is to replace the verb with the same
form of 'be' and see if the sentence still makes sense. If it does, the verb is being used as a linking verb and
so needs an adjective, not an adverb.

He smells the hot soup carefully. (Here we are talking about the action of smelling and using 'smell' as a
normal verb, so we need an adverb.)
The soup smells good. (Here we are using 'smell' as a linking verb, to describe the soup. We can replace
'smells' with 'is' and the sentence still makes sense. So, we need an adjective.)

He looked tiredly at the dirty kitchen. (Here we are talking about the action of looking and using 'look' as
a normal verb, so we use an adverb to describe the way of looking.)
You look beautiful. (Here we are using 'look' as a linking verb, to give more information about the
person. We can replace 'look' with 'are' and the sentence still makes sense. So we need an adjective.)

Irregular forms

Normally, we make an adverb by adding 'ly' to an adjective.

Careful (adjective): He is always careful. Carefully (adverb): She put the glasses down carefully.
Quiet (adjective): This is a quiet room. Quietly (adverb): She spoke quietly.
Bad (adjective): This coffee is bad! Badly (adverb): He sings badly!
If the adjective ends in 'y', we change 'y' to 'i' and add 'ly'. If the adjective ends in 'le', we drop 'e' and
add 'y'.

Happy (adjective): She looks very happy. Happily (adverb): He sang happily.
Gentle (adjective): It's a gentle cat. Gently (adverb): He stroked the cat gently.
However, there are some exceptions.

Fast (adjective): That's a fast car. Fast (adverb): She walks fast.
Early (adjective): She was early for the meeting. Early (adverb): He arrived early.
Late (adjective): He is always late!
Late (adverb): He got up late this morning ('lately' is also an adverb but means 'recently').
Good (adjective): That is a good book.
Well (adverb): She did well on the exam ('well' can also be an adjective).

Hard (adjective): Maths is hard!

Hard (adverb): She tried hard ('hardly' is also an adverb, but means 'almost none').

There are also some adjectives that end in 'ly' and don't have an adverb form. Instead we use 'in a ---
way'. These are friendly, lovely, lonely, lively, and silly.

He talked to me in a friendly way.

Good / well
'Well' can be confusing because it is both the adverb form of 'good', and an adjective that means 'healthy
and fine'.

My mother is well ('well' is an adjective that means 'healthy and fine').

He did the work well ('well' is an adverb meaning 'in a good way').

Of course, we also use 'good' as an adjective.

This meal is good!

He can speak good German.

Hard / hardly
'Hard' is both an adjective and an adverb.

The table is hard (= adjective, meaning 'not soft' or 'difficult').

She works hard (= adverb, meaning 'with a lot of effort').

'Hardly' is also an adverb, but it means 'almost nothing' or 'almost none'.

She hardly works (= she does almost no work).

I have hardly any money (= I have almost no money).

Late / lately
'Late' is an adjective and an adverb. There is also an adverb 'lately', which means 'recently'.

I'm late (= adjective, meaning 'not on time').

He came late (= adverb, meaning 'not on time').
I've been working a lot lately (= an adverb meaning 'recently').