CE101

Engineering Drawing

Lecture-3 & 4: Curves I & II

Engineering Curves – I

1. Classification

2. Conic sections - explanation

3. Common Definition

4. Ellipse – ( six methods of construction)

5. Parabola – ( Three methods of construction)

6. Hyperbola – ( Three methods of construction )

7. Methods of drawing Tangents & Normals ( four cases)

Engineering Curves – II

1. Classification

2. Definitions

3. Involutes - (five cases)

4. Cycloid

5. Trochoids – (Superior and Inferior)

6. Epic cycloid and Hypo - cycloid

7. Spiral (Two cases)

8. Helix – on cylinder & on cone

9. Methods of drawing Tangents and Normals (Three cases)

 ENGINEERING CURVES
CONIC SECTIONS

ELLIPSE PARABOLA HYPERBOLA

1.Concentric Circle Method 1.Rectangle Method 1.Rectangular Hyperbola

(coordinates given)
2.Rectangle Method 2 Method of Tangents
(Triangle Method) 2 Rectangular Hyperbola
3.Oblong Method (P-V diagram - Equation given)
3.Basic Locus Method
4.Arcs of Circle Method (Directrix – focus) 3.Basic Locus Method
(Directrix – focus)
5.Rhombus Method

6.Basic Locus Method

(Directrix – focus)
 CONIC SECTIONS
ELLIPSE, PARABOLA AND HYPERBOLA ARE CALLED CONIC SECTIONS
BECAUSE
THESE CURVES APPEAR ON THE SURFACE OF A CONE WHEN IT IS CUT BY SOME TYPICAL CUTTING PLANES.

OBSERVE
ILLUSTRATIONS
GIVEN BELOW..

Ellipse

Section Plane

la
Section Plane
Hyperbola

abo
Through Generators Parallel to Axis.

Par
Section Plane Parallel
to end generator.
COMMON DEFINATION OF ELLIPSE, PARABOLA & HYPERBOLA:

SECOND DEFINATION OF AN ELLIPSE:

It is a locus of a point moving in a plane
such that the SUM of it’s distances from TWO fixed points
always remains constant.
{And this sum equals to the length of major axis.}
These TWO fixed points are FOCUS 1 & FOCUS 2
 Problem 1 :- ELLIPSE
Draw ellipse by concentric circle method. BY CONCENTRIC CIRCLE METHOD
Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.

3
Steps:
Steps
2 4
1.Draw both axes as perpendicular bisectors of each
other & name their ends as shown. C
2.Taking their intersecting point as a center, draw two 1 5
3
concentric circles considering both as respective 2 4
diameters.
1 5
3.Divide both circles in 12 equal parts & name as shown.
A
4.From all points of outer circle draw vertical lines B
downwards and upwards respectively.
10
5.From all points of inner circle draw horizontal lines to 6
intersect those vertical lines. 10 9 7 6
6.Mark all intersecting points properly as those are the 8
D
points on ellipse.
7.Join all these points along with the ends of both axes 9 7
in smooth possible curve. It is required ellipse.
8
Steps:
Steps ELLIPSE
1.Draw a rectangle taking major and minor axes as sides.
2.In this rectangle draw both axes as perpendicular BY RECTANGLE METHOD
bisectors of each other..
Problem 2
3.For construction, select upper left part of rectangle.
Divide vertical small side and horizontal long side into Draw ellipse by Rectangle method.
same number of equal parts.( here divided in four parts) Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.
4.Name those as shown.. D
4 4
5.Now join all vertical points 1,2,3,4, to the upper end of
minor axis. And all horizontal points i.e.1,2,3,4 to the 3 3
lower end of minor axis.
2 2
6.Then extend C-1 line up to D-1 and mark that point.
Similarly extend C-2, C-3, C-4 lines up to D-2, D-3, & D-4 1 1
lines.
A 1 3 2 1 B
7.Mark all these points properly and join all along with 2 3 4
ends A and D in smooth possible curve. Do similar
construction in right side part along with lower half of
the rectangle. Join all points in smooth curve.
It is required ellipse.

C
Problem 3:-
Draw ellipse by Oblong method. ELLIPSE
Draw a parallelogram of 100 mm and 70 mm long sides with Included angle of 75 0.
Inscribe Ellipse in it. BY OBLONG METHOD
STEPS ARE SIMILAR TO
THE PREVIOUS CASE
(RECTANGLE METHOD)
ONLY IN PLACE OF RECTANGLE,
HERE IS A PARALLELOGRAM. D
4 4

3 3

2 2

1
1

A 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 B

C
PROBLEM 4.
Major axis ab & minor axis cd are 100 amd 70mm long
ELLIPSE
respectively. Draw ellipse by arcs of cirles
METHOD.
BY ARCS OF CIRCLE METHOD
As per the definition Ellipse is locus of point P moving in
STEPS:
STEPS a plane such that the SUM of it’s distances from two fixed
1.Draw both axes as usual. Name the ends & points (F1 & F2) remains constant and equals to the length
intersecting point
of major axis AB.(Note A .1+ B .1=A . 2 + B. 2 = AB)
2.Taking AO distance i.e. half major axis, from C,
mark F1 & F2 On AB . ( focus 1 and 2.) p4 C
p3
3.On line F1- O taking any distance, mark points p2
1,2,3, & 4
p1
4.Taking F1 center, with distance A-1 draw an
arc above AB and taking F2 center, with B-1
distance cut this arc. Name the point p1
A O
B
5.Repeat this step with same centers but taking F1 1 2 3 4 F2
now A-2 & B-2 distances for drawing arcs.
Name the point p2
6.Similarly get all other P points. With same
steps positions of P can be located below AB.
7.Join all points by smooth curve to get an
D
ellipse.
PROBLEM 5. ELLIPSE
DRAW RHOMBUS OF 100 MM & 70 MM LONG
DIAGONALS AND INSCRIBE AN ELLIPSE IN IT. BY RHOMBUS METHOD
2

STEPS:
1. Draw rhombus of given
A B
dimensions.
2. Mark mid points of all sides &
name Those A,B,C,& D
3. Join these points to the ends of 3 4
smaller diagonals.
4. Mark points 1,2,3,4 as four
centers.
D C
5. Taking 1 as center and 1-A
radius draw an arc AB.
6. Take 2 as center draw an arc CD.
7. Similarly taking 3 & 4 as centers 1
and 3-D radius draw arcs DA &
BC.
PROBLEM 6:- POINT F IS 50 MM FROM A LINE AB.A POINT P IS MOVING IN A PLANE
SUCH THAT THE RATIO OF IT’S DISTANCES FROM F AND LINE AB REMAINS CONSTANT
ELLIPSE
AND EQUALS TO 2/3 DRAW LOCUS OF POINT P. { ECCENTRICITY = 2/3 } DIRECTRIX-FOCUS METHOD

ELLIPSE
A
STEPS:
1. Draw a vertical line AB and point F

DIRECTRIX
50 mm from it.
2. Divide 50 mm distance in 5 parts. 45mm
3. Name 2nd part from F as V. It is 20mm
and 30mm from F and AB line resp.

3 0 mm
It is first point giving ratio of it’s
distances from F and AB 2/3 i.e 20/30
4. Form more points giving same ratio such
as 30/45, 40/60, 50/75 etc. (vertex) V
5. Taking 45,60 and 75mm distances from F ( focus)
line AB, draw three vertical lines to the
right side of it.
6. Now with 30, 40 and 50mm distances in
compass cut these lines above and below,
with F as center.
7. Join these points through V in smooth
curve.
This is required locus of P. It is an ELLIPSE.

B
PROBLEM 7: A BALL THROWN IN AIR ATTAINS 100 M HIEGHT
PARABOLA
AND COVERS HORIZONTAL DISTANCE 150 M ON GROUND. RECTANGLE METHOD
Draw the path of the ball (projectile)-

STEPS: 6
6
1.Draw rectangle of above size and
divide it in two equal vertical parts
2.Consider left part for construction. 5 5
Divide height and length in equal
number of parts and name those
1,2,3,4,5& 6 4
3.Join vertical 1,2,3,4,5 & 6 to the
4
top center of rectangle
4.Similarly draw upward vertical
lines from horizontal1,2,3,4,5 3 3
And wherever these lines intersect
previously drawn inclined lines in
sequence Mark those points and 2 2
further join in smooth possible curve.
5.Repeat the construction on right side
rectangle also.Join all in sequence. 1 1
This locus is Parabola.
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
Problem no.8: Draw an isosceles triangle of 100 mm long base and PARABOLA
110 mm long altitude.Inscribe a parabola in it by method of tangents. METHOD OF TANGENTS

Solution Steps: C
1. Construct triangle as per the given 14
dimensions. 1
2. Divide it’s both sides in to same no.of 13
2
equal parts. 12
3
3. Name the parts in ascending and 11
descending manner, as shown. 4
10
4. Join 1-1, 2-2,3-3 and so on. 5
5. Draw the curve as shown i.e.tangent to 9
6
all these lines. The above all lines being 8
tangents to the curve, it is called method 7
of tangents. 7 8
6
9
5 10
4 11
3 12
2 13
1
14
A B
PROBLEM 9: Point F is 50 mm from a vertical straight line AB. PARABOLA
Draw locus of point P, moving in a plane such that DIRECTRIX-FOCUS METHOD
it always remains equidistant from point F and line AB.

PARABOLA
SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Locate center of line, perpendicular to A
AB from point F. This will be initial
point P and also the vertex.
2.Mark 5 mm distance to its right side,
name those points 1,2,3,4 and from P1
those draw lines parallel to AB.
3.Mark 5 mm distance to its left of P and
name it 1. (VERTEX)V
4.Take O-1 distance as radius and F as F
center draw an arc
O 1 2 3 4
cutting first parallel line to AB. Name ( focus)
upper point P1 and lower point P2.
(FP1=O1) P2
5.Similarly repeat this process by taking
again 5mm to right and left and locate
P3 P4 .
6.Join all these points in smooth curve. B
It will be the locus of P equidistance
from line AB and fixed point F.
Problem No.10: Point P is 40 mm and 30 mm from horizontal HYPERBOLA
and vertical axes respectively.Draw Hyperbola through it. THROUGH A POINT
OF KNOWN CO-ORDINATES
Solution Steps:
1) Extend horizontal
line from P to right side. 2
2) Extend vertical line
from P upward.
3) On horizontal line
from P, mark some
points taking any
distance and name them
after P-1, 2,3,4 etc.
4) Join 1-2-3-4 points
to pole O. Let them cut 1
part [P-B] also at 1,2,3,4
points.
5) From horizontal
1,2,3,4 draw vertical 2 1 P 1 2 3
lines downwards and
6) From vertical 1,2,3,4
points [from P-B] draw 1
horizontal lines.
7) Line from 1 40 mm 2
horizontal and line from
1 vertical will meet at 3
P1.Similarly mark P2, P3,
P4 points. O
8) Repeat the procedure
by marking four points 30 mm
on upward vertical line
from P and joining all
those to pole O. Name
this points P6, P7, P8 etc.
and join them by smooth
Problem no.11: A sample of gas is expanded in a cylinder HYPERBOLA
from 10 unit pressure to 1 unit pressure.Expansion follows
law PV=Constant.If initial volume being 1 unit, draw the
P-V DIAGRAM
curve of expansion. Also Name the curve.

Form a table giving few more values of P & V 10

P V = C 9

+++ +++ +
10 1 = 10
5 2 = 10 8
4 2.5 = 10
2.5 4 = 10 7
2 5 = 10
1 10 = 10 6

PRESSURE
Now draw a Graph of 5

( Kg/cm2)
Pressure against Volume.
It is a PV Diagram and it is Hyperbola.
Take pressure on vertical axis and 4
Volume on horizontal axis.
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VOLUME:( M3 )
PROBLEM 12:- POINT F IS 50 MM FROM A LINE AB.A POINT P IS MOVING IN A PLANE HYPERBOLA
SUCH THAT THE RATIO OF IT’S DISTANCES FROM F AND LINE AB REMAINS CONSTANT
AND EQUALS TO 2/3 DRAW LOCUS OF POINT P. { ECCENTRICITY = 2/3 }
DIRECTRIX
FOCUS METHOD

STEPS: A
1 .Draw a vertical line AB and point F
50 mm from it.
2 .Divide 50 mm distance in 5 parts. 30mm
3 .Name 2nd part from F as V. It is 20mm
and 30mm from F and AB line resp.

45m
It is first point giving ratio of it’s

m
distances from F and AB 2/3 i.e 20/30
4 Form more points giving same ratio such
as 30/45, 40/60, 50/75 etc. (vertex)
V
F ( focus)
5.Taking 45,60 and 75mm distances from
line AB, draw three vertical lines to the
right side of it.
6. Now with 30, 40 and 50mm distances in
compass cut these lines above and below,
with F as center.
7. Join these points through V in smooth
curve.
This is required locus of P.It is an ELLIPSE.

B
 ELLIPSE
Problem 13:
TANGENT & NORMAL
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )
1) JOIN POINT Q TO F1 & F2
2) BISECT ANGLE F1Q F2 THE ANGLE BISECTOR IS NORMAL
3) A PERPENDICULAR LINE DRAWN TO IT IS TANGENT TO THE CURVE.
p4 C
p3
p2
p1

A O
B
F1 1 2
MA
L 3 4 F2
NOR

Q TAN
GEN
T
D
 ELLIPSE
Problem 14:
TANGENT & NORMAL
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE
ELLIPSE
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q ) A

DIRECTRIX
1.JOIN POINT Q TO F. T
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH
THIS LINE AT POINT F
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX
AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS
TANGENT TO ELLIPSE FROM Q (vertex) V
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR F ( focus)
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE. 900
N

Q
N

T
 PARABOLA
Problem 15: TANGENT & NORMAL
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE T PARABOLA
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )
A

1.JOIN POINT Q TO F.
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH
THIS LINE AT POINT F
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX
AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS
VERTEX V F
TANGENT TO THE CURVE FROM Q 900
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR ( focus)
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE.
N

Q
B N

T
 HYPERBOLA
Problem 16
TANGENT & NORMAL
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q ) A

1.JOIN POINT Q TO F.
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH THIS LINE AT
POINT F T
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS
TANGENT TO CURVE FROM Q
(vertex)
V
F ( focus)
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR 900
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE.
N

N Q