CELL THEORY, STRUCTURE AND DICOVERY ▪ Nucleus

Cell Discovery Timeline - this is the brain of a cell; it controls and

Cell Theory regulate cell activities. It is a spherical
structured organelle found majorly at the
- All living thing are made up of one or more
center.
cells.
▪ Cytoplasm
- Cells are the basic unit of structure or life and
- a gel-like material that contains all the cell
function in an organism.
organelles.
- Cell comes from pre-existing cells.
▪ Mitochondria
Modern Cell Theory - the power house of the cell, it generates
energy for the cell.
- Cell carries genetic material which is passed ▪ Ribosomes
from cell to cell during cell division. - the site for protein synthesis.
- All cell is basically the same in structure and ▪ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
chemical composition. - continuous folded membranous organelle
- Energy flow – biochemical process occurs found in the cytoplasm.
within the cell ▪ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Scientists - surface is covered with ribosomes, giving it a
rough appearance, this synthesis proteins and
1. Zacharias Janssen – he’s a Dutch eyeglass lipids through the cell into the cristae then
maker, and he invented the very first sent into the Golgi bodies or inserted into the
microscope. cell membrane.
2. Robert Hooke – he studied cork and named ▪ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
the structures he saw "cells". - to synthesis lipids (cholesterol and
3. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – while looking at
phospholipids) that are utilized for producing
pond water under the microscope, he
new cellular membranes.
observed what he called animalcules.
▪ Golgi Apparatus
4. Matthias Schleiden – he’s a German botanist - made up of flattened stacked pouches
stated that plants are made up of cells. known as cisternae
5. Theodore Schwann – a German physiologist,
- this transport, modify and pack proteins and
concluded that animals are also made up of
lipids into Golgi vesicles to deliver them to
cells. their target sites.
6. Rudolf Virchow – he stated that cells come
▪ Lysosomes
from pre-existing cells through cell division.
- site for digestion of cell nutrients, excretion,
and cell renewal.
▪ Cell Wall
Cell Structures and Function - to protect and provide structural support to
▪ Organelles the cell.
- means “little organs” ▪ Chloroplast
- this is specialized structures found within - an organelle within the cells of plants and
the cell which performs specific functions certain algae that is site for photosynthesis.
vital to cellular life. ▪ Vacuole
▪ Cell membrane/Plasma membrane - provide structural support as well as serving
- outer covering, this enclose and protect the functions such as storage.
cell content
- to regulate the molecules that pass into and
out of the cell.
CELL TYPES AND MODIFICATION 2. Palisade layer - elongated in shape and
loaded with chloroplast for photosynthesis.
1. Prokaryotes
3. Cell-cell junctions - points where two cells
- before nucleus
come together.
- characterized by having no membrane-
bound nucleus and membrane-bound Animal Cell Modifications
organelles
- doesn't have ribosomes 1. Microvilli - extensions that help increase the
- smaller in size surface area of the cell.
- have a cell wall that which we can see the 2. Nerve cells - elongated, facilitate the
peptidoglycan transmission of impulses from the brain and
2. Eukaryotes the spinal cord to the different parts of the
- true nucleus body
- larger and much more complicate 3. Red Blood Cells (RBC) - biconcave disc shape
- protists, plants, animals and fungi
and are highly deformable for easy
- can be unicellular or multicellular
movement through blood vessels.
CELL TYPES 4. Tracheal cells - have cilia that beat and drive
Plant Cell Types: air impurities,
5. Sperm cells - have tail, the flagellum which
1. Parenchymal Cells propels it towards the egg cell during
- function in storage, photosynthesis, and as fertilization
bulk of ground and vascular tissue.
2. Collenchyma Cells
- elongated cell with irregularly thick cell
walls that provide support and structure.
3. Sclerenchyma Cells
- strong, thick cell that provides most the
support in a plant.

Animal Cell Types:

1. Skin Cells – made up three layers (epidermis,

dermis, hypodermis)
2. Muscle Cells – the cells that make up muscle
tissue.
3. Blood Cells – carries oxygen and nutrients,
takes away their waste products, delivers
immune cells to fight infections.
platelets – form a plug in a damage blood
vessel to prevent blood loss.
4. Nerve Cells – are electrically excitable cells int
the nervous system that function to process
and transmit information.
5. Fat Cells – specialized in storing energy as fat.

CELL MODIFICATIONS
Plant Cell Modifications:

1. Root hairs - elongated outgrowths from the

outer layer of cells in a root help absorb
water and minerals
CELL CYCLE 1. Prophase
Cell Division – the process by which the parent cell - chromosomal material is condensed to form
divides into two or more daughter cells. a compact mitotic chromosome, cytoskeleton
Cancer Cell - grow in the absence of signals telling is disassembled and mitotic spindle is
them to grow. assembled, nuclear envelope is dispersed.
Prometaphase
- chromosomal microtubes attach to
Cell Cycle kinetochore of chromosomes, the
chromosomes are moved to spindle equator.
Interphase M Phase Checkpoint
- the longest phase in the cell cycle, this prepares - make sure that chromosomes are lined up in
the cell for cell division, performs its regular the middle correctly.
functions, cells are growing and replicating their 2. Metaphase
own DNA. - chromosomes are aligned along metaphase
Gap 1 / Growth 1 (G1) plate, attached by chromosomal microtubes
- approximately 10 hours, cellular content to both plates.
excluding chromosomes are duplicated. 3. Anaphase
- centromeres will split and the chromatids
G1 Checkpoint separate, chromosomes move to opposite
- the cell will check for nutrients, growth factors spindle poles, spindle poles move further
are present, cell size is adequate, and no DNA apart.
damage. 4. Telophase
Synthesis (S PHASE) - chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle
- approximately 8 hours, DNA replication and poles, chromosomes become dispersed,
chromosome duplication. nuclear envelope assembles, organelles
reforms.
Gap 2 / Growth 2 (G2)
- approximately 4 hours, cell grows, prepares the Cytokinesis
cell for mitosis and check for errors. - separation of the cell into 2 identical daughter
cells.
G2 Checkpoint Cleavage Furrow
- will check if chromosomes replication is - this pinches the cell in two.
complete and no DNA damage. G0
- resting phase of the cell, it still performing
Apoptosis - the process of programmed cell death.
cellular function but are not preparing to divide.

Summary:
MITOSIS / M PHASE
• Mitosis is the cellular reproduction
- approximately 1-2 hours, a cellular division involving
and general growth and repair of the
body cells. A form of asexual reproduction for
body.
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• Mitosis have 1 parent cell and 2
4 Phases of Mitosis identical daughter cell, the
chromosome numbers remain the
1. Prophase
same and 1 division occurs in mitosis.
- prometaphase
• The cell that we can find in mitosis is
2. Metaphase
the somatic cell that’s for growth
3. Anaphase
development and repair.
4. Telophase
MEIOSIS Definition of Terms:
- cellular division that occurs in the sex organs,
important in sexual reproduction. 1. Division Reduction
- chromosome number is reduced
Meiosis I from diploid (46) to haploid (23)
2. Haploid
1. Prophase I
- sex cells produced in meiosis
- nuclear envelope starts disappearing, visible
because they contain only half the
chromosomes and spindle fibers,
number of chromosomes, presented
homologous chromosomes pair and line up
by the symbol n.
by gene precisely in its entire length.
3. Diploid
- crossing over
- double the haploid chromosome
2. Metaphase I
number, presented by the symbol 2n.
- paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads)
4. Crossing over
are moved by the spindle fibers to the
– exchange of genetic material
equator of the cell.
between non-sister chromatids of
3. Anaphase I
homologous chromosomes.
- homologous chromosomes (tetrads)
5. Chiasma
separates and move towards the opposite
- which crossing over and exchange of
poles.
genetic material occur between the
4. Telophase I
strands.
- 2 daughter cells are completely divided,
6. Dyad
haploid set of chromosomes from parents
- composed of 2 sister chromatids
Interkinesis I
held together by centromere.
- the short pause between meiosis I and
7. Tetrad
meiosis II, no replication of chromosomes.
- paired of homologous
chromosomes composed of 4 sister
chromatids.
Meiosis II
8. Alleles
1. Prophase II - pairs or series of genes on a
- nuclear envelope starts disappearing, visible chromosome that determine the
chromosomes spindle fibers become visible. hereditary characteristics.
2. Metaphase II
Summary:
- chromosomes line up along the equator
through the spindle fiber • Genetic diversity through sexual
3. Anaphase II reproduction.
- centromeres divide and sister chromatids • Meiosis have 2 parent cell and 4
are individually pulled apart then move to haploid daughter cell, and 2 division
opposite poles. occurs in meiosis, the chromosomes
4. Telophase II were reduced by half.
- nuclear envelope around other set of • Sex cell produced genetically unique
chromosomes the spindle fiber breaks down haploid cells.
undergo cytokinesis. • Contains two complete sets of
chromosomes