Introduction to the Philosophy

of the Human Person

Quarter 2 – Module 3:
The Intersubjective Human
Relations
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: The Intersubjective Human Relations
First Edition, 2020

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 Introduction to the
Philosophy of the Human
Person

Quarter 2 – Module 3:
The Intersubjective Human
Relations

ii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Senior High School core subject - Introduction to the Philosophy of
the Human Person Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The Intersubjective
Human Relations. This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed
by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person’s Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The Intersubjective Human Relations.
The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands one may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

iii
 What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

iv
The following are some reminders in using this module:
a) Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
b) Do not forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
c) Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
d) Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
e) Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
f) Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

v
 What I Need to Know

This module entitled The Intersubjective Human Relations shall look more
deeply into the interaction and relation of the fellow human person within a society.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. distinguish between treating a person as a subject and as an object,
2. identify some philosophical perspectives in understanding intersubjective
relationships,
3. realize that intersubjectivity requires accepting differences and not to impose
on others, and
4. explain that authentic dialogue means accepting others even if they are
different from themselves.

What I Know

SITUATION: Your partner is extremely unhealthy jealous that he/she persistently

accuses you of cheating, suspects the worst of you, disapproves of your
favorite things, and wants to ask detailed accounts of your whereabouts
every single minute.

TASK: Identify two (2) of your actions to be done in response to your jealous
partner and elaborate on the consequence of the choices you will make.

1st Choice: Consequence:

2nd Choice: Consequence:

In the previous lesson, it was learned that the freedom of the human person
has the power to shape his/her own life, mature in goodness, and gain extraordinary
experiences, transcendence, and perfection depending on the choice he/she made.
This freedom of choice also enables a human person to exhibit and maximize his/her
full potential of interaction towards his/her fellow human beings within a society.

1
 Module
The Intersubjective
3 Human Relations
Each of our relationships elicits different responses in ourselves that help us
to grow and learn about ourselves. Relationships often are the glue that holds us
together during times of stressful situations and when we face life difficulties.
Without relationships, we would have a deadened spirit and a lack of connection to
our true selves!

Relationships show us how to love and be loved as well as who we want to be

in life and who we do not want. Having serious trusting relationships allows us to
truly be our true selves (Kelly Benamati, 2017).

What’s In

Directions: A. Look for the following words in the word search below and answer
the questions on a separate sheet of paper.
subject object dialogue person relation
treat acceptance rights experience feeling

Processing Questions:
1. Differentiate the word
“subject” from
“object.”

2. Describe or define an
“Intersubjective
Human Relations”
using the words given
above.

3. How can you show

respect in treating
your friends, family,
and other people?

2
 What’s New

There is no question of how people around us give importance to our life. We

need someone who can understand us and share with our feelings that later create
a strong bond. While creating this strong bond, an attraction between individuals
brings us closer to each other and eventually results in a strong interpersonal
relationship.

Try to examine the following situations below and answer the processing
questions that follow.

Situation 1: Joseph, a bank manager, has a breadwinner staff that usually comes
to her work tardy because she takes care of her mother first before
going to work. This staff comes up with brilliant idea during their
meeting and treats everyone with respect. Joseph sees his staff as a
subject that he listens to and gives importance. Such things motivate
his staff to give her best. They start treating office and work as a happy
place to work with.

Situation 2: Judelle, a CEO, has a servant named Aira. Aira is Judelle's slave and
always refers to him as Master or Sir. Aira is required to do all the
things expected from a slave. She cooks Master Judelles's food, sorts
his emails, does his washing, and completes any other medial task that
he requires, and others without asking the reason of his maltreatment.
Judelle sees Aira as an object to carry and do his stuff immediately that
makes his life easier.

Processing Questions:

1. What are the similarities and differences you have noticed between Joseph
and Judelle?
2. Which situation offers appropriate human treatment and why?
3. If you were Joseph, how can you improve your managerial skill?
If you were Judelle, how can you improve your interpersonal skill?
4. Do you think interpersonal skills are important? Why?

A human person can show different human

relations to his/her fellow human. He/she can
treat one as an object or as a subject.

https://en.clipdealer.com/vector/media/A:48706435

3
 What is It

Understanding Intersubjectivity

Imagining how you relate to your family and friends is a good way to think
about intersubjectivity. For instance, your mother enjoyed dancing Zumba every
morning and took you with her when she practiced, and you always had a good time.
Growing up, you decided to join the school Zumba Team. If your mother had not
danced Zumba with you growing up, you may not have grown to like the dance. Your
experience with Zumba can be called intersubjective because it was influenced by
another person, which is your mother.

To better understand intersubjectivity, we first need to define a subject and

an object.

Subject vs. Object

OBJECT
* what is being experienced
*factually true SUBJECT
*treating a person as *a personal experience of an action or
something event
*biased viewpoint
*treating a person as important as self

In an English dictionary, a subject means the person who is experiencing an

action or event while an object is what is being experienced by that person.

Philosophically speaking, an object is something metaphysical, real, and

existing independent in our perception of it. A subject, on the other hand, is
something which observes, usually a person or observer of the same kind.

When we say something is objective, we mean that it is factually true. When

we say that something is subjective, we mean that it is based on an opinion, or a
biased viewpoint, not on hard facts.

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 On the other hand, in a subjective relationship, a human person gives respect
to each other’s personhood as he/she sees himself/herself to that person. Whereas,
in an objective relationship there are situations in which a person treats another
person not as human who is supposedly valued but as an object to be benefitted and
sometimes disrespected.

Hence, intersubjectivity means a subjective interaction between two persons

or among more subjective minds where there is an involvement of opinion.
Interobjectivity on the other hand means an agreement on experiences and
observations without involving emotions and feelings.

Example:

Interobjective: When three persons see a train, they can all agree that it is a
train. The agreement is objective because it is based on empirical
evidence that they have all seen and observed the train.

Intersubjective: When three persons agree that the train looks elegant and
flashy, their agreement becomes intersubjective because
elegance and flashiness depend only on their ideas and opinions.

Guide Question:
What is the difference between treating a person objectively and
subjectively?

Mabaquiao Jr. (2017) offers two levels of explanation on the guide question.

1. Theoretical Level – considers how a person sees, perceives, understands, or

knows the other person concerning his/her concepts and categories.
a. Seeing another person as a Subject - sees someone as conscious and free
and treated as a person with equal respect.
b. Seeing another person as an Object – sees someone as something
unconscious and unfree and treated as a nonperson, benefitted without
respect.

2. Practical Level – considers how the person’s actions towards the other person
relate to his/her interests, desires, and preferences.
a. Treating Other Person as Means – one necessarily disregards the person’s
interests. The person is being used to satisfy one’s interests. For example,
if Juan steals the money of Pedro for Juan’s interest.
b. Treating Other Person as an End – one necessarily considers the person’s
interests by sacrificing his/her own. For example, Juan makes a sacrifice
by donating his blood to Pedro to satisfy Pedro’s need or interest.

It is important to know the difference between the two terms. Intersubjectivity

is a kind of relationship which considered a subject-to-subject or person-to-person
way of relating. Below are two (2) of the philosophical perspectives in understanding
the intersubjective relationship.

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The Phenomenology of Intersubjective Relationship
(Source: https://philonotes.com/index.php/intersubjectivity/)

1. Jurgen Habermas (Theory of Communicative Action)

Jurgen Habermas, a German
sociologist and philosopher, introduced a
path leading to mutual understanding
through his theory of communication. He
believed that speech acts (dialogues) were
predominant means by which
understanding is achieved. He formulated
four tests or validity claims
on comprehensibility, truth, truthfulness,
and rightness that must occur in
conversation to achieve mutual
understanding:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JuergenHabermas_crop2.jpg

Theory of Communicative
Action

Comprehensibility Truth Truthfulness Rightness

a) Comprehensibility where both speaker and hearer must use comprehensible

expressions in which they both understand; which pertains to the use of
ordinary or native language in which both speaker and hearer are familiar
with, and thus understanding will be achieved.

b) Truth where the speaker should use a true proposition so that the hearer can
share in the speaker’s knowledge; refers to how true the uttered statement
about objective facts. If a customer asks a waiter for a glass of water, the
request will surely be understood and it will be granted. But if a customer
asks for a “Kryptonite Salad” in which the restaurant does not serve…for
confusion and misunderstanding between the customer and waiter.

c) Truthfulness where the speaker must be truthful in his intention to elicit trust
from the hearer; it pertains to the genuine intention of the speaker which is
essential for the hearer’s gaining trust. And so when the request for
“Kryptonite Salad” is made and the waiter is familiar with the customer, as
their regular visitor, then the request could be received as a joke and in which

6
 case, usually, gives smile to the waiter or opens for a casual conversation
between the two. If the customer is a stranger and, worst, the request is given
with a serious face, the waiter, for sure, feels discomfort, confusion, and,
perhaps, even threatened by the customer’s behavior. These feelings become
now a hindrance to understanding and the beginning of rejection.

d) Rightness where both speaker and hearer must agree on the right utterance
with respect to a recognized normative background, which pertains to the
acceptable tone and pitch of voice and expressions. A low and gentle voice
makes us calm and relax and, in a certain situation, makes us recognize the
sincere words of the others.

Habermas’ four tests or validity claims are significant factors for authentic
dialogue to occur leading to a better relationship. His theory of communication
reminds us of the importance of authentic communication to end conflicts,
avoidance of misunderstanding, and establishment of intersubjective relationships.

It would be hard for us to understand the others or to recognize those people

with disabilities, the underprivileged, and the LGBT group unless we sit down and
talk to them with open ears and compassionate heart. Sincere dialogue builds
bridges by encouraging individuals’ collaborations in the creation of a commonly
shared world where everyone could live in harmony and unity while maintaining
his/her diversity. This lesson will further discuss on the next module.

2. Martin Buber (I-Thou Relationship)

Martin Buber (1878–1965), a Jewish philosopher,

became famous through his 1923 philosophical
writings entitled I and Thou (Ich und Du). The major
theme of the book is that authentic human existence
manifests in genuine dialogue with each other, with the
world, and even with God.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Buber_1963.jpg

I-Thou Relationship

“I–it” Mode “I–Thou” Mode

(experience) (encounter)

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 a. “I–it” Mode (experience)
A man collects data of the world, analyses, classifies and theorizes about them
through experience. Since everyone has different experiences, there is no real
relationship occurs for the “I” is acting more as an observer while its object, the “it”
is more of a receiver of the I’s interpretation.
The “it” is viewed as a thing to be utilized, a thing to be known, or put for some
purpose. Thus, there is a distance between the experiencing “I” and the experienced
“it” for the former acts as the subject and the latter as a passive object, a mere
recipient of the act (Buber, 1958:4). Since no relationship occurs in experience, the
“I” lacks authentic existence for it’s not socially growing or developing perhaps only
gaining knowledge about the object. So, for Buber, unless the “I” meets another “I”,
that is, another subject of experience, the relationship is never established. Only
when there is an I-I encounter can there be an experience.

b. “I–Thou” Mode (encounter)

Both the “I” and the ‘other’ enter into a genuine relationship as active
participants. In this relationship, human beings do not perceive each other as
consisting of specific, isolated qualities, but engage in a dialogue involving each
other’s whole being and, in which, the ‘other’ is transformed into a “Thou” or “You”
(Buber, 1958, p. 8). This treating the other as a “You” and not an “it” is, for Buber,
made possible by “Love” because in love, subjects do not perceive each other as
objects but subjects (Buber, 1958, pp. 15-16). Love, for Buber, should not be
understood as merely a mental or psychological state of the lovers but as a genuine
relation between the loving beings (Buber, 1958, p. 66).
Hence, for Buber, love is an I-Thou relation in which both subjects share a
sense of caring, respect, commitment, and responsibility. In this relationship,
therefore, all living beings meet each other as having a unity of being and engage in
a dialogue involving each other’s whole being.

By valuing the others, we also encourage or give them a reason to value us.
Authenticity, therefore, lies in reciprocal intersubjective relations wherein despite
our differences we recognize each other as humans. The others are not means, tools,
or instruments for the fulfillment of my whims but, rather, they are a companion in
life, a friend to rely on, a person worthy to live with. An authentic I-Thou mode of
human relationships is significantly essential more than ever.

For Habermas, we could not establish a genuine relationship with others unless
we assure that our communication would lead us to mutual respect and
understanding. On the other hand, Buber believes more that the presence of others
complements our existence helping us achieve an authentic living through a
relationship founded on love for others. Each theory has given us important insights
on how to start, maintain, and deepen our intersubjective relationship with others.

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Authentic Dialogue is Accepting Others Regardless of Individual
Differences

We have our own differences and may have labels toward one another. We
have our own unique way of living in this society with different appearances or points
of view. But despite our differences, we should not forget the holistic perspectives
towards everything. We are to be regarded in our totality because of our rationality
and the ability to redesign the negative labels to something new and exciting. With
the holistic points of view, we are making negative labels into positive ones that can
strengthen not just our relationships among our friends, but most especially to our
family.
No human relation is perfect. Being authentic and being genuine can be well
explained by individual habits and lifestyles. If we are authentic then we would be
caring and careful to explain or make a dialogue which better suits the individual
traits and bring the best of them and others as human.

Martin Heidegger says that humankind is a conversation. That conversation

is more than an idle talk but a dialogue. Language, as one of human possession,
creates the human world. A dialogue is a conversation that is attuned to each other
and to whatever they are talking about. Attunement describes how reactive a person
is to another's emotional needs and moods. A well-attuned person will respond with
appropriate language and behaviors based on another person's emotional state.
For Heidegger, all conversations are one conversation, the subject of which is Being
(maybe God, Tao, or YHWH). A conversation that Heidegger envisages, is creative,
poetic, and deep that allows humanity to exist as more than entities.
For Heidegger, a conversation attempts to articulate who and what we are, not
as particular individuals but as human beings. We are human beings who care about
more than information and gratification.

For Buber as mentioned earlier, a life of dialog is a mutual sharing of our inner
selves in the realm of the inter-human. Between two persons is a mutual awareness
of each other as persons; avoiding objectification. Being is presenting what one is, to
present to other one's real self. Personal making entails the affirmation of the other
one's real self. An authentic dialog entails a person-to-person, a mutual sharing of
selves, acceptance, and sincerity. (This is the I-thou relation.)

Heidegger and Buber talk about the same type of relation, that is, a dialogue
of human beings based on the mutual understanding of selves, acceptance, and
sincerity. Perhaps, the only way to peace is for every person to recognize the value of
“others” and establish an authentic relationship centered on unconditional love.

9
Processing Questions:

1. How do you think that the theories of Habermas, Buber, or Heidegger can
help in solving problems such as the meaningless killings done in the name
of religion, politics, drugs, or money? Or in addressing problems in a
pandemic?
2. How can we establish an authentic relationship among friends, families, and
other individuals?
3. How could we achieve and maintain a good and fulfilling relationship with
others who are different from us?

What’s More

Directions: Write anything on your freedom wall describing your feelings,

thoughts, observations, beliefs, etc. on:

a. your intersubjective relationship towards other people, and

b. your observation of the intersubjective relationship of other people
towards other people.

My Freedom Wall

My Intersubjective Relationship Towards Others

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 Other People’s Intersubjective Relationship
Towards Other

Processing Questions:

1. What is your unique intersubjective way that cannot be found among others?
2. What do you think is the importance of intersubjectivity among:
a. yourself,
b. friends and family members, and
c. community?

What I Have Learned

Some terms to remember:

1. Way of seeming - operated on the level of impression, hinders the I-thou

relationship.
2. Interhuman - refers to the life between and among persons, who are non-
interchangeable and non-objectifiable.
3. Intersubjectivity - refers to the condition of a human being a subject among
other human beings, who are also subjects.
4. Social - refers to the life of the group bound together with common reactions
and experiences.
5. Speechifying - refers to ones' talking past another it is hearing without
listening

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Directions: Answer the following activities and write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

In this lesson, I have learned the following:

1_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

But I am slightly confused about

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

I want to learn more on

__________________________________________________________________
____________

______________________________________________________
My Frayer Model of Intersubjectivity

What it is… What it is not…

INTERSUBJECTIVITY
Examples… Non-examples…

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 What I Can Do

Scribble and Speak Up!

Write a short description of your intersubjective relationship towards your

friends and family members and write examples in a way that will make the
reader/listener understands fully on your intersubjective ways. Then, be ready
to SPEAK UP in the class. This is maybe your opportunity of explaining yourself
and your intersubjective ways towards others.

Notes to the Teacher

Guide the learners to maintain or protect the individual’s privacy of

whoever dares to speak up.

Assessment

Directions: A. Match the word from box A to its concrete definition in box B.

B
a. operated on the level of
impression, hinders the I-thou
relationship
A b. refers to the life between and
among persons, who are non-
1. social interchangeable and non-
2. speechifying objectifiable
3. interhuman c. refers to the condition of a
human being a subject among
4. intersubjectivity
another human being, who are
5. way of seeming also subjects
d. refers to the life of the group
bound together with common
reactions and experiences
e. refers to ones' talking past
another it is hearing without
listening

13
Directions: B. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. He was a Jewish philosopher who became famous through his 1923
philosophical writings entitled I and Thou.
a. Martin Buber
b. Michael Bubble
c. Martin Heidegger
d. Jurgen Habermas
2. He was a German sociologist and philosopher who introduces a path
leading to mutual understanding through his theory of communication
a. Martin Buber
b. Michael Bubble
c. Martin Heidegger
d. Jurgen Habermas
3. He said that humankind is a conversation and is more than an idle talk but
a dialogue.
a. Martin Buber
b. Michael Bubble
c. Martin Heidegger
d. Jurgen Habermas
4. Below are the four tests or validity claims that must occur in conversation
to achieve mutual understanding, except:
a. Comprehensibility
b. Patience
c. Truthfulness,
d. Rightness
5. A relation according to Buber in which both subjects share a sense of
caring, respect, commitment, and responsibility.
a. I-it
b. I-Thou
c. I-Shall
d. I-am

Directions: C. Check the column TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it
is not.

Statement True False

1. An object is something metaphysical, real, and existing
independent in our perception of it while a subject is
something which observes, usually a person or observer
of the same kind.
2. Objective means factually true. Subjective is based on an
opinion, or a biased viewpoint, not on hard facts.
3. Authentic dialogue is accepting others regardless of
individual differences.
4. Perhaps, the only way to peace is for every person to
recognize the value of “others” and establish an authentic
relationship centered on unconditional love.
5. If we are authentic, then we would be caring and careful
to explain or make a dialogue which better suits the
individual traits and bring the best of them and others as
human.

14
 15
What I Have Learned
My Fayer Model of Intersubjectivity
What it is…
subjective interaction between two persons or among more subjective minds
where there is an involvement of opinion
What it is not…
it is factually true
Examples…
Agreeing the woman for being pretty and stunning.
Non-examples…
Selfless views.
What I Know Assessment
1st Choice – Leave your partner – A.
feel free to live your life without
him/her. 1. D
2. E
2nd Choice – Tolerate your partner 3. B
– live your life together with 4. C
him/her and suffer his/her 5. A
attitude.
B.
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. B
C.
1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. TRUE
Answer Key
 What’s In

Additional Activities

How Do You Feel?

Directions: In the HAPPY FACE column, express yourself about your positive
intersubjective ways; while on the SAD FACE column is about your
negative intersubjective ways. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.

16
References

Balansag, Buenafe, Amarante. 6.3 Explain the Authentic Dialog that Is Accepting
Others Regardless of Individual Differences. Sept. 15, 2019.
https://prezi.com/p/vpzc2ojx3nsm/63-explain-the-authentic-dialog-that-is-
accepting-others-regardless-of-individual-differences/

Benamati, Kelly. Why We Really Need Relationships in Life. 03/18/2016 10:53am

EDT | Updated March 19, 2017. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-we-
really-need-relati_b_9467896

Clip Dealer Royalty Free Media. Fashion Man Full Length Outlined Couple Template.
https://en.clipdealer.com/vector/media/A:48706435

Daarol, Karen. Quizlet.com. Chapter 6 INTERSUBJECTIVITY.

https://quizlet.com/228567849/chapter-6-intersubjectivity-flash-cards/

Dangcalan, Meriam. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon

City: ERC Publishing House, 2018

Mabaquiao Jr., Napoleon. Making Life Worth Living: Introduction to the Philosophy
of the Human Person, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, 2017

Modern Philosophy. Intersubjectivity: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person. https://philonotes.com/index.php/intersubjectivity/

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