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ST1009 - Week 1

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22 views26 pages

ST1009 - Week 1

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Anon son
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ST1009

EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS

Dr. K. A. D. Deshani
Department of statistics, University of Colombo
[email protected]

1
YOU WILL LEARN …..

 The importance of Statistics


 About different types of data
 To organize data numerically
 To organize data graphically
 To interpret summary statistics
2
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
 Statistics are all around us!
 Statements about rain
 Best buy of chocolates
 Most convenient path to travel…
… virtually in every aspect of our lives. Professional and personal.
 Statistics is a science of;
 collecting
 organizing 3

 analyzing & interpreting data.


WHY DO WE NEED STATISTICS?

 Describe the situation as found during the study


 Compare the study results with other studies
 Study the relationships between the variables
 Study trends and changes over time
4
SOME EXAMPLES…

 In agriculture we may want to find out what factors


affect the paddy yield

 In medicine, we may have to compare a new drug with a


standard drug to examine whether it is more effective in
reducing the blood pressure

5
EXAMPLES CTD….

 In marketing, suppose a company is introducing a new


type of a product, then it would be desirable to know
what the approximate demand for that product would be

 In computer science, computer systems and networks are


subject to failure and hence some methods are needed to
evaluate their reliability and availability.
6
SOME TERMS TO REMEMBER

 The population is the complete collection of individuals


or objects that are of interest to the study

Eg: If we are interested in studying the problems of


Colombo University students, our population is “all the
students of the Colombo University.”

7
SOME TERMS TO REMEMBER

 Sample is a subset of the population. Large populations


are difficult to study, and therefore, very often
information is obtained from a sample of the population

8
SOME TERMS TO REMEMBER

 Data is a collection of some information about some


individuals (Individuals are not only humans but may be
objects!)

 A variable is some characteristic about some individual

 An observation is a value that a variable assumes for a


single element of a population or sample.
9
EXAMPLE….

 Number of defective items in 50 batches of an electronic


components produced in a factory.
3 4 7 1 1 1 4 3 6 2
4 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 15 2
• What do these numbers mean to you?
1 2 1 3 5 2 1 4 2 4 • Are there any interesting feature/s you need to know?
1 3 2 5 3 2 7 2 5 8
1 3 5 1 4 1 1 1 5 2 10
EXAMPLE….

 It is difficult to look at each number in turn and draw


conclusions.

 We need to organize and summarize data

 We can use numerical and graphical methods to


summarize data. 11
IN ORDER TO ORGANIZE AND ANALYZE DATA, WE
MAY USE

 Descriptive methods
 Procedures used to summarize information about samples in
a convenient and understandable form without making any
conclusions about the data.

 Inferential methods
(A mixture of the two would be ideal in most situations) 12
EXAMPLE

 Marks of student A – 63, 41, 55


 Marks of student B – 60, 58, 59

On the basis of this information, we can report that student A


had an average of 53, and student B had an average of 59.

Here we have described the two data sets.


-That is descriptive statistics
13
VARIABLES CAN BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO
TWO;

1. Quantitative (numerical) variable


is a variable whose values are numerical in nature.
 Weight of a person
 Exam marks
 Income

14
VARIABLES CAN BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO
TWO;

2. Qualitative Variable
is a variable having categories or classifications that are not
numerical in nature.
 Gender (Male, Female) - dichotomous
 Social class of a person (High, Med., Low) -multinomial

15
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES CAN BE FURTHER SUB
DIVIDED INTO DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS….

 Discrete variable is a variable that can take only countable


or finite values.
Eg : 1. Number of customers arriving at a supermarket.
2. Number of children in a family.

16
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES CAN BE FURTHER SUB
DIVIDED INTO DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS….

 Continuous variable is a variable that can take


uncountable number of values or any real values.
Eg : 1. Amount of rainfall.
2.Time taken to complete a computer job.

17
Discrete data -- Gaps between possible values

Continuous data -- Theoretically,


no gaps between possible values

18
SUMMARY

Types of data

Quantitative Qualitative
(Numerical) (Categorical)

Discrete Continuous Discrete

19
EXAMPLES

 There are many situations where a continuous


quantitative variable is divided into arbitrary categories
and treated as a qualitative variable.
 Age considered as age categories
 Monthly salary is often considered as a qualitative variable by
grouping them into classes.
20
SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS

 Scales of measurements become important when it comes


to deciding what statistical methods can be used with the
data. There are four types:
 Nominal
 Ordinal
 Interval
 Ratio 21
NOMINAL SCALE

 A qualitative grouping
 A question could be “what different types of dogs you
have?”
 The answer would be the types and we could give
counts for each type.
 We may also talk about the mode ( the type that gives
the highest count ) with this measurement type.
22
ORDINAL SCALE

 There is ‘order’ in the measurement values.


 Class rank is a typical example.
 Student A with rank 1 had performed better at the
examination than student B with rank 2.
 We do not know how better student A is than student B.
 Mode and median can be used to describe this
measurement. 23
INTERVAL SCALE

 Preserves the order and tells you how far apart each
observation is.
 30 degrees F is 10 degrees warmer than 20 degrees F
and 80 degree F is 5 degrees cooler than 85 degrees F.
 No absolute zero in Fahrenheit scale.
24
RATIO SCALE

 Preserves the one unit difference across the scale to be the


same.
 There is a zero point
 4 units in a ratio scale is twice as high as 2 units.
 30 degrees C is twice as hot as 15 degrees C as C (Kelvin) has
a zero point.
 F does not have a zero point.
25
SUMMARY

• Statistics
• Applications
• Basic terms
• Types of variables

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