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Lecture 5

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Lecture 5

Uploaded by

Md.Shariful Alam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Analytic functions

Lecture 5 Analytic functions


Analytic functions

Definition: A function f is called analytic at a point z0 ∈ C if there exist


r > 0 such that f is differentiable at every point z ∈ B(z0 , r ).
A function is called analytic in an open set U ⊆ C if it is analytic at each
point U.
An entire is a function which is analytic on the whole complex plane C.
For n ∈ N and complex numbers a0 , . . . , an the polynomial
n
X
f (z) = ak z k entire.
k=0
1
The function f (z) = is analytic for all z 6= 0 (hence not entire).
z
Analyticity =⇒ Differentiability, where as
6
Differentiability =⇒ Analyticity.
Example: The function f (z) = |z|2 is differentiable only at z = 0
however it is not analytic at any point.

Lecture 5 Analytic functions


Analytic functions

Let f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) be defined on an open set D ⊆ C.


f is analytic on D =⇒ f satisfies CR Equation on D.
f satisfies CR Equation on D and u, v has continuous first order partial
derivatives on D =⇒ f is differentiable on D =⇒ f is analytic on D
Suppose f , g are analytic in an open set D. Then
f
f ± g , fg , (g 6= 0), αf (α ∈ C) are analytic on D.
g
Composition of analytic functions is analytic.
Let f is analytic in a domain D. If the real part or imaginary part or
argument or modulus of f is constant then f is constant in D.

Lecture 5 Analytic functions


Harmonic Functions
Harmonic functions: A real valued function φ(x, y ) is said to be
harmonic in a domain D if
1 all the partial derivatives up to second order exists and
continuous on D
2 φ satisfies the Laplace equation φxx (x, y ) + φyy (x, y ) = 0 at
each point of D.

Theorem: If f (z) = u(x, y ) + i v (x, y ) is analytic in a domain D, then


the functions u(x, y ) and v (x, y ) are harmonic in D.
Proof: Since f is analytic in D, f satisfies the CR equations ux = vy and
uy = −vx in D.
Now, it gives that uxx = vyx and uyy = −vxy . Consequently,
uxx + uyy = vyx − vxy = 0. Therefore, u is harmonic in D. Similarly, one
can show that v is harmonic in D.

Note: We have used the fact that all the second order partial derivatives
(uxx , uxy , uyy , vxx , vxy , vyy ) exists which will follow from the fact that ”if f is
analytic at a point then its derivatives of all orders exists at that point”.(Prove
Later!)
Lecture 5 Analytic functions
Harmonic Conjugate

Let D be a domain and u : D → R is harmonic. Does there exists a harmonic


function v : D → R such that f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) is analytic in D? If
such harmonic function v : D → R exists then v is called the harmonic
conjugate of u.
The function v (x, y ) = 2xy is a harmonic conjugate of u(x, y ) = x 2 − y 2
in C. The function f (z) = z 2 = (x 2 − y 2 ) + i (2xy ) is analytic in C.
Does harmonic conjugate v always exist for a given harmonic function u
in a domain D? Answer: ‘No’.
1
The function u(x, y ) = log(x 2 + y 2 ) 2 is harmonic on G = C \ {0} and it
has no harmonic conjugate on G .
Question: Under what condition harmonic conjugate v exists for a given
harmonic function u in a domain D?
Theorem: Let G be either the whole plane C or some open disk. If
u : G → R is a harmonic function then u has a harmonic conjugate in G .

Lecture 5 Analytic functions


Harmonic Conjugate

Construction of a harmonic conjugate Let u(x, y ) = x 2 − y 2 . We have


to find the harmonic conjugate of u.
Step 1: Check that u is harmonic: clearly uxx + uyy = 2 − 2 = 0.
Step 2: Calculate ux and uy : ux (x, y ) = 2x and uy (x, y ) = −2y . Since
the conjugate harmonic function v satisfied CR equations we have
Z
ux (x, y ) = vy (x, y ) = 2x =⇒ v (x, y ) = ux (x, y ) dy +φ(x) = 2xy +φ(x).

Consider

vx (x, y ) = 2y + φ0 (x) = −uy (x, y ) = 2y =⇒ φ0 (x) = 0.

So v (x, y ) = 2xy + c, where c is a constant.

So f (x, y ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) = x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy + ic = z 2 + ic is analytic.

Lecture 5 Analytic functions


Harmonic conjugate

Given a harmonic function u. Suppose the harmonic conjugate of u


exists. Is it unique?
Ans:Yes, it is unique up to an additive constant.
Proof. Let v1 and v2 be two harmonic conjugates of u. Then f1 = u + iv1
and f2 = u + iv2 are analytic. Then f1 − f2 = i(v1 − v2 ) is analytic. So
v1 = C + v2 .
A function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) is analytic if and only if v is the
harmonic conjugate of u.

Lecture 5 Analytic functions

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