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Tutorial 07_Solutions _ July 2023

1. Complete the following statement: The term heat most accurately describes
A) the internal energy of an object.
B) a measure of how hot an object is.
C) the flow of energy due to a temperature difference
D) the absolute temperature of an object.
E) the molecular motion inside of an object.

2. When the temperature of a metallic rod made of steel is increased, its length…
A) Stays the same.
B) Decreases.
C) Doubled.
D) Increases.

3. Three thermometers are in the same water bath. After thermal equilibrium is established, it is
found that the Celsius thermometer reads 100 °C, the Fahrenheit thermometer reads 212 °F, and
the Kelvin thermometer reads 273 K. Which one of the following statements is the most
reasonable conclusion?
A) The Kelvin thermometer is incorrect.
B) The Celsius thermometer is incorrect.
C) The Fahrenheit thermometer is incorrect.
D) All three thermometers are incorrect.
E) The three thermometers are at different temperatures.

4. The specific heat capacity of iron is approximately half that of aluminum. Two balls of equal mass,
one made of iron and the other of aluminum, both at 80 °C, are dropped into a thermally insulated
jar that contains an equal mass of water at 20 °C. Thermal equilibrium is eventually reached. Which
one of the following statements concerning the final temperatures is true?
(A) Both balls will reach the same final temperature.
(B) The iron ball will reach a higher final temperature than the aluminum ball.
(C) The aluminum ball will reach a higher final temperature than the iron ball.
(D) The difference in the final temperatures of the balls depends on the initial mass of the water.
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(E) The difference in the final temperatures of the balls depends on the initial temperature of the
water.

5. The boiling point of water is

(A) 32 oF
(B) 373 K.
(C) 60 oC
(D) 90 oR

6. When you touch a cold piece of ice with your finger, energy flows
(A) from the ice to your finger.
(B) from your finger to the ice.
(C) both ways.
(D) None of the above.

7. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 Kg of a substance by one Celsius is
(A) Thermal capacity

(B) Specific heat capacity

(C) Latent heat

(D) None of the above

8. The process of changing a substance from solid to liquid state is

(A) Freezing

(B) Sublimation

(C) Melting

(D) Evaporation

9. This matter has a fixed shape and volume with particles closely packed together with little
movement. It is a:
(A) liquid
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(B) solid
(C) gas
(D) plasma

10. System A is in equilibrium with system C; System B is in equilibrium with system C; System A is in
equilibrium with system B according to which law of thermodynamics?

(A) The first law of thermodynamics.

(B) The universal law of thermodynamics
(C) The second law of thermodynamics
(D) The third law of thermodynamics
(E) The zeroth law of thermodynamics

11. Which of the following application is reliable for practical application of thermal expansion?

(A) A small gap is left between the iron rails of railways is based on Thermal Expansion
(B) A sharp knife cut better that a blunt one.
(C) Small mercury droplets are spherical and larger one tends to be flattened
(D) None of the above

12. Is it valid to say that a hot object contains more heat than a cold object?

(A) Yes, heat is defined a quantity that one object has more of than another.

(B) No, heat is defined as the energy transferred between objects of the same temperatures.

(C) Yes, heat is not a quantity that one object has more of than another, but it is the energy that
is transferred between objects of different temperatures.

(D) No, heat is not a quantity that one object has more of than another, but it is the energy that
is transferred between objects of different temperatures.
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13. The coldest recorded temperatures on Earth have been on the East Antarctic Plateau, where
temperatures can dip to -133.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Find this temperature in (a) Celsius and (b)
Kelvin.
Solution:
 1 C° 
(a) 165.6 F° = (165.6 F° )   = 86.44 C° = −92.00 °C
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 F° 
5 
(b) To convert from Celsius to Kelvin, we simply add 273.15

-92.00 °C = ( −92.00 + 273.15 ) K =

181.2 K

14. Calculate the amount of energy needed to change 39 kg of boiling water in an urn into steam.
Solution:
Latent Heat of Vaporation (Lv) of water = 22.6 x105 J/Kg
Q = mLv = (39 kg)(22.6 x105 J/Kg) = 8.8 x 107 J

15. There is one temperature at which the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales have the same reading.
Find the temperature.
Solution:
5
=TC   (TF − 32.0 )
9
TC = Tf =T

5
=TC   (TF − 32.0 )
9
5 160
=T T−
9 9
4 160
T= −
9 9
160
T=
− −40
=
4

16. The coefficient of linear expansion of steel is 12 x 10-6/C°. A railroad track is made of individual
rails of steel 2.0 km in length. By what length would these rails change between a cold day when
the temperature is –5 °C and a hot day at 28 °C?
Solution:
ΔL = LoαΔT = (2000m)(12 x10-6/oC)(28 oC + 5 oC) = 0.79 m
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17. To help prevent frost damage, fruit growers sometimes protect their crop by spraying it
with water when overnight temperatures are expected to go below freezing. When the water
turns to ice during the night, heat is released into the plants, thereby giving a measure of
protection against the cold. Suppose a grower sprays 8.8 kg of water at 0 °C onto a fruit tree.
(a) How much heat is released by the water when it freezes?
Solution:
When water changes from the liquid to the ice phase at 0 °C, the amount of heat released is
given by Q = mLf

The Latent Heat of Fusion (Lf) for water is 33.5 × 104 J/kg.

Q = mLf = (8.8 kg)(33.5 x104 J/Kg) = 2.9 x 106 J

(b) How much would the temperature of a 180-kg tree rise if it absorbed the heat released in

part (a)? Assume that the specific heat capacity of the tree is 2.5 × 103 J/(kg · C°) and that
no phase change occurs within the tree itself.
Solution:
When heat Q is supplied to the tree, its temperature changes by an amount ΔT. The relation
Q c m ∆T . Solving this equation for the change in
between Q and ΔT is given by Equation =
temperature, we have
Q 2.9 × 106 J
∆T= = = 6.4 C°
c m  2.5 ×103 J/ ( kg ⋅ C° )  (180 kg )

18. The brass bar and the aluminum bar in the drawing are each attached to an immovable wall.
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At 28 °C the air gap between the rods is 1.3 × 10 m. At what temperature will the gap be
closed?

Solution:
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Thermal linear expansion: ΔL = αΔL0ΔT.

For the expansion of the aluminum: ΔLA = αALAΔT (1)

For the expansion of the brass: ΔLB = αBLBΔT (2)
The air gap will be closed when ∆LA + ∆LB= 1.3 × 10−3 m . Thus, taking the coefficients of
thermal expansion for aluminum and brass, adding Equations (1) and (2), and solving for ΔT, we
find that

∆LA + ∆LB 1.3 × 10−3 m

∆T= = = 21 C°
α A LA + α B LB  23 × 10−6 ( C° )−1  (1.0 m ) + 19 × 10−6 ( C° )−1  ( 2.0 m )
   
The desired temperature is then

T = 28 °C + 21 C° = 49 °C

19. The latent heat of vaporization of H2O at body temperature (37.0 °C) is 2.42 × 106 J/kg. To
cool the body of a 75-kg jogger [average specific heat capacity = 3500 J/(kg · C°)] by 1.5 C°, how
many kilograms of water in the form of sweat have to be evaporated?
Solution:
The heat required to evaporate the water is Q = mLv, and to lower the temperature of the jogger

we have Q = mjcΔT. Equating these two expressions and solving for the mass m of the water, we

have
m jc ∆T
m=
Lv

( 75 kg ) [3500 J/(kg ⋅ C°)] (1.5 C° )

m = 0.16 kg
2.42 ×106 J/kg

20. A copper kettle contains water at 24 °C. When the water is heated to its boiling point of 100.0 °C,
the volume of the kettle expands by 1.2 × 10−5 m3. Determine the volume of the kettle at 24 °C.
Solution:
The volume V0 of an object change by an amount ∆V when its temperature changes by an amount
∆T ; the mathematical relationship is given by Equation:
∆V= β V0 ∆T

Solving the Equation for V0 , we have:

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∆V 1.2 ×10 –5 m3
V0
= = = 2.8 ×10 –3 m3
β ∆T [51×10 –6 (C°) –1 ](100 °C –15 °C)

21. A thin spherical shell of silver has an inner radius of 2.0 × 10−2 m when the temperature is 18 °C.
The shell is heated to 147 °C. Find the change in the interior volume of the shell.
Solution:
The change ∆V in the interior volume of the shell is given by Equation ∆V = βV0∆T, where β is the
coefficient of volume expansion, V0 is the initial volume, and ∆T is the increase in temperature.
the initial spherical volume of the interior space is V0 = 43 π r 3 , so that we have

∆V= βV0 ∆T= β ( 43 π r 3 ) ∆T

( )
−1 3
= 57 ×10−6 ( C° )  43 π 3.2 ×10−2 m (147 °C − 18 °C )= 1.0 ×10−6 m3
 

22. The Eiffel Tower is a steel structure whose height increases by 19.4 cm when the temperature
changes from −9 to +41 °C. What is the approximate height (in meters) at the lower
temperature?

Solution:
The height L0 of the Eiffel Tower at the lower temperature can be determined from
∆L / (α ∆T ) , where ∆L is the increase in the height, α is the coefficient of linear expansion
L0 =

for steel, and ∆T is the change in temperature.

The height of the Eiffel Tower at the lower temperature is

∆L 19.4 × 10−2 m
L0
= = = 3.2 × 102 m
α ∆T 1.2 × 10−5 ( C° )−1   42 °C − ( −9 °C ) 
  

23. How much heat is needed to change 3.00 kg of ice at −20.0 oC into 100.0 oC water? Specific
heat capacity of water = 4186 J/kg.oC, specific heat capacity of ice = 2.00 x 103 J/kg.oC, latent
heat of vaporization of water = 22.6 x 105 J/kg, and latent heat of fusion of water = 33.5 x104
J/kg.

The total heat needed to change ice into steam breaks into three parts:
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Q1 is the heat required to change its temperature from −20oC to 0oC.

Q2 is the heat needed to melt the ice or phase change.

Q3 is the heat required to increase the temperature from 0oC to 100oC and Q4 is the eat needed
to vaporize the water. Now, we calculate each part as follows:

In the part one, there is a change in temperature so we have

Q1= mcice ΔT = (3.00)(2.00x103)(0−(−20)) = 120000 J

In the next level, there is a phase change (solid to liquid) so we have

Q2 =mLf = (3.00)(33.5 x104)= 1005000 J

In the final level, the temperature changes so

Q3=mcwaterΔT = (3.00)(4186)(100−0)= 1255800 J

By adding the above heats together, the total heat required is found

QTotal =Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 120000 J + 1005000 J + 1255800 J = 2380800 J