Python Programming

(Booleans, Operators)

Hyuntae Cho
Dept. of Digital Content
Tongmyong University
Booleans
• Booleans represent one of two values: True or False.

• In programming you often need to know if an expression is True or

False.
• You can evaluate any expression in Python, and get one of two
answers, True or False.
• When you compare two values, the expression is evaluated and
Python returns the Boolean answer:

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Booleans
• When you run a condition in an if statement, Python returns True or
False:
• Example:
– Print a message based on whether the condition is True or False:

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Evaluate Values and Variables
• The bool() function allows you to evaluate any value, and give you
True or False in return,
• Example:
– Evaluate a string and a number:

• Example:
– Evaluate two variables:

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Most Values are True
• Almost any value is evaluated to True if it has some sort of content.

• Any string is True, except empty strings.

• Any number is True, except 0.

• Any list, tuple, set, and dictionary are True, except empty ones.

• Example:
– Following will return True.

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Some Values are False
• In fact, there are not many values that evaluate to False, except
empty values, such as (), [], {}, "", the number 0, and the value None.
• And of course the value False evaluates to False.

• Example:
– Following will return False:

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Some Values are False
• One more value, or object in this case, evaluates to False, and that is
if you have an object that is made from a class with a __len__
function that returns 0 or False:

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Functions can Return a Boolean
• You can create functions that returns a Boolean Value:

• Example:
– Print the answer of a function:

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Functions can Return a Boolean
• You can execute code based on the Boolean answer of a function:

• Example:
– Print "YES!" if the function returns True, otherwise print "NO!":

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Functions can Return a Boolean
• Python also has many built-in functions that return a boolean value,
like the isinstance() function, which can be used to determine if an
object is of a certain data type:

• Example:
– Check if an object is an integer or not:

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 Python Programming
(Operators)

Hyuntae Cho
Dept. of Digital Content
Tongmyong University
Operators
• Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

• In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two

values:

• Python divides the operators in the following groups:

– Arithmetic operators
– Assignment operators
– Comparison operators
– Logical operators
– Identity operators
– Membership operators
– Bitwise operators

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Arithmetic Operators
• Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform
common mathematical operations:

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Assignment Operators
• Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

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Comparison Operators
• Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

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Logical Operators
• Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:

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 Identity Operators
• Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are
equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same
memory location:

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Membership Operators
• Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in
an object:

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 Bitwise Operators
• Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:

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Operator Precedence
• Operator precedence describes the order in which operations are
performed.

• Example:
– Parentheses has the highest precedence, meaning that expressions inside
parentheses must be evaluated first:

• Example:
– Multiplication * has higher precedence than addition +, and therefor
multiplications are evaluated before additions:

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Operator Precedence
• The precedence order is described in the table below, starting with
the highest precedence at the top:

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 Python Programming
(Arithmetic Operators)

Hyuntae Cho
Dept. of Digital Content
Tongmyong University
Arithmetic Operators
• Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform
common mathematical operations:

We had already dealt with these

ones in the calculator chapter.

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 Python Programming
(Assignment Operators)

Hyuntae Cho
Dept. of Digital Content
Tongmyong University
Assignment Operators
• Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

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Assignment Operators
• assignment

• Addition + assignment

• Subtraction + assignment

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Assignment Operators
• Multiplication + assignment

→ 15

• Division + assignment

→ 1.6666667

• Modulus (%) + assignment

→2

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Assignment Operators
• Floor division + assignment

→1

• Exponentiation + assignment

→ 125

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 Python Programming
(Comparison Operators)

Hyuntae Cho
Dept. of Digital Content
Tongmyong University
Comparison Operators
• Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

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Equal
• 1. Equal
– Return Ture if both are equal
– Otherwise return False

• 2. not equal
– Return Ture if both are not equal
– Otherwise return False

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Greater than / less than
• 1. Greater than
– Return Ture if the first one is greater than the second
– Otherwise return False

• 1. Less than
– Return Ture if the first one is less than the second
– Otherwise return False

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Greater than or equal to
• 1. Greater than or equal to
– Return Ture if the first one is greater than or equal to the second one.
– Otherwise return False

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Less than or equal to
• 1. Less than or equal to
– Return Ture if the first one is less than or equal to the second one.
– Otherwise return False

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 Python Programming
(Logical Operators)

Hyuntae Cho
Dept. of Digital Content
Tongmyong University
Logical Operators
• Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:

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and
• Returns True if both statements are true
• Example:
– x < 5 and x < 10 → True

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or
• Returns True if both statements are true
• Example:
– x < 5 or x < 4 → True

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not
• Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true
• Example:
– not(x < 5 and x < 10) → False

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 Python Programming
(Identity Operators)

Hyuntae Cho
Dept. of Digital Content
Tongmyong University
 Identity Operators
• Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are
equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same
memory location:

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is
• Returns True if both variables are the same object
• Example:
– x is y

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Is not
• Returns True if both variables are not the same object
• Example:
– x is not y

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 Python Programming
(Membership Operators)

Hyuntae Cho
Dept. of Digital Content
Tongmyong University
Membership Operators
• Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in
an object:

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in
• Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the
object
• Example:
– x in y

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Not in
• Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in
the object
• Example:
– x not in y

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Conclusion

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