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DBMS MySQL Chapter7

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DBMS MySQL Chapter7

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Database Programming

CS2008 Database Systems

CS2011 Database Systems Practice

Prof. Sivaselvan B
Professor, Dept. of CSE

IIITDM Kancheepuram

January, 2024

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Contents

1 Database Programming

2 Function Calls

3 Database Programming with Function Calls

4 Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM

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Database Programming

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Database Programming

Approaches to database programming

Embedding database commands in a general purpose programming

language where Database statements identified by a special prefix
Precompiler or preprocessor scans the source program code, Identify
database statements and extract them for processing by the DBMS
called embedded SQL.
Using a library of database functions available to the host
programming language - Application programming interface (API).
Designing a brand-new language - Database programming language
designed from scratch.

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Database Programming

Impedance Mismatch

Differences between database model and programming language model

Binding for each host programming language
Specifies for each attribute type the compatible programming language
types
Cursor or iterator variable
Loop over the tuples in a query result

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Database Programming

Interaction in Database Programming

Open a connection to database server.

Interact with database by submitting queries, updates, and other
database commands.
Terminate or close connection to database
Some database programming languages are: Embedded SQL (C
Language), SQLJ (Java). Programming Languages are called host
languages.

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Function Calls

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Function Calls

Retrieving Single Tuples with Embedded SQL

EXEC SQL
Prefix
Preprocessor separates embedded SQL statements from host language
code
Terminated by a matching END-EXEC or by a semicolon (;)
Shared Variables
Used in both the C program and the embedded SQL statements
Prefixed by a colon (:) in SQL statement

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Function Calls

Retrieving Single Tuples with Embedded SQL

SQLCODE and SQLSTATE communication variables

Used by DBMS to communicate exception or error conditions
SQLCODE 0 = statement executed successfully
SQLCODE 100 = no more data available in query result
SQLCODE < 0 = indicates some error has occurred
SQLSTATE is a string of five characters, ‘00000’ = no error or
exception. Other values indicate various errors or exceptions.
For example, ‘02000’ indicates ‘no more data’ when using SQLSTATE.

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Function Calls

Variables used in Embedded SQL

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Function Calls

Retrieving Single Tuples with Embedded SQL

Connecting to the database

CONNECT TO <server name> AS <connection name>
AUTHORIZATION <user account name and password> ;
Change connection
SET CONNECTION <connection name> ;
Terminate connection
DISCONNECT <connection name> ;

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Function Calls

C Program segment E1 with Embedded SQL

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Function Calls

Retrieving Multiple Tuples with Embedded SQL Using

Cursors

Cursor - Points to a single tuple (row) from result of query.

OPEN CURSOR
Fetches query result and sets cursor to a position before first row in
result
Becomes current row for cursor
FETCH - Moves cursor to next row in result of query
FOR UPDATE OF - List the names of any attributes that will be
updated by the program
Fetch orientation - Added using value: NEXT, PRIOR, FIRST,
LAST, ABSOLUTE i, and RELATIVE i

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Function Calls

C Program Segment E2 that uses cursors with Embedded

SQL

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Function Calls

Specifying Queries at Runtime Using Dynamic SQL

Dynamic SQL - Execute different SQL queries or updates dynamically

at runtime.
Dynamic update
Dynamic query

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Function Calls

C Program Segment E3 that uses dynamic SQL for

updating a table

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Database Programming with Function Calls

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Database Programming with Function Calls

Dynamic approach for database programming

Library of functions - Also known as application programming
interface (API)
Used to access database
SQL Call Level Interface (SQL/CLI) - Part of SQL standard

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Database Programming with Function Calls

SQL/CLI: Using C as the Host Language

Environment record
Track one or more database connections
Set environment information
Connection record - Keeps track of information needed for a
particular database connection
Statement record - Keeps track of the information needed for one
SQL statement
Description record - Keeps track of information about tuples or
parameters
Handle to the record - C pointer variable makes record accessible to
program

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Database Programming with Function Calls

Program segment CLI1, a C program segment with

SQL/CLI

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Database Programming with Function Calls