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OOS 2023 24 GR10 Light Notes 3

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22 views7 pages

OOS 2023 24 GR10 Light Notes 3

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devsooryajiju
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Grade X Light – Reflection and Refraction- Notes#3 Physics

LAWS OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT:

• According to the first law of refraction of light : The incident ray, the
refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same
plane.
• The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a
constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. This
law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then

This constant value is called the refractive index.


The refractive index is a ratio of two similar quantities (the sines of angles), it has
no units. It is a pure number.
The refractive index of a medium gives an indication of the light-bending ability of
that medium.

Relationship between the refractive index and the speed of light in a medium

Consider a ray of light, travelling from air (medium 1) into glass (medium 2). 𝑣1
be the speed of light in air, and 𝑣2 be the speed of light in glass.
𝑣
The refractive index of glass with respect to air is given by, 𝑛21 = 1
𝑣2
𝑣2
The refractive index of air with respect to glass is given by 𝑛12 =
𝑣1

ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX


▪ If the incident ray is travelling through vacuum or air, and is then refracted
sin i
in a medium, then the ratio is called the absolute refractive index of the
sin 𝑟
medium (𝑛𝑚 )
▪ Refractive index (also called absolute refractive index) of a medium is also
defined as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum or air and the speed of light
in that medium.
𝑛𝑚 = 𝑐𝑣̅

Refractive index and optical nature/speed of light in a medium .


▪ Higher the refractive index- optically denser medium- speed of light is less
▪ Lower refractive index- optically rarer medium- speed of light is more
Extra points:
• The refractive index depends on the nature of the material of the medium
and on the wavelength (or colour) of the light used.
• If any two media are optically exactly the same, then no bending occurs
when light passes from one medium to another.
• The refractive index for light going from medium 1 to medium 2 is equal to
the reciprocal of the refractive index for light going from medium 2 to
medium 1.

Refraction by spherical lenses:-


Lens: - A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which one or both
surfaces are spherical forms a lens.
Double convex lens or convex lens: - A lens which has two spherical surfaces
bulging outwards is called a convex lens it is called a converging lens.
Double concave lens or concave lens: - A lens which is bounded by two
spherical surfaces curved inwards is called a concave lens it is called a diverging
lens
Draw diagrams to show (a) the converging action of a convex lens and (b) the
diverging action of a concave lens. (Page No:176 Fig 10.12)
Define the following terms for a lens:-
(a) Center of curvatures: - A lens has two spherical surfaces each of these
surfaces forms a part of a sphere. The center of the sphere is called center of
curvature of the lens (represented as C1 & C2)
(b) Principal axis: - An imaginary straight line passing through the two
centers of curvature of a lens is called the principal axis.
(c) Optical center :- The center point of the lens is optical center (represented
by the letter ‘O’ )

Note: - A ray of light through the optical center of a lens passes without
suffering any deviation.
(d) Aperture: - The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens
is called its aperture.
Explain principal focus of a convex lens: - When a no of rays of light parallel
to the principal axis fall in a convex lens after refraction they all converge to a
point on the principal axis. This point is called the principal focus of the convex
lens (fig. 10.12a) (page no: 176)
Explain principal focus of a concave lens: - When a no of rays of light parallel
to the principal axis fall in a concave lens, after refraction, they appear to diverge
from a point on the principal axis. This point is called the principal focus of the
concave lens. (fig 10.12b) page no: 176)
A lens has two principal focus represented as F1 and F2.
Focus Length: - The distance of the principal focus from the optical center of a
lens is called its focus length.
Image formation in lenses using ray diagrams.
Rules for drawing ray diagrams:-
Convex Lens

1. A ray of light from the object parallel to the principal axis after
refraction from a convex lens passes through the principal focus on the
other side of the lens .Page no:179 Fig10.13 (a)
2. A ray of light passing through a principal focus, after refraction from a
convex lens, will emerge parallel to the principal axis. Page no:180 fig
10.14 (a)

3. A ray of light passing through the optical center of a lens will emerge
without any deviation.
Page no: 180 fig 10.15 (a)

Concave Lens

1. A ray of light from the object, parallel to the principal axis and falling on a
concave lens, appears to diverge from the principal focus located on the
same side of the lens. Page no:179 Fig10.13 (b)
2. A ray of the light appearing to meet at the principal focus of a concave lens,
after refractions will emerge parallel to the principal axis. Page no: 180 fig
10.14 (b)

3. A ray of light passing through the optical center of a lens will emerge
without any deviation. Page no: 180 fig 10.15 (b)

Ray diagrams for the image formation in a convex lens and concave lens. (Refer
text book, page No. 180 & 181)

Image formation by lenses. :-


Nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a convex lens for various
position of the object. (Refer text book table 10.4, page no. 178)
Nature position and relative size of the image formed by a concave lens for various
position of the object. (Refer table 10.5, page no. 179)
Sign convention for spherical lenses:-
Similar to one used for spherical mirrors. All the measure are taken from the
optical center of the lens.
The focal length of a convex lens is positive. The focal length of a concave lens is
negative.
Lens formula and magnification
The lens formula is,
1/v – 1/u = 1/f
u = object distance
v = Image distance
f = Focal length
Magnifications:-
Define magnification produced by a lens:-
The magnification produced by a lens is defined as the ratio of the height of the
image to the height of the object.

m = height of the image = hI


height of the object h

m=hI = v
h u
Power of a lens:-
Power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length in meters.
P = 1/f (in m)
The SI unit of power of a lens is ‘dioptre’. It is denoted by the letter D.
‘1’ dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 meter.
Power of a convex lens is positive
Power of a concave lens is negative.
Q. An optician prescribed a lens of power equal to +2.0 D. What does it mean?
This means the lens prescribed is convex. The focal length of the lens is
0.50 m.

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