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Py PR

Front page of project

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Arpit Kumar Gupta
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53 views17 pages

Py PR

Front page of project

Uploaded by

Arpit Kumar Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDEX

 AIM OF EXPERIMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 APPARTUS REQUIRED
 PRINCIPLE
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATION
 PRECAUTION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM OF EXPERIMENT

To construct an automatic light lamp


using a transistor and LDR
INTRODUCTON

In some cities and villages, sometimes street lights


glow in day time without any reason. In mining
regions people face many difficulties due to
absence of light in the nights. In frontier and hilly
areas, people face many problems due to
damaged street lights. For solving these problems,
we create a device in which the lights glow in
night and in day time, they get switched off
automatically and don't glow. Due to use of it, we
can solve above problems and can also save
electricity.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

 A N P N Transistor
 Breadboard
 Resistors:330Ω, 1MΩ
 Connecting Wires
 LED
 LDR
 9V Battery
PRINCIPLE

This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance


(L.D.R.). LDR is a resistance, in which opposing power of
current depends on the presence of quantity of light
present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or
decreases, according to quantity of light which falls on
it. If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR
increases and when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR
decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the
presence of light and darkness changes its resistance is
depending on the different types of LDR.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY
1. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or
switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is
composed of semiconductor material with three
terminals for connection to an external circuit.

Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of the


transistor which is heavily doped;

Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor which is lightly


doped;

Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick layer of the


transistor which is moderately doped;
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer
of thin layer of n-type semi-conductor in between two
relatively thick layers of p-type semi-conductor.
A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer
p-type semi- conductor in between two relatively thick layers
of n-type semi-conductor.

In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is


used.
2. CARBON RESISTOR : A carbon resistor has
generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of different
colours corresponding to the value of resistance. In
project, we use carbon resistance of 1M ohms and 330
ohms.

3. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance which is


used to complete the circuit

4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor


light source. When a light-emitting diode is forward-
biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy
in the form of photons. In this project, we use led of
white colour.
5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular prism shape with
rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the
top. In project, we use 9-Volt battery.

6. WIRES : A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible


strand or rod of metal. These are used to connect
components.
7. BREADBOARD: A breadboard is a construction base for
prototyping of electronics. Because the solderless
breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable
PROCEDURE

 Take a breadboard and connect its two halves


 Connect a 9V battery on the breadboard.
 Connect an NPN transistor on the breadboard with its
three legs (Emitter, Base, Collector) inserted in three
different columns of the breadboard

 The emitter of the transistor is grounded. Connect one


leg of a 1 MΩ resistor to the base of the transistor, and
its other leg to any different column of the breadboard.
Connect the corresponding column to Vcc.
 Connect an LDR between the base and emitter of the
transistor.

• Connect one leg of a 330 Ω resistor to the collector of the


transistor, and its other leg to any different column of the
breadboard.
• Take an LED. Connect its negative terminal to the right leg
of 330 Ω resistor, and its positive terminal to Vcc.
OBSERVATION
When the circuit is exposed to light, the led remains off.
When the circuit is taken into dark, the led glows.
PRECAUTION
• Excess current should not be passed through LED.
• Make all the connections neat, clean and tight.
• Never exceed the ratings for the current given in the
transistor manual.

A n-p-n transistor which broke due to the passage of


excessive current.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Experiment7.pdf
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter
• 230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.html
•tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_bjt/lab1_bjt_tran
sistor_ basics.pdf
• hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html

BOOKS
•Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS Class 12;
•Pradeep Reference Guide for Physics-Class 12;
•NCERT Physics Class 12
THANK
YOU

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