UNIT 1 Introduction to E-Commerce

Introduction to e-commerce:

E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods, services,
and information over the internet. It involves conducting business transactions electronically,
without the need for physical presence or face-to-face interaction. E-commerce has
revolutionized the way businesses operate and how consumers shop, offering convenience,
accessibility, and global reach.

Some other online e-commerce activities include:

 Ticketing over internet

 Paying different taxes

 Online payments

 Products purchased or sold online

 Online Accounting Software

 Online Customer Support

Meanwhile, also find examples of E-Commerce sites. They include Flipkart, Paytm Mall,
Amazon, Myntra and more.

E-Business?

E-Business encompasses executing all types of business transactions and services via the web.
This includes procuring raw materials, online education, commercial transactions, monetary
transactions on the internet and more. This indicates an online presence of all types of
businesses and services.

Examples are E-Commerce companies and their additional internal business activities such as
classifieds, auction sites, software or hardware developer sites, etc. The E-Business online
activities, in the meantime, include:

 Setting up an online store

 Supply chain management

 Online commercial transactions (buying and selling products)

 Customer Education

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 Monetary Business Transactions

 E-Mail Marketing

Difference between e-commerce and e-business: While e-commerce focuses specifically on

the online buying and selling aspect, e-business is a broader concept that encompasses all
aspects of running a business using electronic means. E-business includes not only e-commerce
but also activities such as online marketing, customer relationship management (CRM), supply
chain management (SCM), electronic data interchange (EDI), and other digital business
processes.

Difference between E-Commerce and E-Business

E-Commerce E-Business

Carrying out commercial Conducts all kinds of business activities and

transactions online services over the internet

Buying/ selling, monetary

Online presence of the business
transactions online

A sub-set of E-Business, it is A super-set of E-Commerce. Business

also a narrow concept transactions are supported in E-Business

Limited transactions Transactions are not limited

Multiple websites and CRMs, ERPs that

Involves use of only one website
connect different business processes are used

Mandatory use of internet Internet, Intranet or Extranet are used

It is more relevant in B2C, This is more appropriate to B2B or Business to

Business to customer context Business context

Also cover external or outward Covers internal as well as external business

business processes activities or processes

Technological building blocks underlying e-commerce:

1. The Internet: The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that
allows for the exchange of information and communication between devices around the
world. It is a fundamental technological building block underlying e-commerce and has

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had a profound impact on various aspects of society, including business, education,

communication, and entertainment.
Key features and characteristics of the Internet
 Connectivity: The Internet enables devices, such as computers, smartphones,
tablets, servers, and other network-enabled devices, to connect and communicate
with each other. This connectivity allows for the seamless transmission of data and
information across the network.
 Global Reach: The Internet has a global reach, connecting individuals, businesses,
organizations, and governments across countries and continents. It has transformed
the way people communicate, collaborate, and conduct business on a global scale.
 Protocols and Standards: The Internet operates based on a set of protocols and
standards that ensure interoperability and seamless communication between
different devices and systems. These include the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and others.
 World Wide Web (WWW): The World Wide Web, often referred to as the Web,
is an information system that is accessed through the Internet. It consists of
interconnected documents and web pages containing text, images, videos, and other
multimedia content. The Web provides a user-friendly interface for accessing
information, services, and applications on the Internet.
 Communication and Collaboration: The Internet facilitates various forms of
communication, including email, instant messaging, voice and video calls, social
media, and online forums. It enables individuals and businesses to connect and
collaborate across distances, fostering global connections and virtual communities.
 Information Access: The Internet provides a vast repository of information and
resources accessible to users worldwide. Search engines and online databases make
it possible to find and retrieve information on virtually any topic, empowering
individuals with knowledge and facilitating research and learning.
 E-commerce and Online Transactions: The Internet is the foundation for e-
commerce, enabling businesses to create online storefronts, marketplaces, and
payment gateways. It enables customers to shop, make purchases, and conduct
financial transactions securely and conveniently.
 Security and Privacy: As the Internet has evolved, security and privacy concerns
have become significant. Measures such as encryption, firewalls, secure protocols,

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and authentication mechanisms are employed to protect sensitive information and

ensure secure online transactions.
 Innovation and Technological Advancements: The Internet has been a catalyst
for innovation and technological advancements. It has given rise to new business
models, communication tools, social platforms, streaming services, cloud
computing, Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and much more.
2. The Web: The Web, short for the World Wide Web, is a system of interconnected
documents and resources that are accessed through the Internet. It is a major technological
building block underlying e-commerce and serves as a user-friendly interface for accessing
information, services, and applications on the Internet.
Key features and characteristics of the Web
 Hypertext and Hyperlinks: The Web is built on the concept of hypertext, which
allows for non-linear navigation through interconnected documents. Each
document, or webpage, can contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia
elements. Hyperlinks are used to connect different webpages, allowing users to
easily navigate between them by clicking on links.
 Uniform Resource Locators (URLs): Webpages are identified and accessed using
Uniform Resource Locators, commonly known as URLs. A URL specifies the
address and location of a webpage on the Web, enabling users to directly access
specific resources.
 Web Browsers: Web browsers, such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge, are
software applications that allow users to access and view webpages. They interpret
and render the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code of webpages, presenting them in
a visually appealing and interactive format.
 Web Servers: Web servers are computers or systems that store and deliver
webpages to users upon request. When a user enters a URL in a web browser, the
browser sends a request to the appropriate web server, which then retrieves and
sends the requested webpage back to the user's browser.
 Client-Server Architecture: The Web follows a client-server architecture, where
the client (web browser) makes requests to the server (web server) to retrieve
webpages and resources. This architecture allows for the distribution of web content
and efficient handling of multiple user requests.

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 Web Standards and Technologies: The Web relies on various standards and
technologies to ensure compatibility and interoperability. HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language) is used for structuring web content, CSS (Cascading Style
Sheets) for styling and layout, and JavaScript for adding interactivity and dynamic
behavior to webpages.
 Search Engines: Search engines, such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo, are specialized
applications that index and catalog webpages across the Web. They allow users to
search for specific information or resources by entering keywords or queries,
providing a gateway to the vast amount of information available on the Web.
 Web Applications: The Web has evolved beyond static webpages to encompass
dynamic and interactive web applications. Web applications are software programs
accessed through web browsers that provide functionality, services, and user
experiences similar to traditional desktop applications. Examples include online
shopping platforms, social media sites, and productivity tools.
 Content Publishing and User-generated Content: The Web enables individuals
and organizations to publish and share content, ranging from personal blogs and
websites to professional publications and multimedia content. It has also facilitated
the rise of user-generated content, where users actively contribute and interact with
online content through comments, reviews, forums, and social media platforms.
3. Mobile Platform: Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, have become integral
to e-commerce. Mobile platforms offer users the ability to access the internet and perform
e-commerce activities on the go. Mobile apps and responsive web design have facilitated
seamless mobile shopping experiences, expanding the reach of e-commerce.
 A mobile platform refers to the operating system and associated hardware that
powers mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. It provides the foundation
for running mobile applications and accessing various services on these devices.
Some of the major mobile platforms include iOS (Apple), Android (Google), and
Windows Mobile (Microsoft). Here are key features and aspects of mobile
platforms:
 Operating System: A mobile platform consists of an operating system designed
specifically for mobile devices. The operating system manages the hardware
resources, provides a user interface, and supports the execution of mobile
applications.

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 User Interface: Mobile platforms offer user-friendly interfaces optimized for

touchscreens and smaller displays. They provide icons, menus, and navigation
gestures that allow users to interact with their devices and access applications easily.
 App Stores: Mobile platforms typically have their own app stores where users can
browse and download mobile applications. These app stores serve as centralized
platforms for developers to distribute their apps and for users to discover and install
new applications.
 Development Environment: Mobile platforms provide software development kits
(SDKs) and development tools that allow developers to create mobile applications.
These SDKs include libraries, APIs, and documentation specific to the platform,
enabling developers to access device features and functionalities.
 Security: Mobile platforms prioritize security measures to protect user data and
ensure the integrity of the device. They include features such as app sandboxing,
data encryption, permission systems, and secure boot processes to safeguard user
privacy and protect against malware.
 Device Compatibility: Mobile platforms support a wide range of devices with
varying hardware specifications and capabilities. They are designed to run on
different device models and configurations, providing a consistent experience
across various mobile devices.
 Integration with Cloud Services: Mobile platforms often integrate with cloud
services, allowing users to store data, sync content across devices, and access cloud-
based applications. This integration enhances device capabilities and provides
seamless connectivity across multiple platforms.
 Updates and Upgrades: Mobile platforms regularly release updates and upgrades
to enhance performance, introduce new features, and address security
vulnerabilities. These updates are typically delivered over-the-air (OTA) and can
be installed on devices to ensure the latest version of the platform.

Major trends in e-commerce:

Mobile Commerce (m-commerce): With the widespread adoption of smartphones and tablets,
m-commerce has become a dominant trend in e-commerce. Consumers are increasingly using
mobile devices to browse and shop online. Retailers are focusing on optimizing their websites

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and applications for mobile devices, providing seamless and convenient mobile shopping
experiences.

 Personalization and Customization: E-commerce businesses are leveraging data

analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence to personalize and customize
the shopping experience. They use customer data to provide personalized product
recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and tailored promotions based on
individual preferences and behaviour.
 Omnichannel Retailing: Consumers expect a seamless and consistent experience
across various channels, including online, offline, and mobile. Retailers are
adopting omnichannel strategies to integrate their physical stores, e-commerce
websites, mobile apps, and social media platforms. This approach allows customers
to interact with the brand and make purchases through multiple touch points,
blurring the boundaries between online and offline shopping.
 Voice Commerce: The rise of voice-activated virtual assistants, such as Amazon's
Alexa, Apple's SIRI, and Google Assistant, has led to the emergence of voice
commerce. Consumers can now use voice commands to search for products, place
orders, and make payments. E-commerce businesses are incorporating voice-
enabled shopping capabilities to tap into this growing trend.
 Social Commerce: Social media platforms are increasingly becoming avenues for
e-commerce. Social commerce involves selling products directly on social media
platforms or using social media to drive traffic to e-commerce websites. Features
like "buy now" buttons, shoppable posts, and influencer marketing are blurring the
lines between social media engagement and online purchasing.
 Subscription-based Models: Subscription-based e-commerce models are gaining
popularity. Customers subscribe to receive products or services on a recurring basis,
such as monthly or quarterly. This model offers convenience and personalized
experiences while providing businesses with predictable recurring revenue streams.
 Same-day and Next-day Delivery: Faster delivery options have become a
competitive advantage in e-commerce. Retailers are investing in logistics and
fulfilment infrastructure to offer same-day or next-day delivery options to
customers. Speedy and reliable delivery has become a crucial factor influencing
consumer purchase decisions.

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Unique features of e-commerce technology:

 Global Reach: E-commerce eliminates geographical barriers, enabling businesses

to reach customers worldwide. Online stores can operate 24/7, reaching a global
customer base without the need for physical store locations.
 Cost Efficiency: E-commerce can significantly reduce operational costs compared
to traditional brick-and-mortar businesses. There is no need for physical store
infrastructure or extensive manpower, and inventory management can be optimized
through automated systems.
 Enhanced Customer Insights: E-commerce platforms generate vast amounts of
data, providing valuable insights into customer behaviour, preferences, and trends.
Businesses can leverage this data to improve their marketing strategies, personalize
experiences, and make data-driven decisions.
 Convenience and Accessibility: E-commerce provides unparalleled convenience
for customers. They can shop from the comfort of their homes or on the go,
eliminating the need for physical travel to brick-and-mortar stores. Online stores
are accessible 24/7, allowing customers to make purchases at their convenience,
fitting into their busy lifestyles.
 Seamless Transactions: E-commerce technology enables seamless and efficient
transactions. Customers can add products to their virtual shopping carts, make
secure online payments, and receive immediate order confirmations. Integration
with payment gateways and automated inventory management systems streamlines
the entire purchasing process.
 Customer Reviews and Ratings: Online customer reviews and ratings play a
significant role in e-commerce. Customers can provide feedback and ratings for
products and services, which helps potential buyers make informed decisions.
These reviews also contribute to building trust and credibility for online businesses.
 Data Analytics and Insights: E-commerce technology provides rich data analytics
capabilities. Businesses can track customer behaviour, analyse purchasing patterns,
and gain insights into market trends. These insights enable businesses to make data-
driven decisions, optimize marketing strategies, and improve customer experiences.
 Social Commerce and Influencer Marketing: E-commerce integrates social
media platforms, allowing businesses to leverage social commerce and influencer
marketing. Social media channels facilitate product discovery, peer

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recommendations, and brand engagement. Influencers can promote products to

their followers, driving traffic and sales to online stores.
 Scalability and Flexibility: E-commerce technology offers scalability, allowing
businesses to grow and expand their operations easily. Online stores can handle
increased traffic and transactions without significant infrastructure changes.
Additionally, e-commerce platforms provide flexibility for businesses to adapt their
offerings, update product information, and respond to market demands quickly.

Modes of electronic commerce: Overview

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) encompasses various modes or models that facilitate

buying and selling of products, services, and information over electronic systems, typically the
Internet. These modes of e-commerce are categorized based on the participants involved, the
types of transactions conducted, and the nature of the platforms used. Here is an overview of
the main modes of electronic commerce:

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a system or process that enables the exchange of
structured business documents electronically between trading partners. It allows for the
seamless transmission of business information in a standardized format, eliminating the need
for manual data entry, paper-based documents, and human intervention.

Here are some key points about Electronic Data Interchange (EDI):

 Purpose: The primary purpose of EDI is to facilitate the efficient and accurate
exchange of business documents between different organizations. These documents
can include purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices, payment information, and
other transactional data.
 Standards and Formats: EDI relies on standardized formats for data exchange.
Common standards include ANSI X12, UN/EDIFACT, and XML. These standards
define the structure, syntax, and semantics of the data elements within the
documents, ensuring compatibility and interoperability between trading partners.
 Automation and Integration: EDI enables the automation and integration of
business processes between organizations. It allows for the seamless transfer of data
from one system to another, eliminating the need for manual data entry and reducing

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errors associated with manual handling of documents. This automation improves

efficiency, speeds up transaction cycles, and reduces costs.
 Data Security and Validation: EDI systems employ various security measures to
ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the exchanged data.
Encryption, digital signatures, and secure networks are used to protect sensitive
information. Additionally, EDI systems often have built-in validation rules to
ensure the accuracy and completeness of the transmitted data.
 Trading Partner Relationships: EDI requires trading partners to establish
agreements and standards for data exchange. These agreements define the technical
protocols, document formats, data mappings, and communication methods to be
used. Trading partners must align their systems and processes to enable seamless
EDI integration.
 Value Chain Integration: EDI facilitates integration within the supply chain,
allowing for smoother collaboration between suppliers, manufacturers, distributors,
and customers. It enables real-time visibility into inventory levels, order status, and
shipment tracking, enhancing supply chain management and reducing lead times.
 Compliance Requirements: Certain industries, such as healthcare and retail, have
specific compliance requirements for EDI. For example, in healthcare, the Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) mandates the use of EDI for
secure transmission of health-related information. Similarly, in the retail sector,
EDI is often required for electronic data interchange with trading partners.
 EDI Service Providers: Organizations can choose to implement and manage their
own EDI systems or work with third-party EDI service providers. EDI service
providers offer infrastructure, expertise, and network connectivity for seamless EDI
transactions. They handle the technical aspects of EDI, such as data translation,
mapping, and transmission, allowing organizations to focus on their core business
activities.

E -Commerce with WWW/Internet.

E- Commerce with the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Internet refers to the utilization of
online platforms, websites, and Internet-based technologies to conduct business activities
related to buying, selling, and exchanging goods, services, and information. The WWW and
the Internet provide the foundation for e-commerce operations, enabling businesses to reach a

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global audience and facilitate online transactions. Here are some key aspects of e-commerce
with the WWW/Internet:

 Online Presence: E-commerce businesses establish an online presence through

websites or online marketplaces. These platforms serve as virtual storefronts where
customers can browse products, access information, and make purchases. Websites
are typically designed to be visually appealing, user-friendly, and accessible from
various devices.
 Product Catalogs: E-commerce websites provide detailed product catalogs that
showcase the available products or services. Catalogs include product descriptions,
specifications, pricing information, and images or videos to help customers make
informed purchasing decisions. The ability to update and manage catalogs easily is
a significant advantage of e-commerce over traditional retail.
 Shopping Cart and Checkout: E-commerce websites integrate shopping cart
functionality that allows customers to select and store items they wish to purchase.
The shopping cart keeps track of the selected items, quantities, and total costs.
When customers are ready to complete their purchase, they proceed to the checkout
process, which involves entering shipping details, selecting payment methods, and
confirming the order.
 Payment Gateways: E-commerce relies on secure payment gateways to process
online transactions. Payment gateways facilitate the transfer of payment
information securely between the customer, the e-commerce website, and the
financial institutions involved. Common payment methods include credit/debit
cards, digital wallets, bank transfers, and alternative payment options such as
PayPal or Stripe.
 Security Measures: E-commerce platforms implement various security measures
to protect sensitive customer information. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) encryption is
commonly used to secure data transmitted between the customer's browser and the
website. Additional security measures include tokenization of payment data, fraud
detection systems, and compliance with industry-specific regulations such as the
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS).
 Order Fulfilment and Logistics: E-commerce businesses need to handle order
fulfilment, which includes tasks such as picking, packing, and shipping products to
customers. Integration with logistics partners or establishing in-house fulfilment

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centers ensures timely delivery and efficient supply chain management. Tracking
systems enable customers to monitor the status of their orders during shipping.
 Customer Relationship Management (CRM): E-commerce platforms often
incorporate CRM systems to manage customer interactions, track order histories,
and provide personalized experiences. CRM systems enable businesses to build and
maintain relationships with customers, offer targeted marketing campaigns, and
provide customer support through various channels like email, live chat, or phone.
 Data Analytics and Insights: E-commerce with the WWW/Internet allows
businesses to collect and analyse data on customer behaviour, preferences, and
purchasing patterns. Data analytics tools provide valuable insights into customer
segmentation, marketing effectiveness, and website performance. Businesses can
leverage this data to improve their strategies, optimize product offerings, and
enhance the overall customer experience.
 Digital Marketing and Promotion: E-commerce websites leverage digital
marketing channels such as search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC)
advertising, social media marketing, and email marketing to attract and engage
customers. Online promotions, discounts, and loyalty programs are common
strategies to drive customer acquisition and retention.
 Customer Reviews and Ratings: E-commerce websites often incorporate
customer review and rating systems. Customers can provide feedback, ratings, and
reviews of products or services, which help other potential buyers in their decision-
making process. Reviews contribute to building trust and credibility for e-
commerce businesses.

Payments and Security: Electronic cash and Electronic payment Schemes:

Payments and security are crucial aspects of e-commerce, ensuring the safe and efficient
transfer of funds between buyers and sellers. Electronic cash and electronic payment schemes
play a significant role in facilitating online transactions. Here's an overview of electronic cash
and various electronic payment schemes used in e-commerce:

Electronic Cash (E-Cash): Electronic cash, also known as digital cash or e-cash, refers to a
digital form of currency that allows for secure and instant online transactions. E-cash systems
aim to replicate the functionality of physical cash in the digital realm. It typically involves the
use of cryptographic techniques to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of transactions.

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E-cash operates on the principle of digital tokens or virtual currency units that represent a
certain value. These tokens can be stored on a smart card, computer, or mobile device and can
be transferred between parties electronically. E-cash systems provide anonymity and privacy
to users by encrypting transaction details and employing mechanisms to prevent double-
spending.

Examples of electronic cash systems include crypto currencies like Bitcoin, Litecoin, and
Ethereum. These decentralized digital currencies enable peer-to-peer transactions without the
need for intermediaries such as banks.

Electronic Payment Schemes: Electronic payment schemes encompass a range of methods

and technologies used to facilitate online payments. These schemes provide secure and
convenient options for buyers to transfer funds to sellers. Here are some common electronic
payment schemes:

a. Credit/Debit Cards: Credit and debit cards are widely used for online payments.
Customers enter their card details on the e-commerce website, and the transaction is
processed through a payment gateway that securely communicates with the card issuer
for authorization.

b. Mobile Wallets: Mobile wallets, such as Apple Pay, Google Pay, and Samsung Pay,
enable users to store payment card information on their smartphones. These wallets
facilitate contactless payments by leveraging near-field communication (NFC)
technology, allowing users to make payments by simply tapping their phones on
compatible payment terminals.

c. Online Banking: Online banking enables customers to initiate payments directly

from their bank accounts. E-commerce websites provide options for customers to select
their bank and securely log in to authorize the payment. The transaction is processed
through the Automated Clearing House (ACH) or similar systems.

d. Digital Payment Platforms: Digital payment platforms like PayPal, Venmo, and
Alipay act as intermediaries between buyers and sellers, securely processing payments.
These platforms allow users to link their bank accounts, credit cards, or mobile wallets
for seamless transactions.

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e. Crypto currencies: Crypto currencies, as mentioned earlier, offer a decentralized

and secure payment option. Users can make peer-to-peer transactions using digital
wallets, with transactions recorded on a block chain.

Internet monetary payment and Security requirements

Security Requirements: E-commerce payment systems implement several security

measures to protect sensitive financial information and ensure secure transactions.
Internet monetary payment refers to the use of digital currencies or electronic forms of
payment for conducting financial transactions over the Internet.

Some common security requirements include:

a. Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS): SSL/TLS

encryption protocols are used to secure the transmission of sensitive data between the
buyer's browser and the e-commerce website, ensuring confidentiality and integrity.

b. Tokenization: Tokenization replaces sensitive payment card information with

unique tokens during transactions, reducing the risk of data breaches. The tokens are
used for transaction processing, while the actual card data is stored securely by payment
processors.

c. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): 2FA adds an extra layer of security by requiring

users to provide additional verification, such as a one-time password (OTP) sent to their
mobile device, along with their regular login credentials.

d. Fraud Detection and Prevention: Advanced fraud detection systems analyse

transaction patterns, user behaviour, and other factors to identify and prevent fraudulent
activities, protecting both buyers and sellers.

e. Compliance with Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS):
PCI DSS is a set of security standards that organizations must comply with if they
handle payment card information. It provides guidelines for safeguarding customer
data, secure network architecture, and regular security assessments.

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Payment and purchase order process

The payment and purchase order process in e-commerce involves several steps to facilitate the
successful completion of a transaction. Here's an overview of the typical payment and purchase
order process:

1. Selection of Products: The customer browses through the e-commerce website,

selects the desired products or services, and adds them to the shopping cart.
2. Shopping Cart Review: The customer reviews the items in the shopping cart,
verifies quantities, and makes any necessary modifications, such as adding or
removing items.
3. Checkout Initiation: The customer proceeds to the checkout process to initiate the
payment and purchase order. They may be required to provide shipping
information, select a shipping method, and review the total order cost.
4. Payment Method Selection: The customer selects the preferred payment method
from the available options. Common payment methods include credit/debit cards,
digital wallets, bank transfers, or alternative payment methods like PayPal or Stripe.
5. Payment Authorization: The payment information provided by the customer is
securely transmitted to the payment gateway or processor for authorization. The
payment gateway communicates with the customer's bank or financial institution to
verify the payment details and ensure sufficient funds are available.
6. Payment Confirmation: Upon successful payment authorization, the customer
receives a payment confirmation indicating that the payment has been processed.
This confirmation may be displayed on the website or sent via email.
7. Purchase Order Generation: Simultaneously, the e-commerce system generates
a purchase order, which serves as a record of the customer's order. The purchase
order includes details such as the product name, quantity, price, customer
information, shipping address, and order number.
8. Order Fulfilment: Once the payment is confirmed and the purchase order is
generated, the e-commerce business proceeds with order fulfilment. This typically
involves picking, packing, and preparing the products for shipment.
9. Shipment and Delivery: The e-commerce business arranges for the shipment of
the ordered products using the selected shipping method. The customer receives
tracking information to monitor the status and expected delivery date of their order.

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10. Order Confirmation: After the products are shipped, the customer may receive an
order confirmation notification, which includes the shipment details and any
relevant tracking information.
11. Customer Support and Returns: In case of any issues with the order or product,
the customer can contact customer support for assistance. If necessary, returns or
exchanges can be facilitated according to the e-commerce business's return policy.

Online electronic cash.

Online electronic cash, also known as digital cash or e-cash, refers to a form of digital
currency that can be used for online transactions. It is a digital representation of
traditional cash that can be securely exchanged over the Internet. Online electronic cash
systems aim to provide a secure, private, and convenient method for conducting
transactions online. Here are some key aspects of online electronic cash:

Digital Tokens: Online electronic cash operates through the use of digital tokens or
units that represent a certain value. These tokens can be stored in digital wallets on
computers, smartphones, or other electronic devices. Each token is unique and carries
a specific value, similar to physical coins or banknotes.

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