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Learn X in Y minutes (/) Select theme: light dark

Where X=java

Get the code: LearnJava.java (/docs/files/LearnJava.java)

Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented computer programming language. Read

more here. (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/)
// Single-line comments start with //

/*
Multi-line comments look like this.
*/

/**
* JavaDoc comments look like this. Used to describe the Class or various
* attributes of a Class.
* Main attributes:
*
* @author Name (and contact information such as email) of author(s).
* @version Current version of the program.
* @since When this part of the program was first added.
* @param For describing the different parameters for a method.
* @return For describing what the method returns.
* @deprecated For showing the code is outdated or shouldn't be used.
* @see Links to another part of documentation.
*/

// Import ArrayList class inside of the java.util package

import java.util.ArrayList;
// Import all classes inside of java.security package
import java.security.*;

public class LearnJava {

// In order to run a java program, it must have a main method as an entry

// point.
public static void main(String[] args) {

///////////////////////////////////////
// Input/Output
///////////////////////////////////////

/*
* Output
*/

// Use System.out.println() to print lines.

System.out.println("Hello World!");
System.out.println(
"Integer: " + 10 +
" Double: " + 3.14 +
" Boolean: " + true);

// To print without a newline, use System.out.print().

System.out.print("Hello ");
System.out.print("World");

// Use System.out.printf() for easy formatted printing.

System.out.printf("pi = %.5f", Math.PI); // => pi = 3.14159

/*
* Input
*/

// use Scanner to read input

// must import java.util.Scanner;
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// read string input

String name = scanner.next();
// read byte input
byte numByte = scanner.nextByte();

// read int input

int numInt = scanner.nextInt();

// read long input

float numFloat = scanner.nextFloat();

// read double input

double numDouble = scanner.nextDouble();

// read boolean input

boolean bool = scanner.nextBoolean();

///////////////////////////////////////
// Variables
///////////////////////////////////////

/*
* Variable Declaration
*/
// Declare a variable using <type> <name>
int fooInt;
// Declare multiple variables of the same
// type <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3>
int fooInt1, fooInt2, fooInt3;

/*
* Variable Initialization
*/

// Initialize a variable using <type> <name> = <val>

int barInt = 1;
// Initialize multiple variables of same type with same
// value <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3>
// <name1> = <name2> = <name3> = <val>
int barInt1, barInt2, barInt3;
barInt1 = barInt2 = barInt3 = 1;

/*
* Variable types
*/
// Byte - 8-bit signed two's complement integer
// (-128 <= byte <= 127)
byte fooByte = 100;

// If you would like to interpret a byte as an unsigned integer

// then this simple operation can help
int unsignedIntLessThan256 = 0xff & fooByte;
// this contrasts a cast which can be negative.
int signedInt = (int) fooByte;

// Short - 16-bit signed two's complement integer

// (-32,768 <= short <= 32,767)
short fooShort = 10000;

// Integer - 32-bit signed two's complement integer

// (-2,147,483,648 <= int <= 2,147,483,647)
int bazInt = 1;

// Long - 64-bit signed two's complement integer

// (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 <= long <= 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
 long fooLong = 100000L;
// L is used to denote that this variable value is of type Long;
// anything without is treated as integer by default.

// Note: byte, short, int and long are signed. They can have positive and
negative values.
// There are no unsigned variants.
// char, however, is 16-bit unsigned.

// Float - Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point

// 2^-149 <= float <= (2-2^-23) * 2^127
float fooFloat = 234.5f;
// f or F is used to denote that this variable value is of type float;
// otherwise it is treated as double.

// Double - Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point

// 2^-1074 <= x <= (2-2^-52) * 2^1023
double fooDouble = 123.4;

// Boolean - true & false

boolean fooBoolean = true;
boolean barBoolean = false;

// Char - A single 16-bit Unicode character

char fooChar = 'A';

// final variables can't be reassigned,

final int HOURS_I_WORK_PER_WEEK = 9001;
// but they can be initialized later.
final double E;
E = 2.71828;

// BigInteger - Immutable arbitrary-precision integers

//
// BigInteger is a data type that allows programmers to manipulate
// integers longer than 64-bits. Integers are stored as an array of
// of bytes and are manipulated using functions built into BigInteger
//
// BigInteger can be initialized using an array of bytes or a string.
BigInteger fooBigInteger = new BigInteger(fooByteArray);

// BigDecimal - Immutable, arbitrary-precision signed decimal number

//
// A BigDecimal takes two parts: an arbitrary precision integer
// unscaled value and a 32-bit integer scale
//
// BigDecimal allows the programmer complete control over decimal
// rounding. It is recommended to use BigDecimal with currency values
// and where exact decimal precision is required.
//
// BigDecimal can be initialized with an int, long, double or String
// or by initializing the unscaled value (BigInteger) and scale (int).
BigDecimal fooBigDecimal = new BigDecimal(fooBigInteger, fooInt);

// Be wary of the constructor that takes a float or double as

// the inaccuracy of the float/double will be copied in BigDecimal.
// Prefer the String constructor when you need an exact value.
BigDecimal tenCents = new BigDecimal("0.1");

// Strings
String fooString = "My String Is Here!";

// \n is an escaped character that starts a new line

String barString = "Printing on a new line?\nNo Problem!";
 // \t is an escaped character that adds a tab character
String bazString = "Do you want to add a tab?\tNo Problem!";
System.out.println(fooString);
System.out.println(barString);
System.out.println(bazString);

// String Building
// #1 - with plus operator
// That's the basic way to do it (optimized under the hood)
String plusConcatenated = "Strings can " + "be concatenated " + "via +
operator.";
System.out.println(plusConcatenated);
// Output: Strings can be concatenated via + operator.

// #2 - with StringBuilder
// This way doesn't create any intermediate strings. It just stores the
string pieces, and ties them together
// when toString() is called.
// Hint: This class is not thread safe. A thread-safe alternative (with
some impact on performance) is StringBuffer.
StringBuilder builderConcatenated = new StringBuilder();
builderConcatenated.append("You ");
builderConcatenated.append("can use ");
builderConcatenated.append("the StringBuilder class.");
System.out.println(builderConcatenated.toString()); // only now is the
string built
// Output: You can use the StringBuilder class.

// StringBuilder is efficient when the fully constructed String is not

required until the end of some processing.
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
String inefficientString = "";
for (int i = 0 ; i < 10; i++) {
stringBuilder.append(i).append(" ");
inefficientString += i + " ";
}
System.out.println(inefficientString);
System.out.println(stringBuilder.toString());
// inefficientString requires a lot more work to produce, as it generates
a String on every loop iteration.
// Simple concatenation with + is compiled to a StringBuilder and
toString()
// Avoid string concatenation in loops.

// #3 - with String formatter

// Another alternative way to create strings. Fast and readable.
String.format("%s may prefer %s.", "Or you", "String.format()");
// Output: Or you may prefer String.format().

// Arrays
// The array size must be decided upon instantiation
// The following formats work for declaring an array
// <datatype>[] <var name> = new <datatype>[<array size>];
// <datatype> <var name>[] = new <datatype>[<array size>];
int[] intArray = new int[10];
String[] stringArray = new String[1];
boolean boolArray[] = new boolean[100];

// Another way to declare & initialize an array

int[] y = {9000, 1000, 1337};
String names[] = {"Bob", "John", "Fred", "Juan Pedro"};
boolean bools[] = {true, false, false};

// Indexing an array - Accessing an element

 System.out.println("intArray @ 0: " + intArray[0]);

// Arrays are zero-indexed and mutable.

intArray[1] = 1;
System.out.println("intArray @ 1: " + intArray[1]); // => 1

// Other data types worth checking out

// ArrayLists - Like arrays except more functionality is offered, and
// the size is mutable.
// LinkedLists - Implementation of doubly-linked list. All of the
// operations perform as could be expected for a
// doubly-linked list.
// Maps - A mapping of key Objects to value Objects. Map is
// an interface and therefore cannot be instantiated.
// The type of keys and values contained in a Map must
// be specified upon instantiation of the implementing
// class. Each key may map to only one corresponding value,
// and each key may appear only once (no duplicates).
// HashMaps - This class uses a hashtable to implement the Map
// interface. This allows the execution time of basic
// operations, such as get and insert element, to remain
// constant-amortized even for large sets.
// TreeMap - A Map that is sorted by its keys. Each modification
// maintains the sorting defined by either a Comparator
// supplied at instantiation, or comparisons of each Object
// if they implement the Comparable interface.
// Failure of keys to implement Comparable combined with
failure to
// supply a Comparator will throw ClassCastExceptions.
// Insertion and removal operations take O(log(n)) time
// so avoid using this data structure unless you are taking
// advantage of the sorting.

///////////////////////////////////////
// Operators
///////////////////////////////////////
System.out.println("\n->Operators");

int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declarations

// Arithmetic is straightforward
System.out.println("1+2 = " + (i1 + i2)); // => 3
System.out.println("2-1 = " + (i2 - i1)); // => 1
System.out.println("2*1 = " + (i2 * i1)); // => 2
System.out.println("1/2 = " + (i1 / i2)); // => 0 (int/int returns int)
System.out.println("1/2.0 = " + (i1 / (double)i2)); // => 0.5

// Modulo
System.out.println("11%3 = "+(11 % 3)); // => 2

// Comparison operators
System.out.println("3 == 2? " + (3 == 2)); // => false
System.out.println("3 != 2? " + (3 != 2)); // => true
System.out.println("3 > 2? " + (3 > 2)); // => true
System.out.println("3 < 2? " + (3 < 2)); // => false
System.out.println("2 <= 2? " + (2 <= 2)); // => true
System.out.println("2 >= 2? " + (2 >= 2)); // => true

// Boolean operators
System.out.println("3 > 2 && 2 > 3? " + ((3 > 2) && (2 > 3))); // =>
false
System.out.println("3 > 2 || 2 > 3? " + ((3 > 2) || (2 > 3))); // => true
System.out.println("!(3 == 2)? " + (!(3 == 2))); // => true
// Bitwise operators!
/*
~ Unary bitwise complement
<< Signed left shift
>> Signed/Arithmetic right shift
>>> Unsigned/Logical right shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
| Bitwise inclusive OR
*/

// Increment operators
int i = 0;
System.out.println("\n->Inc/Dec-rementation");
// The ++ and -- operators increment and decrement by 1 respectively.
// If they are placed before the variable, they increment then return;
// after the variable they return then increment.
System.out.println(i++); // i = 1, prints 0 (post-increment)
System.out.println(++i); // i = 2, prints 2 (pre-increment)
System.out.println(i--); // i = 1, prints 2 (post-decrement)
System.out.println(--i); // i = 0, prints 0 (pre-decrement)

///////////////////////////////////////
// Control Structures
///////////////////////////////////////
System.out.println("\n->Control Structures");

// If statements are c-like

int j = 10;
if (j == 10) {
System.out.println("I get printed");
} else if (j > 10) {
System.out.println("I don't");
} else {
System.out.println("I also don't");
}

// While loop
int fooWhile = 0;
while(fooWhile < 100) {
System.out.println(fooWhile);
// Increment the counter
// Iterated 100 times, fooWhile 0,1,2...99
fooWhile++;
}
System.out.println("fooWhile Value: " + fooWhile);

// Do While Loop
int fooDoWhile = 0;
do {
System.out.println(fooDoWhile);
// Increment the counter
// Iterated 100 times, fooDoWhile 0->99
fooDoWhile++;
} while(fooDoWhile < 100);
System.out.println("fooDoWhile Value: " + fooDoWhile);

// For Loop
// for loop structure => for(<start_statement>; <conditional>; <step>)
for (int fooFor = 0; fooFor < 10; fooFor++) {
System.out.println(fooFor);
// Iterated 10 times, fooFor 0->9
}
System.out.println("fooFor Value: " + fooFor);
 // Nested For Loop Exit with Label
outer:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
if (i == 5 && j ==5) {
break outer;
// breaks out of outer loop instead of only the inner one
}
}
}

// For Each Loop

// The for loop is also able to iterate over arrays as well as objects
// that implement the Iterable interface.
int[] fooList = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
// for each loop structure => for (<object> : <iterable>)
// reads as: for each element in the iterable
// note: the object type must match the element type of the iterable.
for (int bar : fooList) {
System.out.println(bar);
//Iterates 9 times and prints 1-9 on new lines
}

// Switch Case
// A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int data types.
// It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types), the
// String class, and a few special classes that wrap primitive types:
// Character, Byte, Short, and Integer.
// Starting in Java 7 and above, we can also use the String type.
// Note: Do remember that, not adding "break" at end any particular case
ends up in
// executing the very next case(given it satisfies the condition
provided) as well.
int month = 3;
String monthString;
switch (month) {
case 1: monthString = "January";
break;
case 2: monthString = "February";
break;
case 3: monthString = "March";
break;
default: monthString = "Some other month";
break;
}
System.out.println("Switch Case Result: " + monthString);

// Try-with-resources (Java 7+)

// Try-catch-finally statements work as expected in Java but in Java 7+
// the try-with-resources statement is also available. Try-with-resources
// simplifies try-catch-finally statements by closing resources
// automatically.

// In order to use a try-with-resources, include an instance of a class

// in the try statement. The class must implement
java.lang.AutoCloseable.
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("foo.txt"))) {
// You can attempt to do something that could throw an exception.
System.out.println(br.readLine());
// In Java 7, the resource will always be closed, even if it throws
// an Exception.
} catch (Exception ex) {
 //The resource will be closed before the catch statement executes.
System.out.println("readLine() failed.");
}
// No need for a finally statement in this case, the BufferedReader is
// already closed. This can be used to avoid certain edge cases where
// a finally statement might not be called.
// To learn more:
//
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/tryResourceClose.htm
l

// Conditional Shorthand
// You can use the '?' operator for quick assignments or logic forks.
// Reads as "If (statement) is true, use <first value>, otherwise, use
// <second value>"
int foo = 5;
String bar = (foo < 10) ? "A" : "B";
System.out.println("bar : " + bar); // Prints "bar : A", because the
// statement is true.
// Or simply
System.out.println("bar : " + (foo < 10 ? "A" : "B"));

////////////////////////////////////////
// Converting Data Types
////////////////////////////////////////

// Converting data

// Convert String To Integer

Integer.parseInt("123");//returns an integer version of "123"

// Convert Integer To String

Integer.toString(123);//returns a string version of 123

// For other conversions check out the following classes:

// Double
// Long
// String

///////////////////////////////////////
// Classes And Functions
///////////////////////////////////////

System.out.println("\n->Classes & Functions");

// (definition of the Bicycle class follows)

// Use new to instantiate a class

Bicycle trek = new Bicycle();

// Call object methods

trek.speedUp(3); // You should always use setter and getter methods
trek.setCadence(100);

// toString returns this Object's string representation.

System.out.println("trek info: " + trek.toString());
} // End main method

private static class TestInitialization {

// Double Brace Initialization
// Before Java 11, the Java Language had no syntax for how to create
// static Collections in an easy way. Usually you end up like this:
 private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES = new HashSet<String>();
static {
COUNTRIES.add("DENMARK");
COUNTRIES.add("SWEDEN");
COUNTRIES.add("FINLAND");
}

// There's a nifty way to achieve the same thing,

// by using something that is called Double Brace Initialization.
private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES_DOUBLE_BRACE =
new HashSet<String>() {{
add("DENMARK");
add("SWEDEN");
add("FINLAND");
}}

// The first brace is creating a new AnonymousInnerClass and the

// second one declares an instance initializer block. This block
// is called when the anonymous inner class is created.
// This does not only work for Collections, it works for all
// non-final classes.

// Another option was to initialize the Collection from an array,

// using Arrays.asList() method:
private static final List<String> COUNTRIES_AS_LIST =
Arrays.asList("SWEDEN", "DENMARK", "NORWAY");
// This has one catch: the list we get is internally backed by the array,
// and since arrays can't change their size, the list backed by the array
// is not resizeable, which means we can't add new elements to it:
public static void main(String[] args) {
COUNTRIES.add("FINLAND"); // throws UnsupportedOperationException!
// However, we can replace elements by index, just like in array:
COUNTRIES.set(1, "FINLAND");
System.out.println(COUNTRIES); // prints [SWEDEN, FINLAND, NORWAY]
}
// The resizing problem can be circumvented
// by creating another Collection from the List:
private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES_SET =
new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList("SWEDEN", "DENMARK", "NORWAY"));
// It's perfectly fine to add anything to the Set of COUNTRIES now.
} // End TestInitialization class

private static class TestJava11Initialization {

// Since Java 11, there is a convenient option to initialize Collections:
// Set.of() and List.of() methods.
private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES =
Set.of("SWEDEN", "DENMARK", "NORWAY");
// There is a massive catch, though: Lists and Sets initialized like this
// 1) are immutable
// 2) can't contain null elements (even check for null elements fails)!
public static void main(String[] args) {
COUNTRIES.add("FINLAND"); // throws UnsupportedOperationException
COUNTRIES.remove("NORWAY"); // throws UnsupportedOperationException
COUNTRIES.contains(null); // throws NullPointerException
}
private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES_WITH_NULL =
Set.of("SWEDEN", null, "NORWAY"); // throws
NullPointerException

} // End TestJava11Initialization class

} // End LearnJava class

// You can include other, non-public outer-level classes in a .java file,

// but it is not good practice. Instead split classes into separate files.

// Class Declaration Syntax:

// <public/private/protected> class <class name> {
// // data fields, constructors, functions all inside.
// // functions are called as methods in Java.
// }

class Bicycle {

// Bicycle's Fields/Variables
public int cadence; // Public: Can be accessed from anywhere
private int speed; // Private: Only accessible from within the class
protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
String name; // default: Only accessible from within this package
static String className; // Static class variable

// Static block
// Java has no implementation of static constructors, but
// has a static block that can be used to initialize class variables
// (static variables).
// This block will be called when the class is loaded.
static {
className = "Bicycle";
}

// Constructors are a way of creating classes

// This is a constructor
public Bicycle() {
// You can also call another constructor:
// this(1, 50, 5, "Bontrager");
gear = 1;
cadence = 50;
speed = 5;
name = "Bontrager";
}
// This is a constructor that takes arguments
public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear,
String name) {
this.gear = startGear;
this.cadence = startCadence;
this.speed = startSpeed;
this.name = name;
}

// Method Syntax:
// <public/private/protected> <return type> <function name>(<args>)

// Java classes often implement getters and setters for their fields

// Method declaration syntax:

// <access modifier> <return type> <method name>(<args>)
public int getCadence() {
return cadence;
}

// void methods require no return statement

public void setCadence(int newValue) {
cadence = newValue;
}
public void setGear(int newValue) {
gear = newValue;
}
public void speedUp(int increment) {
 speed += increment;
}
public void slowDown(int decrement) {
speed -= decrement;
}
public void setName(String newName) {
name = newName;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}

//Method to display the attribute values of this Object.

@Override // Inherited from the Object class.
public String toString() {
return "gear: " + gear + " cadence: " + cadence + " speed: " + speed +
" name: " + name;
}
} // end class Bicycle

// PennyFarthing is a subclass of Bicycle

class PennyFarthing extends Bicycle {
// (Penny Farthings are those bicycles with the big front wheel.
// They have no gears.)

public PennyFarthing(int startCadence, int startSpeed) {

// Call the parent constructor with super
super(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "PennyFarthing");
}

// You should mark a method you're overriding with an @annotation.

// To learn more about what annotations are and their purpose check this
// out: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/annotations/
@Override
public void setGear(int gear) {
this.gear = 0;
}
}

// Object casting
// Since the PennyFarthing class is extending the Bicycle class, we can say
// a PennyFarthing is a Bicycle and write :
// Bicycle bicycle = new PennyFarthing();
// This is called object casting where an object is taken for another one. There
// are lots of details and deals with some more intermediate concepts here:
// https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html

// Interfaces
// Interface declaration syntax
// <access-level> interface <interface-name> extends <super-interfaces> {
// // Constants
// // Method declarations
// }

// Example - Food:
public interface Edible {
public void eat(); // Any class that implements this interface, must
// implement this method.
}

public interface Digestible {

public void digest();
// Since Java 8, interfaces can have default method.
public default void defaultMethod() {
 System.out.println("Hi from default method ...");
}
}

// We can now create a class that implements both of these interfaces.

public class Fruit implements Edible, Digestible {
@Override
public void eat() {
// ...
}

@Override
public void digest() {
// ...
}
}

// In Java, you can extend only one class, but you can implement many
// interfaces. For example:
public class ExampleClass extends ExampleClassParent implements InterfaceOne,
InterfaceTwo {
@Override
public void InterfaceOneMethod() {
}

@Override
public void InterfaceTwoMethod() {
}

// Abstract Classes

// Abstract Class declaration syntax

// <access-level> abstract class <abstract-class-name> extends
// <super-abstract-classes> {
// // Constants and variables
// // Method declarations
// }

// Abstract Classes cannot be instantiated.

// Abstract classes may define abstract methods.
// Abstract methods have no body and are marked abstract
// Non-abstract child classes must @Override all abstract methods
// from their super-classes.
// Abstract classes can be useful when combining repetitive logic
// with customised behavior, but as Abstract classes require
// inheritance, they violate "Composition over inheritance"
// so consider other approaches using composition.
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_over_inheritance

public abstract class Animal

{
private int age;

public abstract void makeSound();

// Method can have a body

public void eat()
{
System.out.println("I am an animal and I am Eating.");
// Note: We can access private variable here.
age = 30;
}
 public void printAge()
{
System.out.println(age);
}

// Abstract classes can have main method.

public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("I am abstract");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal

{
// Note still have to override the abstract methods in the
// abstract class.
@Override
public void makeSound()
{
System.out.println("Bark");
// age = 30; ==> ERROR! age is private to Animal
}

// NOTE: You will get an error if you used the

// @Override annotation here, since java doesn't allow
// overriding of static methods.
// What is happening here is called METHOD HIDING.
// Check out this SO post: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16313649/
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Dog pluto = new Dog();
pluto.makeSound();
pluto.eat();
pluto.printAge();
}
}

// Final Classes

// Final Class declaration syntax

// <access-level> final <final-class-name> {
// // Constants and variables
// // Method declarations
// }

// Final classes are classes that cannot be inherited from and are therefore a
// final child. In a way, final classes are the opposite of abstract classes
// because abstract classes must be extended, but final classes cannot be
// extended.
public final class SaberToothedCat extends Animal
{
// Note still have to override the abstract methods in the
// abstract class.
@Override
public void makeSound()
{
System.out.println("Roar");
}
}

// Final Methods
public abstract class Mammal()
{
 // Final Method Syntax:
// <access modifier> final <return type> <function name>(<args>)

// Final methods, like, final classes cannot be overridden by a child

// class, and are therefore the final implementation of the method.
public final boolean isWarmBlooded()
{
return true;
}
}

// Enum Type
//
// An enum type is a special data type that enables for a variable to be a set
// of predefined constants. The variable must be equal to one of the values
// that have been predefined for it. Because they are constants, the names of
// an enum type's fields are in uppercase letters. In the Java programming
// language, you define an enum type by using the enum keyword. For example,
// you would specify a days-of-the-week enum type as:
public enum Day {
SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY
}

// We can use our enum Day like that:

public class EnumTest {
// Variable Enum
Day day;

public EnumTest(Day day) {

this.day = day;
}

public void tellItLikeItIs() {

switch (day) {
case MONDAY:
System.out.println("Mondays are bad.");
break;
case FRIDAY:
System.out.println("Fridays are better.");
break;
case SATURDAY:
case SUNDAY:
System.out.println("Weekends are best.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Midweek days are so-so.");
break;
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

EnumTest firstDay = new EnumTest(Day.MONDAY);
firstDay.tellItLikeItIs(); // => Mondays are bad.
EnumTest thirdDay = new EnumTest(Day.WEDNESDAY);
thirdDay.tellItLikeItIs(); // => Midweek days are so-so.
}
}

// Enum types are much more powerful than we show above.

// The enum body can include methods and other fields.
// You can see more at
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/enum.html
// Getting Started with Lambda Expressions
//
// New to Java version 8 are lambda expressions. Lambdas are more commonly found
// in functional programming languages, which means they are methods which can
// be created without belonging to a class, passed around as if it were itself
// an object, and executed on demand.
//
// Final note, lambdas must implement a functional interface. A functional
// interface is one which has only a single abstract method declared. It can
// have any number of default methods. Lambda expressions can be used as an
// instance of that functional interface. Any interface meeting the requirements
// is treated as a functional interface. You can read more about interfaces
// above.
//
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.function.*;
import java.security.SecureRandom;

public class Lambdas {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Lambda declaration syntax:
// <zero or more parameters> -> <expression body or statement block>

// We will use this hashmap in our examples below.

Map<String, String> planets = new HashMap<>();
planets.put("Mercury", "87.969");
planets.put("Venus", "224.7");
planets.put("Earth", "365.2564");
planets.put("Mars", "687");
planets.put("Jupiter", "4,332.59");
planets.put("Saturn", "10,759");
planets.put("Uranus", "30,688.5");
planets.put("Neptune", "60,182");

// Lambda with zero parameters using the Supplier functional interface

// from java.util.function.Supplier. The actual lambda expression is
// what comes after numPlanets =.
Supplier<String> numPlanets = () -> Integer.toString(planets.size());
System.out.format("Number of Planets: %s\n\n", numPlanets.get());

// Lambda with one parameter and using the Consumer functional interface
// from java.util.function.Consumer. This is because planets is a Map,
// which implements both Collection and Iterable. The forEach used here,
// found in Iterable, applies the lambda expression to each member of
// the Collection. The default implementation of forEach behaves as if:
/*
for (T t : this)
action.accept(t);
*/

// The actual lambda expression is the parameter passed to forEach.

planets.keySet().forEach((p) -> System.out.format("%s\n", p));

// If you are only passing a single argument, then the above can also be
// written as (note absent parentheses around p):
planets.keySet().forEach(p -> System.out.format("%s\n", p));

// Tracing the above, we see that planets is a HashMap, keySet() returns

// a Set of its keys, forEach applies each element as the lambda
// expression of: (parameter p) -> System.out.format("%s\n", p). Each
// time, the element is said to be "consumed" and the statement(s)
// referred to in the lambda body is applied. Remember the lambda body
// is what comes after the ->.
 // The above without use of lambdas would look more traditionally like:
for (String planet : planets.keySet()) {
System.out.format("%s\n", planet);
}

// This example differs from the above in that a different forEach

// implementation is used: the forEach found in the HashMap class
// implementing the Map interface. This forEach accepts a BiConsumer,
// which generically speaking is a fancy way of saying it handles
// the Set of each Key -> Value pairs. This default implementation
// behaves as if:
/*
for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : map.entrySet())
action.accept(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
*/

// The actual lambda expression is the parameter passed to forEach.

String orbits = "%s orbits the Sun in %s Earth days.\n";
planets.forEach((K, V) -> System.out.format(orbits, K, V));

// The above without use of lambdas would look more traditionally like:
for (String planet : planets.keySet()) {
System.out.format(orbits, planet, planets.get(planet));
}

// Or, if following more closely the specification provided by the

// default implementation:
for (Map.Entry<String, String> planet : planets.entrySet()) {
System.out.format(orbits, planet.getKey(), planet.getValue());
}

// These examples cover only the very basic use of lambdas. It might not
// seem like much or even very useful, but remember that a lambda can be
// created as an object that can later be passed as parameters to other
// methods.
}
}

Further Reading
The links provided here below are just to get an understanding of the topic, feel free to Google and find
specific examples.

Official Oracle Guides:

Java Tutorial Trail from Sun / Oracle (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/index.html)

Java Access level modifiers (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html)

Object-Oriented Programming Concepts

(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html):

Inheritance (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html)
Polymorphism (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/polymorphism.html)
Abstraction (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/abstract.html)

Exceptions (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/index.html)
 Interfaces (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/createinterface.html)

Generics (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/index.html)

Java Code Conventions (https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconvtoc-136057.html)

New features in Java 8:

Lambda expressions (functional programming)

(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/lambdaexpressions.html)
Date and time API (java.time package) (http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jf14-date-
time-2125367.html)

Online Practice and Tutorials

Learneroo.com - Learn Java (http://www.learneroo.com)

Codingbat.com (http://codingbat.com/java)

Codewars - Java Katas (https://www.codewars.com/?language=java)

University of Helsinki - Object-Oriented programming with Java

(http://moocfi.github.io/courses/2013/programming-part-1/)

Books:

Head First Java (http://www.headfirstlabs.com/books/hfjava/)

Thinking in Java (http://www.mindview.net/Books/TIJ/)

Objects First with Java (https://www.amazon.com/Objects-First-Java-Practical-

Introduction/dp/0132492660)

Java The Complete Reference (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0071606300)

Got a suggestion? A correction, perhaps? Open an Issue (https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-

docs/issues/new) on the Github Repo, or make a pull request
(https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs/edit/master/java.html.markdown) yourself!

Originally contributed by Jake Prather, and updated by 57 contributor(s)

(https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs/blame/master/java.html.markdown).

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en_US) © 2023 Jake Prather

(https://github.com/JakeHP), Jakukyo
Friel (https://weakish.github.io), Madison Dickson (https://github.com/mix3d), Simon Morgan (https://sjm.io/),
Zachary Ferguson (https://github.com/zfergus2), Cameron Schermerhorn (https://github.com/cschermerhorn),
Rachel Stiyer (https://github.com/rstiyer), Michael Dähnert (https://github.com/JaXt0r), Rob Rose
(https://github.com/RobRoseKnows), Sean Nam (https://github.com/seannam), Shawn M. Hanes
(https://github.com/smhanes15)