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Methaas
dihjert
icingtechniqus,
wtich using
ti process in io decided.
páe e poduct
Hhe (an be
ohich pitug go
icing methasin
GlCulatd.

Obtancd iy civiing Te by quorty podu ad.

 n short Yun
Cost TFc a
aiablu Lost 1ve<o.

liit
piing
Aoxcuw whe atirm gedwces ts pra in Orde
a mawtet.
to detev rew ertren jom oni
oNKet skining priing
ne podut piing

Geting bigh pYa at wfial a -then qrodualy

de orcoóg
ibuscd. t rmovatie poduct uith rol us
Competion.-gh poit masqin soyev ost
éq: phon, Saps (cove) ete.

3) -fat rate phing -2t uschume huuy the

o4 how long the corryu totes to. (arycut the

Sewies .
E: Gym, Unhimitad sewiie (phors)
 Serstie picing
9usage
G the selecion o usag chaqing toi,
based On actual Seuices or TeSoUTy.

prority fo Seuia quality

The Corsumexs Sewices. So the Döa
intenet
dtumines the pia 9 itenet Sewi a.
orth quality er
incases
Busness
Upuandple. clooneDad movenent
e, Corthacjbn,(uctuatiors)
explain the eziamaion
achviics in the cconomy
eConomic
pauticulay
(national income) ,Empbyment
-ncct. to kanas
trade choaduiss by ising phs é lao Unempey
wtth badl
met

Hrode chanacteised by-fating pias a high uncmplo

 Phascoihee ae 6 phoses thct on ciptrunt
apital,cupble Consunew qodo
) Compler
Prassio. Lse Tradew-| Sole propvic torship (onw)

busines
paion
The Sole. touonw .
ans at the viss i.e; lokau,
bg bwins
qoad trate
ue bad trade
Reccsion, ceprrçsion &-touah
9Erpomsion - Economie output lacthvity
grooth,
Déosy to Staut 6 cse
lassca alon
demand, Nî routh r ) Enioys the proji i alone SusJes the
Recession - hiqh 6opply, demand loo, CompanyJ nhes ) Onlióied fability (retictios'| |
epression - Unemployocont
- lirnit G lass ,vt involves
Schenes, (barrs. ecoomy qoao
) kao toxes
Jeatuns ) lot Surlable ov lbge busines
divect fnteocion oth customins,
2) vaiarnce în intensty more Competiliso
pues- he leng
kack o nglaity n dbeuent ) Armited amount opital:'
 busincss éj octve
rartne hey învest in
) slecping Shoing.as
+ is e manded people (reoplk aho thyt Sam o
patnw- est for near
name Sate rethw stnvai
’ rantnes- pegle coho,cntas the aqveammt ) Norninal von pavhápat. qyomt peaon
fm- at togethw paninus Succession Act j9s6.
Tönt -tlindu yomily -1indu
an asodation beteen nd
The
busincss Yumed gom the anastors
The
-tuo0 or me individuas or paati es 'oho hove. manaqcd by Ohe person who is
Controled E
aceptcd to shoue the pm qeictd fhomh
lbuins undev he upewision g
al membes Calted korta or managuv" 4aldivam, MIR
;Tarta Sons pt. ltd
Eg: Reliane

jeatus.
Goverid Hindu l a u I
birth.
9yeement ) Membenship by hae fuil vight
to irdian oct ,in partnwaes 3) Managmemt -karta Jmamger
ND- b artney - actt s koning ma -10 &rbnbo
Jirorted Iiabilies Qr
) ontract oth ustomes be oninue
- business needs to
9Coritiily
Minór also a membe
autheuship deed.-- oqrecmunt. )-counts. - Maintained by kaia
adves, dunatin lbusines,
A he us,names,
menioned in 9 Impied authoity a, Karla.
all detaiy e patreship dec
 chsadvatag%
eatwas
9Utmost ) imitcd Captal noby).
3 Quick decision )) Captal 5 divided insto shaey
3) Name o orgpany ends, wth limited a
9 Supicion. y oinding up -lernd to buiness slone by
) -vtijhGal persan 15C does ngl have amiy Phypil
Capocty person sajHj icial person.

Toint stock Comfomy

V iba buinRSS ooned by ts investors, x
fomafion.
ench nvestor ouoing a shae of Company baed on
he ambut tal iwested, ) Get Cotihicat e incoporaion.- Name, dlk q
’ Kiitations g pavtneship Con be eutetitutl, Compmy started tor póvate
Porele Submit, Reoistcation vety
doc
Rouw nvestment- one oho dont hawe busines
Get certiate e Conenament
eroh captal bot stil tama Givest so Jac. o4

de people Come oethw to eon hei, liwg by

Own shas lbased on amo) stocks

pawchased.
 Unde act 1912
CO-operative Socicties imtaliors
association,
he S0ciery memloers,
) kock ny omong
open (to al
oill. It o
acorciy o to heiy society 9 Cash traing.
ccpding a demotnalic Interferena.
) Potical
teatues. oapu deteminaion.
,D bluntany memsship {roaple Monooly rpica
Equiltbrium unde
equalA a fivm qet rimum
at politicS é4 teliqion ,all a a leyel o outpur ivm cab bal ama
derooacal, odput
DeooaHC maraqemunt - who
(o0k
poyit.-t the poit of nedwe atput.Theve are
heithew Inceased op nor
Ae elected by ohex menbes
2Condrions i.e; lost
4) One man, One vote ReNenue = Marqinal
P \Compamy Me lMarqingl
S) Sevicc motve.-2t is asenice rol & 3) MR=
Cut MR Fom below
) Mc uhVe
) dstvi bhon o swps
-troacions ony,Cash
3) Cash trading -ro iedit
Investmens. n
8 Ited nterest on MO
Control ory.
4) Slate Contvol - state level
(ost

lb) Co-operalive Educertion

 Shot Run Cquililarium
)loYmal ot i) M Me
Tkis fm has 3 cquülibrum
Super nomal
glclP ) R6- AC
) Nomal pngit

)supew nomal
Cost)

MR
AC

A2
yevnw ARP
e
6R

Ra- Avee
Sintce Ap> AC
RQ>A

Droit alculaud 12- A P

RO T0 RT As the demand changes in tong- run, the Stale
O op also changed . heae ao tuo pussible orphion
RI PS
PRST O Supenaal 4hat monopoly conside
(am Contol it ouput, (ast
So

beCause all octos e voiable .

 Singje ohe o mamy
(an be Possi.
gn Vey taw Casst Sellew ae
t.
to
nomal pojt
prodct Same but th
AR - Ac each selew
Supey

cachi
6 eataes
qual hy
Monopdiutic.,Compettion.
Cqui l bium undw the a Cordiions.
It need to
I) MR=MC
cut MR Jom be lo o
2) M
Mangnal cast
equi pia when the MC

ji Can qet Supanomal equibium putptis 00

AR >AC Ae RQ ) Ac-i TQ.
Pna

AR-c cost

To calculat pmogit
Peenue

TC = RT oproit
 NovalFt ARAt
Shot rn

(ast) of
more thom AC la

ako ug cost
RO
point
RO-1Q :R
SNP
c

AR-Ac
Calcuta
Ra tR
 newbiamd
In thi newtims
ith
upw noma
namea Can g1 a'mangy6istuatton in ohich many
he long- peniod t0 Shat
Tin
seling homgnos prodwct.
a vesutt
Shortt- peiol.N5 h in the
climi natcd & So all In the elc .
manga
ancet coi b eayning jwt omal p Short un cquilibnum.
ong- peioo. ) Super nbwmal pit
Shut tus oa busines take
Suppmse loinly to Eqpral in tins ohen
(xcess pgit e! experdttue.
than 9ts
Supes Normal MOYe firm more reyemue
uil)
ente
ivided to O
CordriÍns nud to hom be loo
Novmal
) MC = MP
Som firm
Come koss to
’from
Olkuw fims
arct
Bncuase
NJoral Pat MC
Me-M

AR AC
Graph o Alormal prait
Cost
M|v e n u e

We

L -
by
R oint tovch bet beCaus e at T MC = MR
b Cow not Stable
T Pornt is
Cuting tom above, é e Curwe
potit point be Cauye -MC= MP
i)C B Stable
ating trom below.
S
DSuper noa pa
Totol veene (or 2NOYmal
Cost

1R=7C

W P TRTC
pTR-T MC

MRAR

hoviml

MC: MR 4 hey ae art gTC.

belause Mc=MR
Liibnum pi stableequilibium pt as
mbe low T L
MC ut MR hekoo
Me cut MR om
Equilibuum atput o6 Te=OPTU
Eqüibium pia gp 4lene TCTR
Supev nomal
prit (P) R-7 Rivenuenlome ice,
Lass - Cost n more tham
Totol Cost ORAQ
Total wenue - OPT. MC

PTR T

DP TO- oRKQ

0 OP
Caladat toss TR-1C
Ogopdy pice opySinkad cmand 3
R oPEQ
Pou Socery lahd intvdspendn morg
TR-TC Atms in altaboly nay economisl
-Amuitan
DPEO -- ORAQ He b a
=PRKE n losS Eiklt"derpand above he
may ket Aia
Cenpetlign
nelastic?
Nomal
MOYe 4irm
in hemankat
Pie above

from CB- (neleyic.

markat

Elastic
Ihiy above market it
demand cuve io
demend veduas
Acct. to kinked then
inaase 15 pce
One Am pa competttve fivm
Compa to
more as
A
y
Same
P increo

TC = PE Q 20%
He
at Cpt 1C -TR.
oP
 educa more as Conpay to A
wun demn denomd dmand inim Yedu
Called Elaghic Pnce same
pa , aho redwe thei
-AB
henc segmunt above -to e o,,n incae
pia semand
more ohem CommSimilaw )) )
oho sell Cuwe.
So hu au my ims Cauilibium in kinked demand

below is nelastie

Comptos irng
() B DE
J
yedue
pi

Cwe
so -NB is tinted
Act to inted f a -Am vedwa its pie MR iD aleo
diviced
only Atle Caled as
much but demomd fneuaye C
demamd Cwe
nelastHC. ie; BC AP, MR foY
kT,MR tor CB
is ithena
pr ah anised be Cauye theu
elytic demand Cuwe
luw
 long MC,
mR. =
butputDQ
MC,
as
MC
Mc
Cuwe oe

pas mavainal
tthmouh
cos
vemcal