Computer???

Computer???
Computer???
 INTRODUCTION
 A computer is a machine that accepts data as input,
processes that data using programs and cpu and give
outputs the processed data as information.
 Initially,computers were developed to perform
mathematical operations, but later on, they were used to
store the result of those operations, which with the
time leads to the storage of other data or information.
 INTRODUCTION
 Data is a collection of unprocessed facts, figures,
and symbols.
e.g. Ram, age, 32, years, old
 Information is a processed form of data. It is
organized, meaningful, and useful.
e.g. Ram is 32 years old. Or Ram’s age is 32 years.
 INTRODUCTION (CONTD..)
• A computer can be defined as an advanced electronic
device that takes raw data as input from the user. It
uses a set of instructions (called program) to process
the data and give the result (output) through the output
device.
• The result can be used immediately or saved for future
use.
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
 In the process of converting data to information,
a computer uses hardware and software.
 At the simplest level, all computers consist of
these two basic components; the hardware and
the software
 Hardware is any part of the computer that has a
physical structure that can be seen and
touched, though some may be so tiny that they
are invisible to the naked eye.
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
 Software is the instruction set that tells the
computer how to perform tasks.
 Software is intangible i.e., that cannot be seen
and touched, but its effect is clearly defined.
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
Hardware components are classified into following
categories:
o Input Devices
o Output Devices
o Storage Devices
o Processing unit
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
INPUT DEVICES
 Input devices are the devices that allow a user to
enter data and instructions into a computer such as
keyboard, mouse, microphone,scanner, joystick,
graphics tablet and digital camera
or
 An input device is a piece of hardware used to
provide data to a computer used for interaction and
control. It allows input of raw data to the computer
for processing
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
INPUT DEVICES
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
INPUT DEVICES
The various functions of input devices are:
 They accept data and instructions from the user.
 They convert these instructions and data from
human readable form to machine readable
form.
 They supply the converted instructions and data
to the CPU for further processing
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
INPUT DEVICES
 ARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
OUTPUT DEVICES
 Output devices are used to display the result or
information to the user through monitor, LCDs, printers,
and speakers
Or
 An output device is a piece of computer hardware
that receives data from a computer and then
translates that data into another form.
 That form may be audio, visual, textual, or hard copy
such as a printed document.
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
OUTPUT DEVICES
The various functions of output devices are:
 It accepts the results produced by the computer
which is in the form or machine readable form.
 It converts these coded results into human
readable form.
 It supplies the converted results to the user
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
 The key distinction between an input device and
an output device is that an input device sends
data to the computer, whereas an output device
receives data from the computer.
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
STORAGE DEVICES
 Storage devices are the devices which are used
to retrieved from and saved to the data and
information such as hard drives, memory sticks
(pen drives), compact discs, DVDs and tape
drives.
Or
 A storage device is a piece of computer
hardware used for saving, carrying and pulling
out data. It can keep and retain information short
term or long-term.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
STORAGE DEVICES
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

 The system unit is the box that protects the

internal electronic components from damage. It
contains the central processing unit (CPU) and
memory.
 The CPU interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate the computer. Memory
is where data and instructions are held
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE (CONTD..)
CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
• The heart of the computer system is the processor
unit. It consists of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
which executes most computer operations (arithmetic
and logical) and the Control Unit which acts as the
nerve center that sends control signal to all other
units.
??????????
 Computer Components/class
External hardware
 External hardware components, also called
peripheral components, are those items that are
often externally connected to the computer to
control either input or output functions.
 These hardware devices are designed to either
provide instructions to the software (input) or
render results from its execution (output).
External hardware
 Computer Components
Internal hardware
Internal Hardware is mean the hardware that is
inside the computer case. For example:
 C.P.U
 R.A.M
 R.O.M
 Graphics Card
 Motherboard
 Sound Card
 Network Interface Card
 Internal Fan. C.P.U Central Processing Unit
• The “brain” of the computer that carries out
software instructions.
Why Software???
 Software??
 Software is a collection of instructions that enable the
user to interact with a computer
 Without software, most computers would be useless.
 For example, without your Internet browser software,
you could not surf the Internet or read this page.
 Without an operating system, the browser could not run
on your computer.
 Categories of Software
1. Programming software
Programming software is a set of tools to aid
developers in writing programs.
The various tools available are compilers, linkers,
debuggers, interpreters and text editors.
 Categories of Software
2. System software
 System software serves as a base for application
software. System software includes device drivers,
operating systems (Oss).It is also responsible for
managing hardware components and providing basic
non-task-specific function.The system software is
usually written in the C programming language.
System software
3.Application software
 Application software is intended to perform certain
tasks.
 Examples of application software include office suites,
gaming applications, database systems and
educational software.
 Application software can be a single program or a
collection of small programs.
 This type of software is what consumers most typically
think of as "software."
Application software
4.Malicious software (malware)
• Malicious software is intentionally developed to
damage computers and/or disrupt other
software.
Examples of malware are:
Spyware
Computer viruses
Trojan horses
Worms
Adware
Technical Support????
 Skills for a Computer Technician
A computer technician is any person who repairs and
maintains computers and servers as well as some other
related peripherals.
 Computer technicians perform various tasks, including
maintenance of the computer hardware
maintenance of other computer related equipment,
troubleshooting computer problems
working with wires and electricity
Assembling computers, and more.
computer installations and repairs
 They work in different settings, providing computer
technical services for both private and public sectors.
 IT technician skills
1.Communication
 IT technicians communicate with technology
companies, clients and coworkers on a regular
basis.
 It's beneficial for IT technicians to have strong
communication and listening skills so they can
meet client needs and help coworkers by
answering questions and addressing concerns.
 IT technician skills
2.Data collection
 IT technicians typically have to do research and collect
data to diagnose and solve computer problems.
 For this reason, it's important that IT technicians have
experience with data collection, be somewhat
comfortable with math and numbers and pay close
attention to detail.
 IT technician skills
3.Training
• When installing and updating operating systems,
hardware or software, IT technicians are often
responsible for training coworkers on how to use
that technology.
• IT technicians should be able to explain different
processes and techniques in easy-to-understand
terms.
IT technician skills
 IT technician skills
4.Equipment repairs, installations and
troubleshooting
 IT technicians should be very familiar with
examining, repairing or installing equipment.
 As technology advances, IT technicians should
learn about new equipment and operating
systems and feel comfortable interacting with
both the internal and external parts of computers.
IT technician skills
 IT technician skills
5.Problem-solving
 IT technicians often have to solve technological-
and computer-related problems as they emerge.
 IT technicians should excellent problem-solvers
so they can quickly think of creative solutions and
meet client needs.
 IT technician skills
6.Hardware and software maintenance
 IT technicians should be able to properly install
software, eliminate viruses and malware and
differentiate between file types.
 IT technicians should also be able to update
computer hardware and understand how data is
saved and stored.
 IT technician skills
7.Privacy and security
 IT technicians should be able to ensure privacy
and security of networks and computer systems
when working with clients.
 Employers rely on IT technicians to protect
sensitive and confidential information stored on
computers.
 IT technician skills
8.Record keeping
 IT technicians use information from computers to
document, record and find solutions to technical
issues.
 IT technicians keep records of things like RAM
and CPU usage and network access speed.
 Referencing previous records can help IT
technicians solve problems more efficiently.
 IT technician skills
9.Computer diagnostics
 Computer diagnostics play a key role in
identifying and removing viruses and malware.
 IT technicians should be able to identify any
problems with computer hardware and make
repairs as necessary.
 IT technician skills
10.Customer service
 IT technicians interact with clients and coworkers
regularly to help solve problems, answer questions
and meet needs.
 They should have customer service skills so
interpersonal communication is productive and
friendly.
 IT technician skills
11. Leadership
 IT technicians need leadership skills so they can
teach others about operating computers in a
confident and enthusiastic way.
 IT technicians may have to train multiple people
at once or give informative presentations about
technological updates.
 Leadership skills can help IT technicians excel at
these duties.
 IT technician skills
12. Strategy and objective development
 It's important for IT technicians to be able to plan
ahead and set goals to increase the accuracy and
efficiency of their work.
 IT technicians should practice developing
strategies that help them solve both long- and
short-term problems.
 IT technician skills
13. Professionalism
 Professionalism is important for IT technicians as
they should be punctual, organized and well
prepared so that clients and coworkers can rely
on them.
 IT technician skills
13.Time management
• IT technicians should be good at time
management because they often work in fast-
paced, shifting environments.
• IT technicians typically have multiple clients at
once, making time management crucial for
success in the industry.
 IT technician skills
Collaboration
 IT technicians interact with many different people
and often collaborate with others to solve
problems and reach goals.
 They should be able to work closely with others
to ensure client and coworker needs are being
met.
 IT technician skills
14. Collaboration
 IT technicians interact with many different people
and often collaborate with others to solve
problems and reach goals.
 They should be able to work closely with others
to ensure client and coworker needs are being
met.
 IT technician skills
15. Patience
 It's important that IT technicians practice being
patient with their tools, coworkers and clients.
 This can help IT technicians stay calm and focused
during stressful or high-pressure situations.
 Patience is also valuable to practice while helping
coworkers understand the technology they're
using.
 How to improve IT technician skills?
 IT technicians can always gain knowledge and
understanding by practicing different skills.
 If you're interested in improving your IT
technician skills, use these steps to help:
 How to improve IT technician skills?
1. Pay attention to detail
As an IT technician, details are especially
important when solving computer-related
problems.
As you work, consider reviewing previously
recorded data and other specifics regularly to
minimize mathematical errors.
Paying attention to details can also help you
identify problems earlier and resolve them
faster.
 How to improve IT technician skills?
2. Keep learning
You can benefit from doing research about
technological advances and shifts in computer
design and software.
Continuing to learn can help you stay up to date
on computer equipment so you can help clients
more efficiently and accurately.
 How to improve IT technician skills?
3. Be proactive
• Instead of addressing problems as they arise,
consider being proactive by thinking ahead about
ways to make clients more comfortable with their
equipment.
• You can also be proactive by reviewing past work
and learning from mistakes.
 How to improve IT technician skills?
4. Work on active listening
 Think about developing your active-listening skills
so you can address individual questions and
concerns with your full attention.
 This may help you build relationships with clients
and coworkers and make connections in the IT
field.
 IT technician skills in the workplace
Or use these tips to help you maximize your skills in
the workplace
 Be friendly
 Keep detailed records
 Plan ahead
 Ask questions
 Develop relationships
 Communicate regularly
 Lab procedures and maintenance tools
 It is the detailed documents, checklists or guidelines
that instruct you how to safely carry out an action in a
laboratory environment.
 The key here is to remember that a lab process tells
your team how to do something (create a compound,
carry out a reaction, etc).
 A lab procedure gives you the specific instructions of a
certain action in great detail.
 Lab procedures and maintenance tools
• Processes and procedures can often be confused, as a
certain level of perspective is needed when telling them
apart.
• Most procedures can be considered processes but not
all processes can be called procedures due to the level
of detail in them, or because they take a high-level
approach to the situation.
 Managing the Computer Lab
• The computer lab is considered a classroom too. Rules,
routines, and procedures are
• very important as lab assist use the computer lab with
their students.
• Lesson plans and curriculum connections should also be
used in the lab, just as they are used in the classroom.
 Managing the Computer Lab
Cleaning and Trouble Shooting
Cleaning
 Computers, keyboards, screens, mice, and counter tops need to
be cleaned regularly.
 Dusting - Swiffer sweepers or Swiffer dusters work very well.
Pressurized air cans can help with keyboards and other hard-to-
dust computer parts.
 Cleaning wipes work well for cleaning and disinfecting computer
surfaces and keyboards.
 Managing the Computer Lab
Cleaning and Trouble Shooting
Cleaning
 Computer screen cleaner can help avoid streaks when
cleaning screens. Dry them off with a soft screen-cleaning
cloth.
 Unplug the mouse and keyboard before cleaning.
 If one person is cleaning, wear gloves and wash your hands
when finished!
 Every class is responsible for leaving the lab straightened
and organized after each visit. Push in chairs, pick up
pencils and papers, hang up headphones, etc
Suggested Rules for the Computer Lab
Management: Here are some suggested rules for your
students
 Wash your hands! (Imagine all the little hands that
touch these keyboards every day, and all the germs that
come with them!)
 Food, candy, gum, and beverages should be kept out of
the computer lab.
 Enter silently
 Suggested Rules for the Computer Lab
Stay in your seats while working (unless instructed
otherwise).
Do not disturb switches, cables, or cords. (Don't kick
under the desks!)
The computer volume stays off unless the teacher
tells you to turn it up.
When headphones are used, set them to an
appropriate volume level. If I can hear what you're
playing through your headphones when I'm not the one
wearing them, they're probably too loud.
Computer Maintenance SW
 Disk Defragmenter
 When we install any software or create a file or
folder, it is stored on the hard disk.
 Now it might be possible that these files are not
stored in one sequence but are broken into many
segments and then stored.
 This is because the file might be too big to be
stored in one empty space on the hard disk.
• Disk Defragmenter is a tool that puts all of your
files back into place
 Disk Defragmenter
 Figure below illustrates the process of disk
fragmentation.
 It rearranges all the files so that each file is stored
in one sequence.
 This results into the programs running faster.
Disk Defragmenter
 Disk Cleanup
 The hard disk contains many files that are
unnecessary after a certain amount of time, but
they still reside on the disk.
 These need to be removed manually or an
automatic Disk Cleanup program can be
scheduled as shown in the Figure
 Disk Cleanup will delete all of your unused and
unwanted files.
 It will also delete your garbage and old Internet
files.
Disk Cleanup
 Windows Update
 Windows update will ensure that your
computer is up-to-date with new features and
the latest security.
 This feature needs a connection to the Internet.
It connects to the Microsoft server and
downloads and installs the updates on the
system.
 You can click on the Windows Update icon in
the start menu and click on the download
update to get the updates.
 Check / Scan disk
 Check/Scan disk fixes the errors on your computer when
you are having problems/errors.
 This should be run every week just to ensure that you
computer is error free even if you
are not having any problems.
 You can start the scan disk wizard, as depicted in Figure
by Right clicking on the C drive, selecting Properties from
the Popup menu and then selecting Check Disk button.
 Close Unwanted Programs
 Sometimes there are programs that we do not
want to run anymore or programs that get halted
due to some problem.
 Pressing ‘Ctrl+Alt+Delete’ keys simultaneously
brings up the Close Program dialog box
Close Unwanted Programs
 System Restore
 Whenever we install a new software, it is always
advisable to save the setting of the system so
that at later stage if the system malfunctions
then that saved copy of the system, made when
it was working normal, can be restored.
 It helps in getting the system up and running for
use.
 To make a restore point today choose the System
Restore from the Start->Programs->Accessories-
>System Tools->System Restore
Common problems and solutions
 Computer Maintenance Tools
o Simple hand tools for basic disassembly and
reassembly procedures.
o Diagnostics software.
o A millimeter.
o Chemicals (such as contact cleaners),
component freeze sprays, and compressed air
for cleaning the system.
o Foam swabs, or lint-free cotton swabs if foam
isn't available.
 Troubleshooting Computer
 It is the process of knowing and correcting the problem
 Troubleshooting is the process of figuring out how to
solve a computer problem. Even with the most updated
software and hardware, occasionally computers can
malfunction
 In order to solve a problem, you must figure out which
part of the system is malfunctioning.
 Steps of Troubleshooting Computer
 Troubleshooter is the people who exposed to the
computer problem by follow the following procedure
 Most technician have been use their own method to
solve the problem but some of the are follows the
following method
 Let me show the steps
 Steps of Troubleshooting Computer
Step 1:-Gathering Information
 Ask the user or customer the following information
Steps of Troubleshooting Computer
Step 2:check the power and cable connector
Steps of Troubleshooting Computer
Step 3:check if the problem is user error’s
Steps of Troubleshooting Computer
Step 4: Restart the computer
Steps of Troubleshooting Computer
Step 5: Define if the problem is a hardware or
software related problem
o It is startup problem

o It is windows problem

o Program problem

o Device problem
Steps of Troubleshooting Computer
Step 6:-find out the problem and solve it

Use replacement Method

ESD??
What is ESD????
 ESD??
 ESD Stands for electronic static discharge ESD
happens when two objects of dissimilar charge
(for example man and computer components)
contact each others.
 ESD??
 This charge can damage the computer
components like CPU,RAM and Motherboards,
cards and other electronics components.
Just by sitting or walking on chair or carpet you
can generate around 100 volts or < of static
electricity.
o Computer components like CPU,RAM and
motherboards can be damaged with a little volt
 ESD??
 To prevent ESD damage, you should discharge static
electricity from your body before you interact with any
of your computer’s internal electronic components,
such as a memory module.
• You can protect against ESD and discharge static
electricity from your body by touching a metal
grounded object before you interact with
anything electronic.
 ESD??
 When connecting a peripheral to your computer,
you should always ground both yourself and the
peripheral before connecting it to the computer.
 In addition, as you work inside the computer,
periodically touch a metal-grounded object to
remove any static charge your body may have
accumulated.
 ESD??
 Handle all electrostatic sensitive components in
a static-safe area.
 If possible, use antistatic floor pads and work
bench pads.
 What Causes Electrostatic Discharge?
• Materials store either positive charges or
negative charges.
 ESD Protective Devices
Grounding
 For personnel working on printed circuit boards,
grounding is the best way to get rid of ESD.
 Providing a ground makes the lowest impedance
path for the ESD current flow
 Grounding
 An ESD wrist strap is commonly used to ground
the user working on the circuits
 Grounding mats or antistatic mats are also used
to place the electrostatic-sensitive equipment to
reduce the risk of ESD.
 Antistatic Bags
• Antistatic bags are used to protect electrostatic-
sensitive electrical and electronic components.
• These packaging materials prevent static
electricity interactions
• These bags come in a variety of sizes and colors
and are widely used to pack hard drives,
motherboards, sound cards, graphic cards, etc.
ESD
Motherboard and computer Case
Computer case???
 Computer case???
• The computer case serves mainly as a way to
physically mount and contain all the actual
components inside a computer, like
oMotherboard
ohard drive
ooptical drive
ofloppy disk drive, etc.
They typically come bundled with a power supply.
 Computer case???
• The computer case serves critical functions much
as skin does for the human body
• The computer case is the metal and plastic box
that contains the main components of the
computer, including the motherboard, central
processing unit (CPU), and power supply.
• The front of the case usually has an On/Off
button and one or more optical drives.
 What computer case do???
• The primary function of a computer case is to
protect the computer's components from harm.
• A secondary function is to easily transport
the computer from place to place.
Computer components, such as the motherboard,
hard drive and power supply, are vulnerable to
damage from dust and spills.
• One of the most important functions of a case is
the cooling of the components.
 Computer case
 The bigger the box, the more components it can hold
• (providing greater expansion potential)
• often, the better the airflow (essential for cooling).
• Large cases are also easier to work with.
 The more compact the box, the less expansion potential
it has; working on it is often much more difficult and
usually, airflow is more restricted
 Smaller cases that come with a power supply usually
have lower wattage, reducing the number of internal
devices that can be installed
 Computer case
 The more features in a case design like the power
wattage or the number of bays, the higher the
cost.
 Opening the case
• A computer case houses all the parts of a
computer. You'll need to open the case to access
the various components inside, like the hard
drive, motherboard, video card, etc.
• Every computer is a little different, but these
instructions will point you in the right direction
no matter what case you may have.
 Opening the case
01:-Turn the Computer Off
 Opening the case
• Before opening the case, you must turn the
computer off.
• Shut down your operating system as you
normally do. On the back of your computer,
locate the power switch and turn it off, as shown
above.
• Some computers don't have a power switch on
the back. If you don't find one, skip to the next
step.
 Opening the case
02:Unplug the Power Cable
 Opening the case
 Unplug the power cable that's currently plugged
in to the power supply on the back of your
computer.
 It may seem overly cautious to remove the power
cable in addition to powering off the computer
normally, but some parts of a computer remain
powered on even when the computer seems to
be off
 Opening the case
03:Remove All External Cables and Attachments
 Opening the case
 Remove all cables and other devices attached to
your computer. This will make it much easier to
work and to move it around as needed.
 Most of what's plugged in can be gently pulled
out as you'd expect, like HDMI cables, speakers,
and USB devices, but other things have a
different release mechanism.
 Opening the case
04:Remove the Side Panel Retaining Screws
 Opening the case
 Remove the outermost screws from the case—
the ones that are holding the side panels to the
rest of the case.
 You'll likely need a Phillips-head screwdriver to
remove these screws, but some cases have
screws you can turn by hand.
 Set them aside, or unscrew them as far as you
can if this case doesn't have fully removable
screws.
 Opening the case
• Take care not to remove the screws that are
securing the power supply to the case.
• These screws are more inset than the case
retaining screws and may cause the power supply
to fall into the computer, possibly causing
damage.
 Opening the case
05:Remove the Case Side Panel
 Opening the case
 The case side panel can now be removed.
 Sometimes the panel can simply be lifted off,
while other times it may be attached to the case in
a slide-lock manner.
 No matter the mechanism, you should be able to
easily jar it loose.
 To clean the system case
1. Turn off the system
2. Unplug the system unit power connector from
the outlet(power supply)
3. Spray a gentle cleaner (Alcohol) on hair free
cloth. Do not spray direct to the case cover
4. Then clean it slowly
Motherboard???
 Motherboard???
 The motherboard is the largest printed circuit
board
 The motherboard determines the capabilities
and limitations of a computer system.
 Every component on a computer system plugs
into the motherboard is controlled by it and
depends on it to communicate.
 The motherboard houses the following
components:
 Motherboard???
• The computer motherboard connects all the parts of a
computer together.
• Mainboard, baseboard, mobo (abbreviation), system
board, MB (abbreviation), logic board are the synonyms
of computer’s motherboard .
• The motherboard is the most important component in
the PC.
• All the component such as RAM stick, hard disk drive,
optical drives, processor, processor fan and external card
are plugin into motherboard.
 Components
• A motherboard is made of plastic and silicon as
well. It is a hub of a computer system. A
motherboard is a complex component with
various kinds of ports, slots, cables connected to
it. Some of them are:
RAM slots(Random Access Memory): Also called
as main memory, it is a primary storage device for
storage huge bytes of data.
 Advantages
• A motherboard is the main component without
which a computer cannot function.
• Any peripheral can be connected and data
transfer is fast
Installing the New Motherboard
 Installing the New Motherboard
• There are some steps you should follow
before installing a new motherboard.
• if you have a brand new case that's empty, you
may skip this section.
• Here's what you must do to prepare for the new
motherboard installation:
 Installing the New Motherboard
1. Make sure the computer is off, and the power
supply switch is set to 0. Then, unplug the power
supply cable.
2. Disconnect all peripherals, including the mouse,
keyboard, Ethernet cable, external hard drives,
printers, and more.
3. Lay the chassis or case carefully on its side with
the right side facing up (right side while facing
the rear, left side while facing the front).
 Installing the New Motherboard
4. Remove the thumbscrews at the back of the
case, and then slide off and lift the side panel.
5. Disconnect all internal hardware, including the
graphics card, internal hard drives, RAM, system
fans, CPU fan, and CPU. If you have a water cooler
or an aftermarket AIO, you will need to uninstall
that first. Be sure to place all hardware
somewhere safe and static-free.
 Installing the New Motherboard
6. Unplug the power supply cables.
7. Using a computer-safe screwdriver, remove the
screws securing the motherboard to the case and
the stand-offs underneath.
8. Carefully remove the old motherboard from the
case and be sure to place it somewhere safe.
 Installing the New Motherboard
 After you do you looking at an empty computer
case.
What Hardware Should Be Replaced?
 Depending on the old motherboard and how it
compares to the new board you will be
installing, you may be able to keep your old
hardware and reuse it.
• Sometimes, however, hardware is
incompatible, which would mean you need to
replace it.
• Here are some of the hardware considerations
you should make before swapping a
motherboard:
 What Hardware Should Be Replaced?
 Is the CPU socket the same?
 If the answer is no, or it’s a different brand entirely you
will need a new CPU.
 What are the RAM specifications of the new board?
 What are the power supply requirements of all
connected hardware?
 How to Replace the Motherboard
 Assuming you’ve already emptied your case by
uninstalling the old motherboard and hardware
unless you’re using a new case, it’s time to install
your new equipment.
Here’s how to install your new motherboard:
1. Ensure the case is open, which requires
loosening and removing the side panel
thumbscrews and taking off the side panel.
 How to Replace the Motherboard
2. If the case is new, remove everything inside,
including loose cables, plastic, and so on. If the
case is old, move any old cords out of the way,
including power supply cables. Ideally,every thing
should be disconnected and uninstalled from the
case.
3. Taking note of the motherboard size, install your
stand-offs at all four corners
 How to Replace the Motherboard
4. Install the CPU by securing it in the socket and
locking the clasp.
5. Depending on the size of your CPU fan or water
cooling system, you may consider installing that
after you install your RAM. Follow the directions
for the cooler and install it using the included
brackets
 How to Replace the Motherboard
 Double-check to ensure you removed all plastic
from your components, including the bottom of
your CPU fan. Also, spread the right amount of
thermal paste between the CPU and the fan.
6. Install your RAM modules by pressing firmly at
both ends until the clasps lock into place.
7. Insert your motherboard’s I/O shield into place at
the back of the case.
 How to Replace the Motherboard
8. Carefully slide your motherboard into place
inside the chassis, ensuring the back panel is
correctly lined up, and the screw holes are also
lined up with the stand-offs below.
9. Using a computer-safe screwdriver, secure the
motherboard to the stand-offs with the
appropriate screws.
 How to Replace the Motherboard
10. Install the power supply either at the top or
bottom of the case and adjust the cables so
there’s room to reach the motherboard and your
other hardware. Don’t forget to secure the
power supply using screws!
11. Plugin the power connectors, including the 24-
pin and the 8-pin connectors.
 How to Replace the Motherboard
12. Looking down from above, install the case
controls to the appropriate headers on the
bottom right of the motherboard. The cables
vary from case to case, but the most important is
the Power Switch and the Reset Switch, as well
as the LED indicators.
13. Install any additional hardware you have at the
ready, including hard drives, expansion cards,
graphics cards, and so on.
 How to Replace the Motherboard
14. Install your case fans, and carefully run the
cables to a compatible fan header on the
motherboard.
Cause, Signs, and Symptoms of Faulty
Motherboard
 Cause, Signs, and Symptoms of Faulty
Motherboard
• The motherboard is a central component of any
electronic device where all other electronic
components like RAM, ROM, Processor, HDD,
Graphics Card, Bridges, PCI slots, CMOS,are
interconnected
• It is one of the expensive components of
computers and laptops
 Cause, Signs, and Symptoms of Faulty
Motherboard
• If you have to change the motherboard because of
some damages, you have to search compatible
motherboard that fits with an existing component
like HDD, Processor, RAM, and many more.
• Cause, Signs, and Symptoms of Faulty
Motherboard
symptoms of a failing motherboard
1. Failing to boot
When you press the power bottom of your laptop
or computer then your computer fails to boot
and shows no display at all.
This can be due to a problem with your
motherboard.
 symptoms of a failing motherboard
2. Blue Screen of Death
• When you start your PC then if it shows a blue
screen with failures messages with some error
codes then there can be problems in various
components like RAM, HDD, and even
Motherboard.
• Some motherboard brands will display the cause
of the problem as well.
 symptoms of a failing motherboard
3.Freeze the computer
• When you start your PC then it will work normally
initially and when you continue using it, then it
will freeze the computer.
• There can be many causes of freezing computers.
It might be software related or hardware-related
issue.
• If this freezing happens on a frequent basis then
there are more changes problems in the
motherboard. And you probably do not get this
problem until it is too late.
 symptoms of a failing motherboard
4.Freeze or Glitches the computer
 symptoms of a failing motherboard
5.CPU Restart Abnormally
 Sometimes your computer restart abnormally this
can be due to improper power provided by the
motherboard to different components attached
to it.
 symptoms of a failing motherboard
6.Hardware is not recognized
 Sometimes the hardware like USB Port, Audio
Port, Mouse Port, and other different internal
component like RAM, CPU, Graphics Card, CMOS,
BIOS stops functioning properly due to improper
power delivered to it.
 It can be a sign of a faulty motherboard.
 Symptoms of a failing motherboard
6.Slow down performance
 If your motherboard is too old then you may fill
degrade in the performance of your Pcs.
 Like, may take a long time to boot up your PC.
Symptoms of a failing motherboard
7.PC overheats abnormally
 Sometimes PC overheats abnormally and you will
feel laptops is hotter than before.
Symptoms of a failing motherboard
8.Abnormal Beeps Noises from PC
 With the help of patterns of beep of your BIOS,
we can identify the problem in the hardware.
 In the case of Award BIOS, repeating beeps
means memory error. There can be problems
with the memory or memory slot of the
motherboard.
 Symptoms of a failing motherboard
9.Burning smell from Motherboard
 If you feel that laptops and PCs make a burning
smell then it can be the symptoms on the
motherboard.
 In the case of PCs open CPU casing and look and
feel is it from the motherboard.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
1.Power Fluctuations
o If your laptop and PC's motherboard is
experiencing power fluctuations/spikes then there
is more chance that your Motherboard may get
damage.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
• As we know that motherboard works with DC
power only, if your Power Supply is not working
and delivers direct AC or heavy fluctuating AC
current then it may damage the motherboard.
• Prevention: Use a high-quality Surge Protector to
safeguard your motherboard from electrical
spikes and fluctuations. Also Please consult with
technicians because they may lead to severe
injury.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
2. Dust Particles
 If you are not servicing your laptop or PCs from
time to time then your motherboard will get dust
particles and this dust may affect the IC of the
processor, jams the processor fan which degrades
the motherboard life.
 Corrosive dust can damage switches, contacts of
the motherboard.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
3.Overheating
 Due to many reasons like dust, voltage fluctuations, your
motherboard temperature may increase and gradually
overheats the whole system and generates a bad smell
in the motherboard which is the symptom of a faulty
motherboard.
 The clogging of motherboard and CPU fans can cause a
motherboard to overheat.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
Prevention:
o We can prevent this by using heat sink paste in
between processor and processor fans. Clear the
motherboard regularly.
o Use temperature recording and alerting software.
Use laptop in the cool room.
o In most, modern computers and laptops, systems
will shut down automatically because of
overheating.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
4.Physical Damage
 If you drop your PC and laptop then your
motherboard parts may get damaged.
 If your laptop and PCs are fallen to the ground,
then electronic parts of the motherboard may get
loose and damage because there might be
movable parts and components attached to the
motherboard.
 This may also cause a short circuit in your
motherboard.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
• Physical damage, such as burnt transistors or
chipped circuits, can cause catastrophic failure of
symptoms of a faulty motherboard.
• Prevention: Carefully move your laptop and PC.
5.Normal Aging
• Every electronic has life. They are not immortal.
Similarly, the Motherboard after aging will have
more chance of damage.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
• Prevention: If the motherboard is in worse
condition then better don't use it and replace it
with the new motherboard.
6.Liquid Damage
 If any liquid spills upon the motherboard then
there is the chance of short circuit the
motherboard.
 This will damage not only the motherboard but
whole your computer system.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
• Also liquid causes a chemical reaction with the
circuit board and an internal component of the
motherboard and damages the motherboard.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
• Preventions: Better do not bring liquid materials
near to your PC or laptops. And if liquid spills on
the motherboard, immediately turn off your
system and take it to technicians.
.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure
• Manufacturer Design Issues
Prevention: So, always buy new laptops and
motherboards from brand companies only.
7. Lightning
• Lightning is also the cause of faulty
motherboards. The electric circuit board will be
affected by lightning as well.
• It is a natural process and is difficult to protect
devices from it.
 Cause of Motherboard Failure

Prevention: Do earthen in your house.

Prevention: Do earthen in your house.

 Cause of Motherboard Failure
8. Use of Incompatible Hardware Component
 The use of Incompatible and low brand hardware
components like
RAM
HDD
CPU
PCI chips
CMOS Battery
 Parts of the Motherboard
1) RAM chip and RAM Slot
 RAM is a temporary data storage device found in
computers and other electronic devices.
 Data stored in RAM is erased as soon as the
power is turned off
 RAM supports bidirectional data transfer from the
CPU to memory during a write operation and
from RAM to the CPU during a read operation.
 Parts of the Motherboard
• It acts as a bridge between the CPU and other
devices such as HDDs, CDROMs, and PEN drives.
 Parts of the Motherboard
2) CPU Chip and Socket
 CPU performs all of the computer's decision-
making tasks, it is regarded as the brain of the
computer and other electronic devices
 It is a large printed circuit board on which all of
the components and peripherals are either
directly or indirectly connected
 Parts of the Motherboard
3.PCI Slots and PCI Chip
Peripheral Component Interconnected and is
an attached hardware component of the
motherboard that allows you to connect
various hardware components such as
Modems
Disk controllers
NIC cards
Sound Cards
Graphics cards
SSD add-on cards
Extra USB and serial ports without having to add or
replace the motherboard.
 Parts of the Motherboard
 If your motherboard only has a limited number of
ports and slots for connecting various types of
hardware devices, such as
Graphics cards (AGP ports)
you can use PCI slots to connect graphics cards
and get the same benefits.
 Similarly, if your computer system only has a limited
number of USB ports and you want more, you can use a
USB expansion card to add more USB ports to your
system.
 Parts of the Motherboard
ROM Chip
• ROM is nonvolatile storage whose content will not get
erased even after power is cut off.
• Content stored in ROM is impossible or very difficult to
modify.
• The BIOS information is kept in ROM, which is only a
few KB in size and tells how to start, what to do when it
starts, which driver to load, CPU fan speed information,
boot sequences information, system date time, and so
on.
 Parts of the Motherboard
AGP Slot and Chip
• AGP Slot (Accelerated Graphics Port Slot) is a type
of expansion slot similar to a PCI slot, although it
is mostly used for graphics cards.
 Parts of the Motherboard
North Bridge
 It connects south bridge to the CPU.
 It handles and communicates faster components on the
motherboard like Main Memory, AGP, PCI, ROM, and
CPU.
 It acts as a controller in bus speed on the motherboard.
 Generally, it does lots of work with the CPU, so it is
located near to the CPU generally with the heatsink.
 It is a core component and is directly connected to the
CPU.
 Parts of the Motherboard
South Bridge
 The south bridge is an IC chip that manages and
controls IO functionality on the motherboard. It
does not have direct communication with the CPU,
unlike Northbridge.
 It typically handles low-speed devices due to its
slower communication speed.
 The CPU sends an instruction to the north bridge,
which then sends it to the south bridge.
North and south Bridge
How communicate ?
 Parts of the Motherboard
CMOS Backup Battery
• CMOS stands for "Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor" and is found in both laptop and desktop
PCs in the form of a small circular coin.
• CMOS stores a variety of system data such as
current system clock
Date
Time
Commonly used hardware setting
BIOS configuration settings
BOOT sequences, BIOS master/admin password
 Parts of the Motherboard
• They can save those set for a longer period of
time, ranging from 2 to 10 years.
• Because it is constantly holding all of the above-
mentioned settings, CMOS works even when your
system is turned off.
 Parts of the Motherboard
Power Supply Plug
supply power to the Motherboard and its
attached components and peripherals.
i) 24 (20 + 4) ATX power supply
 In modern PCs, ATX power supply is provided
which is 24 Pin Main Power Supply Connector.
 Parts of the Motherboard
Power Supply Plug
ii) 4 Pin or 8 Pin Connector
o This port in the motherboard is to provide
dedicated power to the CPU.
o Older PCs may not have this Plugin motherboard
but modern computers can do lots of works like
overclocking so, a dedicated cable is provided to
the CPU.
 Parts of the Motherboard
• 8Pin connector can be split into two and each
split part can be used as a 4 pin connector.
iv) Molex
 Molex pin is 4 power pin which is required to
supply power to older CDROM and hard drives.
Molex is nowadays used for Case Fan. (some have
some do not have)
 Parts of the Motherboard

v) Berg: It is used for floppy drives in much older

PCs.

SATA and PATA Port and Connector

• used to connect mass storage devices such as
hard disks (HDD or SSD) and optical drives to a
computer
 Parts of the Motherboard
SCSI Port
 SCSI is an abbreviation for Small Computer System
Interface.
 It has the ability to connect up to 16 peripheral
devices via a single bus, including one host
adaptor.
 As a result, you can connect a
Scanner
CD ROM
Zip drive
Hard drive to a single SCSI cable chain.
It is more expensive but performs better than IDE
 Parts of the Motherboard
Parallel Port
• A parallel port is used to transfer data through
multiple communication channels in parallel.
Printers
Scanners
Zip drives
external HDDs
tape backup devices
external CD ROMs, and other similar devices.
 Parts of the Motherboard
Serial Port
• With a serial port, only one bit of data gets transferred
at a time.
• It is found in an older PC to connect older keyboards,
PDAs, external modems.
USB Port
• Universal Serial Bus is the abbreviation for Universal
Serial Bus.
 Parts of the Motherboard
RJ-45 Port
• RJ45 is also known as an Ethernet port because it
is used to connect a computer to the internet.
• Register Jack is abbreviated as RJ. It resembles a
telephone jack, but it is slightly larger.
• The RJ 45 port is used to connect to the Local
Area Network via a twisted pair Ethernet cable.
 Parts of the Motherboard
HDMI port
• HDMI is an abbreviation for High Definition
Multimedia Interface
• DMI is a digital interface that allows audio and video
data to be transmitted in a single cable to digital
devices such as a
digital TV
Projector
gaming console
Computer
mobile devices
digital camera
 Parts of the Motherboard
Heatsink
• Heat sinks use a thermal conductor to reduce heat
generated and prevent overheating from hardware
components like
CPU
GPU
north bridge
south bridge
 RAM modules, etc. In general, that component that
generates heat required a heatsink.
 Parts of the Motherboard
• CPU has to perform a large number of tasks every
second.
• While performing large tasks, it beings to
generate heat and if heat is not maintained then
the processor will destroy itself.
• Also at the top of the heatsink will have a FAN
and this FAN helps to cool down the heat sink.
 Parts of the Motherboard
Capacitor
• A capacitor is an electronic device used for
filtering, decoupling, and timing the circuit in the
motherboard.
• There are more capacitors in the motherboard
which mostly does decoupling functionality, so
those capacitors are called decoupling capacitors.
 Parts of the Motherboard
• A decoupling capacitor is used for stabilizing
power in each IC used in the system.
• It comes with various voltage levels like 3.3 V, 5 V,
12 V.
• Suppose a circuit needs 5 V input than before
that circuit there will be capacitors in parallel
which allow up to 5 V to pass to that circuit.
 Parts of the Motherboard
Switches and Jumper
• Jumper also called Jumper Shunt is a small circuit
board used to close, open or bypass part of an
electronic circuit
• Closed Stage Jumper: If the plug is pushed down
over two pins, the jumper is referred to as
jumpered.
• Opened Stage Jumper: If there is no plug into the
pin then it is an open stage.
 Parts of the Motherboard
Diode
• The diode's primary function is to allow current
to flow in only one direction, much like a one-
way street.
• It aids in the conversion of voltage spikes in the
motherboard by converting alternating current
(AC) voltage spikes to direct current.