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    Physical and Chemical Properties of Minerals

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    Johnson Marquez

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    Physical and Chemical Properties of Minerals

    Uploaded by

    Johnson Marquez
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    3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Minerals

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    21 views40 pages

    Physical and Chemical Properties of Minerals

    Uploaded by

    Johnson Marquez

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 40

    EARTH

    SCIENCE
    Prepared by:
    ENGR. CHRISTIAN C. SIGNO
    Special Science Teacher I
    PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

    Identify the characteristics of minerals.


    Explain the different physical properties of
    minerals.
    Characterize the different chemical
    properties of minerals.
    Discuss the Dana Classification System of
    minerals.
    Give examples of the
    different minerals.
    A mineral is defined as a naturally-
    occurring, inorganic solid with a definite
    chemical composition and an ordered
    internal structure.
    • Naturally occurring- minerals exist naturally.
    • Inorganic- minerals are limited to substances formed through
    inorganic processes, and exclude materials derived from living
    organisms which involved organic processes.
    • Solid- all liquid and gases even those that are naturally form
    are not considered minerals.
    • Definite chemical composition- the chemical composition of
    minerals should express the exact chemical formula with the
    elements and compounds in specific ratios.
    • Ordered internal structure- the atoms in minerals are organized
    in a regular, repetitive geometric patterns or crystal structure.
    • Mineralogist- person who studies
    minerals.
    • Mineralogy- the study of all aspects
    of minerals including their physical
    properties, chemical composition and
    internal structure.
    • Coal
    • Ice formed in glaciers
    • Glass
    • Pearl
    • Synthetic diamond
    • Shell
    • Snowflakes
    • It refers to the overall • It can be described as
    shape or growth equant, elongate and
    pattern of the mineral. platy.
    Equant
    • three dimensions of
    the mineral that have
    about the same
    length, like that of a Garnet
    Pyrite
    cube or sphere.
    Elongate
    • forms prismatic or prism-
    like crystals that are
    thicker than the needle as Indicolite
    in a pencil.
    Quartz
    Wulfenite
    Platy
    • looks like a flattened and
    thin crystal (like plate).

    Wulfenite
    • It describes the • It can be described as
    appearance of a opaque, transparent,
    mineral when light is dull, or shiny.
    reflected from its
    surface.
    Metallic Luster
    • is opaque and very
    reflective like gold and
    silver.
    Gold
    Silver
    Non metallic Luster
    • is dull, silky, greasy and
    pearly like silicates. Gypsum
    Graphite
    • Cleavage refers to the tendency
    of minerals to break along very
    smooth, flat and shiny surfaces.
    • A mineral fracture, if it breaks
    along random, irregular surfaces.
    • Some minerals break only by
    fracturing, while others both
    cleave and fracture.
    • It is a measure of the Table 1. Moh’s Scale of Hardness
    mineral’s resistance to
    scratching.
    • Harder minerals will scratch
    softer minerals.
    • Friedrich Mohs in 1812 ranked
    minerals according to
    hardness as shown in Table 1.
    • It is one of the most obvious
    properties of a mineral but
    not reliable alone.
    • Some minerals come in just
    one color, while others come
    in many colors and varieties.
    • Quartz varies widely in
    color, due to minor (parts
    per billion) impurities
    and even defects in its
    crystalline structure.
    • It refers to the color of the mineral
    in its powdered form, which may
    or may not be the same color as
    the mineral.
    • Streak is obtained by scratching
    the mineral on an unpolished
    piece of white porcelain called a
    streak plate.
    • Some minerals are attracted
    to a hand magnet.
    • Magnetite is the only
    common mineral that is
    always strongly magnetic.
    • Some minerals, especially
    carbonate minerals, react visibly
    with acid.
    • When a drop of dilute hydrochloric
    acid is placed on calcite, it readily
    bubbles or effervesces, releasing
    carbon dioxide.
    • It is the presence of very thin,
    parallel grooves.
    • The grooves are present in only
    one of the two sets of cleavages
    and are best seen with a hand
    lens.
    • They may not be visible on all
    parts of a cleavage surface.
    • It is the weight of that mineral • For most minerals specific gravity
    divided by the weight of an equal is not a particularly noteworthy
    volume of water. feature, but for some, high specific
    • Most silicate, or rock-forming gravity is distinctive (examples are
    minerals have specific gravities of barite and galena).
    2.6 to 3.4; the ore minerals are
    usually heavier, with specific
    gravities of 5 to 8.
    • Some minerals have a distinctive
    taste (halite is salt).
    • Some a distinctive odor
    (the powder of some sulfide
    minerals, such as sphalerite, a zinc
    sulfide, smells like rotten eggs).
    • Some have a distinctive feel
    (talc feels slippery).
    The Dana Classification System divides minerals into eight basic classes.
    The classes are:

    Native Elements Halides


    Silicates Carbonates
    Oxides Phosphates
    Sulfides Mineraloids
    Sulfates
    • These minerals are naturally Silver
    occurring in nature in an
    uncombined form with a
    distinct mineral structure
    • It can be classified as metal,
    semimetals and nonmetals.
    • This is the largest group of
    minerals.
    • It contains silicon and oxygen,
    with some aluminum,
    magnesium, iron and
    Feldspar
    calcium.
    • It is form from the Magnetite
    combination of a metal with
    oxygen.
    • This group ranges from dull
    ores like bauxite to gems like
    rubies and sapphires.
    • These are made of
    compounds of sulfur usually
    with a metal.
    • They tend to be heavy and
    brittle. Pyrite
    • These are made of
    compounds of sulfur
    combined with metals and
    oxygen.
    • It is a large group of minerals
    that tend to be soft, and Gypsum
    Gypsum
    translucent.
    • They form from halogen
    elements like chlorine Halite
    bromine, fluorine, and iodine
    combined with metallic
    elements.
    • They are very soft and easily Table Salt
    dissolved in water.
    Dolomite
    • These are a group of
    minerals made of carbon,
    oxygen, and a metallic
    element.
    • They are often formed
    when other minerals are
    broken down by
    weathering.
    • They are often brightly
    colored. Apatite
    • It is the term used for
    those substances that do
    not fit neatly into one of
    these eight classes. Amber
    Amber

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