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Cisco Press

Introduction to Lab Procedures and

Tool Use
Date: Jan 1, 2018 Sample Chapter is provided courtesy of Cisco Press.

This sample chapter from IT Essentials Companion Guide v6, 6th Edition,
covers basic safety practices for the workplace, hardware and software tools,
and the disposal of hazardous materials. Safety guidelines help protect
individuals from accidents and injury. They also help to protect equipment
from damage. Some of these guidelines are designed to protect the
environment from contamination caused by improperly discarded materials.

Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to answer the following
questions:

• What are safe working conditions and procedures?

• What procedures help protect equipment and data?

• What procedures help to properly dispose of hazardous computer

components and related material? What tools and software are used with
personal computer components and what is their purpose?

• What is proper tool use?

Key Terms
This chapter uses the following key terms. You can nd the denitions in the
Glossary.

• Electrostatic discharge (ESD) Page 76

• Electromagnetic interference (EMI) Page 77

• Brownout Page 78

• Spike Page 78

• Noise Page 78

• Blackout Page 78

• Power surge Page 78

• Surge suppressor Page 78

• Standby power supply (SPS) Page 78

• Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) Page 78

• material safety and data sheet (MSDS) Page 80

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• tone generator and probe Page 86

• History of repairs Page 90

• antistatic wrist strap Page 83

• antistatic mat Page 83

• Power supply tester Page 94

• Cable tester Page 94

• Loopback plug Page 94

• Multimeter Page 94

• Disk Management Page 88

• Format Page 88

• CHKDSK Page 88

• System File Checker (SFC) Page 88

• Windows Action Center Page 89

• Window Firewall Page 89

Introduction (2.0)
Safety is an important topic and exercise in the workplace. Safety guidelines
help protect individuals from accidents and injury. They also help to protect
equipment from damage.

Welcome (2.0.1)
The consequences of poor safety practices in the workplace can result in
serious injury, increased equipment damage, harm to the environment, and other
problems. Even a small incident will decrease productivity and increase costs. It
is essential for all employees to understand safety at work.

Introduction to Lab Procedures and Tool Use (2.0.1.1)

This chapter covers basic safety practices for the workplace, hardware and
software tools, and the disposal of hazardous materials. Safety guidelines help
protect individuals from accidents and injury. They also help to protect
equipment from damage. Some of these guidelines are designed to protect the
environment from contamination caused by improperly discarded materials.

Safe Lab Procedures (2.1)

Everyone must understand and follow safety procedures.

Procedures to Protect People (2.1.1)

Safe working conditions help prevent injury to people and damage to computer
equipment. A safe workspace is clean, organized, and properly lit.

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General Safety (2.1.1.1)

Follow safety guidelines to prevent cuts, burns, electrical shock, and damage to
eyesight. As a best practice, make sure that a re extinguisher and rst-aid kit
are available. Poorly placed or unsecured cables can cause tripping hazards in a
network installation. Cable management techniques such as installation of cables
in conduit or cable trays help to prevent hazards.

This is a partial list of basic safety precautions to use when working on a

computer:

• Remove your watch and jewelry and secure loose clothing.

• Turn o the power and unplug equipment before performing service.

• Cover sharp edges inside the computer case with tape.

• Never open a power supply or a monitor with a built-in power supply.

• Do not touch areas in printers that are hot or that use high voltage.

• Know where the re extinguisher is located and how to use it.

• Keep food and drinks out of your workspace.

• Keep your workspace clean and free of clutter.

• Bend your knees when lifting heavy objects to avoid injuring your back.

• Wear safety goggles to prevent damage to eyesight.

Before cleaning or repairing equipment, make sure that your tools are in good
condition. Clean, repair, or replace items that are not functioning adequately.

Electrical Safety (2.1.1.2)

Follow electrical safety guidelines to prevent electrical res, injuries, and

fatalities.

Some printer parts become hot during use, and other parts, such as power
supplies, contain high voltage. Check the printer manual for the location of high-
voltage components. Some components retain a high voltage even after the
printer is turned o. Make sure that the printer has had time to cool before
making the repair.

Electrical devices have certain power requirements. For example, AC adapters

are manufactured for specic laptops. Exchanging AC adapters with a dierent
type of laptop or device may cause damage to both the AC adapter and the
laptop.

Fire Safety (2.1.1.3)

Follow re safety guidelines to protect lives, structures, and equipment. To avoid
an electrical shock and to prevent damage to the computer, turn o and unplug
the computer before beginning a repair.

Fire can spread rapidly and be very costly. Proper use of a re extinguisher can
prevent a small re from getting out of control. Use the memory aid P-A-S-S to
remember the basic rules of re extinguisher operation:

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• P: Pull the pin.

• A: Aim at the base of the re, not at the ames.

• S: Squeeze the lever.

• S: Sweep the nozzle from side to side.

Be familiar with the types of re extinguishers used in your country or region.
Each type of re extinguisher has specic chemicals to ght dierent types of
res:

• Paper, wood, plastics, cardboard

• Gasoline, kerosene, organic solvents

• Electrical equipment

• Combustible metals

When working with computer components, be alert for odors emitting from
computers and electronic devices. When electronic components overheat or
short out, they emit a burning smell. If there is a re, follow these safety
procedures:

• Never ght a re that is out of control or not contained.

• Always have a planned re escape route before beginning any work.

• Get out of the building quickly.

• Contact emergency services for help.

• Locate and read the instructions on the re extinguishers in your

workplace before you have to use them.

Procedures to Protect Equipment and Data (2.1.2)

Replacing equipment and recovering data is expensive and time consuming. This
section identies potential threats to systems and descries procedures to help
prevent loss and damage.

ESD and EMI (2.1.2.1)

Replacing equipment and recovering data is expensive and time consuming. This
section identies potential threats to systems and describes procedures to help
prevent loss and damage.

Electrostatic Discharge

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can occur when there is a buildup of an electric

charge (static electricity) that exists on a surface which comes into contact with
another, dierently charged surface. ESD can cause damage to computer
equipment if not discharged properly. Follow proper handling guidelines, be
aware of environmental issues, and use equipment that stabilizes power to
prevent equipment damage and data loss.

At least 3,000 volts of static electricity must build up before a person can feel
ESD. For example, static electricity can build up on you as you walk across a
carpeted oor. When you touch another person, you both receive a shock. If the

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discharge causes pain or makes a noise, the charge was probably above 10,000
volts. By comparison, less than 30 volts of static electricity can damage a
computer component.

ESD can cause permanent damage to electrical components. Follow these

recommendations to help prevent ESD damage:

• Keep all components in antistatic bags until you are ready to install them.

• Use grounded mats on workbenches.

• Use grounded oor mats in work areas.

• Use antistatic wrist straps when working on computers.

Electromagnetic Interference

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the intrusion of outside electromagnetic

signals in a transmission media, such as copper cabling. In a network
environment, EMI distorts the signals so that the receiving devices have diculty
interpreting them.

EMI does not always come from expected sources, such as cellular phones.
Other types of electric equipment can emit a silent, invisible electromagnetic
eld that can extend for more than a mile.

There are many sources of EMI:

• Any source designed to generate electromagnetic energy

• Man-made sources like power lines or motors

• Natural events such as electrical storms, or solar and interstellar radiations

Wireless networks are aected by radio frequency interference (RFI). RFI is

caused by radio transmitters and other devices transmitting in the same
frequency. For example, a cordless telephone can cause problems with a
wireless network when both devices use the same frequency. Microwaves can
also cause interference when positioned in close proximity to wireless
networking devices.

Climate

Climate aects computer equipment in a variety of ways:

• If the environment temperature is very high, equipment can overheat.

• If the humidity level is very low, the chance of ESD increases.

• If the humidity level is very high, equipment can suer from moisture
damage.

Power Fluctuation Types (2.1.2.2)

Voltage is a measure of energy required to move a charge from one location to

another. The movement of electrons is called current. Computer circuits need
voltage and current to operate electronic components. When the voltage in a
computer is not accurate or steady, computer components might not operate

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correctly. Unsteady voltages are called power uctuations.

The following types of AC power uctuations can cause data loss or hardware
failure:

• Blackout—Complete loss of AC power. A blown fuse, damaged

transformer, or downed power line can cause a blackout.

• Brownout—Reduced voltage level of AC power that lasts for a period of

time. Brownouts occur when the power line voltage drops below 80
percent of the normal voltage level and when electrical circuits are
overloaded.

• Noise—Interference from generators and lightning. Noise results in poor

quality power, which can cause errors in a computer system.

• Spike—Sudden increase in voltage that lasts for a short period and

exceeds 100 percent of the normal voltage on a line. Spikes can be
caused by lightning strikes, but can also occur when the electrical system
comes back on after a blackout.

• Power surge—Dramatic increase in voltage above the normal ow of

electrical current. A power surge lasts for a few nanoseconds, or one
billionth of a second.

Power Protection Devices (2.1.2.3)

To help shield against power uctuation problems, use devices to protect the
data and computer equipment:

• Surge suppressor—Helps protect against damage from surges and

spikes. A surge suppressor diverts extra electrical voltage that is on the
line to the ground.

• Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)—Helps protect against potential

electrical power problems by supplying a consistent level of electrical
power to a computer or other device. The battery is constantly recharging
while the UPS is in use. The UPS provides a consistent quality of power
when brownouts and blackouts occur. Many UPS devices can
communicate directly with the computer operating system. This
communication allows the UPS to safely shut down the computer and
save data prior to the UPS losing all battery power.

• Standby power supply (SPS)—Helps protect against potential electrical

power problems by providing a backup battery to supply power when the
incoming voltage drops below the normal level. The battery is on standby
during normal operation. When the voltage decreases, the battery
provides DC power to a power inverter, which converts it to AC power for
the computer. This device is not as reliable as a UPS because of the time
it takes to switch over to the battery. If the switching device fails, the
battery cannot supply power to the computer.

Figure 2-1 shows examples of devices to shield against power uctuations.

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Figure 2-1 Types of Power Protection Equipment

CAUTION

UPS manufacturers suggest never plugging a laser printer into a UPS because
the printer could overload the UPS.

Procedures to Protect the Environment (2.1.3)

Most computer and peripherals use and contain at least some materials that can
be considered toxic to the environment. This section describes tools and
procedures that help identify these materials and the steps for proper handling
and disposal of the materials.

Safety Data Sheet (2.1.3.1)

Computers and peripherals contain materials that can be harmful to the

environment. Hazardous materials are sometimes called toxic waste. These
materials can contain high concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium,
lead, or mercury. The regulations for the disposal of hazardous materials vary by
state or country. Contact the local recycling or waste removal authorities in your
community for information about disposal procedures and services.

A safety data sheet (SDS) used to be known as a material safety and data
sheet (MSDS). A safety data sheet is a fact sheet that summarizes information
about material identication, including hazardous ingredients that can aect
personal health, re hazards, and rst-aid requirements. The SDS contains
chemical reactivity and incompatibility information. It also includes protective
measures for the safe handling and storage of materials and spill, leak, and
disposal procedures.

To determine if a material is classied as hazardous, consult the manufacturer’s

SDS. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) requires that all hazardous materials be accompanied by an SDS when
transferred to a new owner. The SDS information included with products
purchased for computer repairs or maintenance can be relevant to computer
technicians. OSHA also requires that employees be informed about the materials

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that they are working with and be provided with material safety information.

The SDS explains how to dispose of potentially hazardous materials in the safest
manner. Always check local regulations concerning acceptable disposal
methods before disposing of any electronic equipment.

The SDS contains valuable information:

• Name of the material

• Physical properties of the material

• Hazardous ingredients contained in the material

• Reactivity data, such as re and explosion data

• Procedures for spills and leaks

• Special precautions

• Health hazards

• Special protection requirements

In the European Union, the regulation Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and

restriction of Chemicals (REACH) came into eect on June 1, 2007, replacing
various directives and regulations with a single system.

Equipment Disposal (2.1.3.2)

The proper disposal or recycling of hazardous computer components is a global

issue. Make sure to follow regulations that govern how to dispose of specic
items. Organizations that violate these regulations can be ned or face
expensive legal battles. Regulations for the disposal of the items on this page
vary from state to state and from country to country. Check your local
environmental regulation agency.

Batteries

Batteries often contain rare earth metals that can be harmful to the environment.
Batteries from portable computer systems can contain lead, cadmium, lithium,
alkaline manganese, and mercury. These metals do not decay and remain in the
environment for many years. Mercury is commonly used in the manufacturing of
batteries and is extremely toxic and harmful to humans.

Recycling batteries should be a standard practice. All batteries, including lithium-

ion, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lead-acid, are subject to
disposal procedures that comply with local environmental regulations.

Monitors

Handle CRT monitors with care. Extremely high voltage can be stored in CRT
monitors, even after being disconnected from a power source.

Monitors contain glass, metal, plastics, lead, barium, and rare earth metals.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), monitors can
contain approximately 4 pounds (1.8 kg) of lead. Monitors must be disposed of
in compliance with environmental regulations.

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Toner Kits, Cartridges, and Developers

Used printer toner kits and printer cartridges must be disposed of properly in
compliance with environmental regulations. They can also be recycled. Some
toner cartridge suppliers and manufacturers take empty cartridges for relling.
Some companies specialize in relling empty cartridges. Kits to rell inkjet printer
cartridges are available but are not recommended, because the ink might leak
into the printer, causing irreparable damage. Using relled inkjet cartridges might
also void the inkjet printer warranty.

Chemical Solvents and Aerosol Cans

Contact the local sanitation company to learn how and where to dispose of the
chemicals and solvents used to clean computers. Never dump chemicals or
solvents down a sink or dispose of them in a drain that connects to public
sewers.

The cans or bottles that contain solvents and other cleaning supplies must be
handled carefully. Make sure that they are identied and treated as special
hazardous waste. For example, some aerosol cans explode when exposed to
heat if the contents are not completely used.

Figure 2-2 shows various types of hazardous computer components.

Figure 2-2 Hazardous Computer Components

Proper Use of Tools (2.2)

Using tools properly helps prevent accidents and damage to equipment and
people. This section describes and covers the proper use of a variety of
hardware, software, and organizational tools specic to working with computers
and peripherals.

Hardware Tools (2.2.1)

For every job there is the right tool. Make sure that you are familiar with the
correct use of each tool and that the correct tool is used for the current task.
Skilled use of tools and software makes the job less dicult and ensures that
tasks are performed properly and safely.

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General Tool Use (2.2.1.1)

Computer repair requires some task-specic tools. Make sure that you are
familiar with the correct use of each tool and that the correct tool is used for the
task. Skilled use of tools and software makes the job less dicult and ensures
that tasks are performed properly and safely.

A toolkit should contain all the tools necessary to complete hardware repairs. Fig
ure 2-3 shows an example of a PC repair toolkit.

Figure 2-3 Toolkit

As you gain experience, you learn which tools to have available for dierent
types of jobs. Hardware tools are grouped into four categories:

• ESD tools

• Hand tools

• Cleaning tools

• Diagnostic tools

ESD Tools (2.2.1.2)

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There are two ESD tools: the antistatic wrist strap and the antistatic mat. The
antistatic wrist strap protects computer equipment when grounded to a
computer chassis. The antistatic mat protects computer equipment by
preventing static electricity from accumulating on the hardware or on the
technician. Figures 2-4 and 2-5 show the two types of ESD tools discussed
above.

Figure 2-4 Antistatic Wrist Strap

Figure 2-5 Antistatic Mat

Hand Tools (2.2.1.3)

Most tools used in the computer assembly process are small hand tools. They
are available individually or as part of a computer repair toolkit. Toolkits range
widely in size, quality, and price.

Cable Tools (2.2.1.4)

Tools for repairing and creating cables are also part of a computer repair toolkit.
Figures 2-6 and 2-7 provide images of common cable tools.

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Figure 2-6 Crimper

Figure 2-7 Punch Down Tool

Cleaning Tools (2.2.1.5)

Having the appropriate cleaning tools is essential when maintaining and repairing
computers. Using the appropriate cleaning tools such as lint-free cloth,
compressed air, cable ties, a parts organizer for small parts helps ensure that
computer components are not damaged during cleaning.

Diagnostic Tools (2.2.1.6)

Diagnostic tools are used to test and diagnose equipment.

Digital Multimeter

A digital multimeter, as shown in Figure 2-8, is a device that can take many
types of measurements. It tests the integrity of circuits and the quality of
electricity in computer components. A digital multimeter displays the information
on an LCD or LED screen.

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Figure 2-8 Digital Multimeter

Loopback Adapter

A loopback adapter, also called a loopback plug, tests the basic functionality of
computer ports. The adapter is specic to the port that you want to test.

Tone Generator and Probe

The tone generator and probe, as shown in Figure 2-9, is a two-part tool. The
tone part is connected to a cable at one end using specic adapters. The tone
generates a tone that travels the length of the cable. The probe traces the cable.
When the probe is in near proximity to the cable to which the tone is attached,
the tone can be heard through a speaker in the probe.

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Figure 2-9 Tone Generator and Probe

WiFi Analyzer

WiFi analyzers are mobile tools for auditing and troubleshooting wireless
networks. Many WiFi analyzers are robust tools designed for enterprise network
planning, security, compliance, and maintenance. But WiFi analyzers can also be
used for smaller, wireless LANs. Technicians can see all available wireless
networks in a given area, determine signal strengths, and position access points
to adjust wireless coverage.

Some WiFi analyzers can help troubleshoot a wireless network by detecting

miscongurations, access point failures, and RFI problems.

External Hard Drive Enclosure

Although an external hard drive enclosure is not a diagnostic tool, it is often used
when diagnosing and repairing computers. The customer hard drive is placed
into the external enclosure for inspection, diagnosis, and repair using a known-
working computer. Backups can also be recorded to a drive in an external

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enclosure to prevent data corruption during a computer repair.

Software Tools (2.2.2)

Software tools help diagnose computer and network problems and determine
which computer device is not functioning correctly. A technician must be able to
use a range of software tools to diagnose problems, maintain hardware, and
protect the data stored on a computer.

Disk Management Tools (2.2.2.1)

You must be able to identify which software to use in dierent situations. Disk
management tools help detect and correct disk errors, prepare a disk for data
storage, and remove unwanted les:

• Disk Management—Initializes disks, creates partitions, and formats

partitions.

• Format—Prepares a hard drive to store information.

• Scandisk or CHKDSK—Checks the integrity of les and folders on a hard

drive by scanning the le system. These tools might also check the disk
surface for physical errors.

• Optimize Drives—Previously known as Defrag, optimizes space on a hard

drive to allow faster access to programs and data.

• Disk Cleanup—Clears space on a hard drive by searching for les that can
be safely deleted.

• System File Checker (SFC)—Scans the operating system’s critical les

and replaces les that are corrupt. Use the Windows 8 boot disk for
troubleshooting and repairing corrupted les. The Windows 8 boot disk
repairs Windows system les, restores damaged or lost les, and
reinstalls the operating system. Third-party software tools are also
available to assist in troubleshooting problems.

Protection Software Tools (2.2.2.2)

Each year, viruses, spyware, and other types of malicious attacks infect millions
of computers. These attacks can damage operating systems, applications, and
data. Computers that have been infected may even have problems with
hardware performance or component failure.

To protect data and the integrity of the operating system and hardware, use
software designed to guard against attacks and to remove malicious programs.

Various types of software protect hardware and data:

• Windows Action Center—Checks the status of essential security settings.

The Action Center continuously checks to make sure that the software
rewall and antivirus programs are running. It also ensures that updates
download and install automatically.

• Windows Defender—Protects against viruses and spyware.

• Window Firewall—Runs continuously to protect against unauthorized

communications to and from your computer.

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Lab—Diagnostic Software (2.2.2.3)

In this Lab, you gather information about a hard drive diagnostic program. Refer
to the Lab in IT Essentials v6 Lab Manual.

Organizational Tools (2.2.3)

Keeping accurate records and journals during a busy workday can be
challenging. Many organizational tools, such as work-order systems, can help
the technician document their work.

Reference Tools (2.2.3.1)

Good customer service includes providing the customer with a detailed

description of the problem and the solution. It is important that a technician
document all services and repairs and that this documentation is available to all
other technicians. The documentation can then be used as reference material for
similar problems.

Personal Reference Tools

Personal reference tools include troubleshooting guides, manufacturer manuals,

quick reference guides, and repair journals. In addition to an invoice, a technician
keeps a journal of upgrades and repairs:

• Notes—Make notes as you go through the troubleshooting and repair

process. Refer to these notes to avoid repeating steps and to determine
what needs to be done next.

• Journal—Include descriptions of the problem, possible solutions that have

been tried to correct the problem, and the steps taken to repair the
problem. Note any conguration changes made to the equipment and any
replacement parts used in the repair. Your journal, along with your notes,
can be valuable when you encounter similar situations in the future.

• History of repairs—Make a detailed list of problems and repairs, including

the date, replacement parts, and customer information. The history allows
a technician to determine what work has been performed on a specic
computer in the past.

Internet Reference Tools

The Internet is an excellent source of information about specic hardware

problems and possible solutions:

• Internet search engines

• News groups

• Manufacturer FAQs

• Online computer manuals

• Online forums and chat

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• Technical websites

Miscellaneous Tools (2.2.3.2)

With experience, you will discover many additional items to add to the toolkit; for
example, masking tape can be used to label parts that have been removed from
a computer when a parts organizer is not available.

A working computer is also a valuable resource to take with you on computer

repairs in the eld. A working computer can be used to research information,
download tools or drivers, and communicate with other technicians.

Figure 2-10 shows the types of computer replacement parts to include in a

toolkit. Make sure that the parts are in good working order before you use them.
Using known good components to replace possible bad ones in computers
helps you quickly determine which component is not working properly.

Figure 2-10 Miscellaneous Tools

Demonstrate Proper Tool Use (2.2.4)

This section describes the proper use of common tools used to protect, repair
and clean computers and peripherals.

Antistatic Wrist Strap (2.2.4.1)

The antistatic wrist strap is a conductor that connects your body to the
equipment that you are working on. When static electricity builds up in your
body, the connection made by the wrist strap to the equipment, or ground,
channels the electricity through the wire that connects the strap, keeping the
charge between you and the equipment equal.

An example of static electricity is the small shock that you receive when you
walk across a carpeted room and touch a doorknob. Although the small shock is
harmless to you, the same electrical charge passing from you to a computer can
damage its components. Wearing an antistatic wrist strap can prevent static
electricity damage to computer components.

The wrist strap (seen previously in Figure 2-4) has two parts and is easy to
wear:

• Step 1. Wrap the strap around your wrist and secure it using the snap or

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Velcro. The metal on the back of the wrist strap must remain in contact
with your skin at all times.

• Step 2. Snap the connector on the end of the wire to the wrist strap, and
connect the other end either to the equipment or to the same grounding
point that the antistatic mat is connected to. The metal skeleton of the
case is a good place to connect the wire. When connecting the wire to
equipment that you are working on, choose an unpainted metal surface. A
painted surface does not conduct electricity as well as unpainted metal.

NOTE

Attach the wire on the same side of the equipment as the arm wearing the
antistatic wrist strap. This helps keep the wire out of the way while you are
working.

Although wearing a wrist strap helps prevent ESD, you can further reduce the
risks by not wearing clothing made of silk, polyester, or wool. These fabrics are
more likely to generate a static charge.

NOTE

Technicians should roll up their sleeves, remove scarves or ties, and tuck in
shirts to prevent interference from clothing. Ensure that earrings, necklaces,
rings and other loose jewelry are properly secured.

CAUTION

Never wear an antistatic wrist strap if you are repairing a power supply unit. Do
not work on the internal components of a power supply unit unless you have
specic electronics training.

Antistatic Mat (2.2.4.2)

An antistatic mat is slightly conductive. It works by drawing static electricity

away from a component and transferring it safely from equipment to a grounding
point:

• Step 1. Lay the mat on the workspace next to or under the computer
case.

• Step 2. Clip the mat to the case to provide a grounded surface on which
you can place parts as you remove them from the system.

When you are working at a workbench, ground the workbench and the antistatic
oor mat. By standing on the mat and wearing the wrist strap, your body has the
same charge as the equipment and reduces the probability of ESD.

Reducing the potential for ESD reduces the likelihood of damage to delicate
circuits or components.

NOTE

Always handle components by the edges.

Hand Tools (2.2.4.3)

A technician needs to be able to properly use each tool in the toolkit. This page

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covers many of the various hand tools used when repairing computers.

Screws

Match each screw with the proper screwdriver. Place the tip of the screwdriver
on the head of the screw. Turn the screwdriver clockwise to tighten the screw
and counter clockwise to loosen the screw.

Screws can become stripped if you do not use the correct size and type of
screwdriver. A stripped screw may not tighten rmly or it may not be easily
removed. Discard stripped screws.

Flat Head Screwdriver

Use a at head screwdriver when you are working with a slotted screw. Do not
use a at head screwdriver to remove a Phillips head screw. Never use a
screwdriver as a pry bar. If you cannot remove a component, check to see if
there is a clip or latch that is securing the component in place.

CAUTION

If excessive force is needed to remove or add a component, something is

probably wrong. Take a second look to make sure that you have not missed a
screw or a locking clip that is holding the component in place. Refer to the
device manual or diagram for additional information.

Phillips Head Screwdriver

Use a Phillips head screwdriver with crosshead screws. Do not use this type of
screwdriver to puncture anything. This will damage the head of the screwdriver.

Hex Driver

Use a hex driver to loosen and tighten bolts that have a hexagonal (six-sided)
head. Hex bolts should not be over-tightened because the threads of the bolts
can be damaged. Do not use a hex driver that is too large for the bolt that you
are using.

CAUTION

Some tools are magnetized. When working around electronic devices, be sure
that the tools you are using have not been magnetized. Magnetic elds can be
harmful to data stored on magnetic media. Magnetic tools can also induce
current, which can damage internal computer components. Test your tool by
touching the tool with a screw. If the screw is attracted to the tool, do not use
the tool.

Component Retrieving Tools

A parts retriever is used to place and retrieve parts that may be hard to reach
with your ngers. Do not scratch or hit any components when using these tools.

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CAUTION

Pencils should not be used inside the computer to change the setting of
switches. The pencil lead can act as a conductor and may damage the computer
components.

Various specialty tools, such as Torx bits, antistatic bags and gloves, and
integrated circuit pullers, can be used to repair and maintain computers. Always
avoid magnetized tools, such as screwdrivers with magnetic heads, or tools that
use extension magnets to retrieve small metal objects that are out of reach.
Additionally, there are specialized testing devices used to diagnose computer
and cable problems:

• Multimeter—A device that measures AC/DC voltage, electric current, and

other electrical characteristics.

• Power supply tester—A device that checks whether the computer power
supply is working properly. A simple power supply tester might just have
indicator lights, whereas more advanced versions show the amount of
voltage and amperage.

• Cable tester—A device that checks for wiring shorts, faults, or wires
connected to the wrong pins.

• Loopback plug—A device that connects to a computer, switch, or router

port to perform a diagnostic procedure called a loopback test. In a
loopback test, a signal is transmitted through a circuit and then returned
to the sending device to test the integrity of the data transmission.

Lab—Using a Multimeter and a Power Supply Tester (2.2.4.4)

In this lab, you learn how to use and handle a multimeter and a power supply
tester. Refer to the lab in IT Essentials v6 Lab Manual.

Cleaning Materials (2.2.4.5)

Keeping computers clean inside and out is a vital part of a maintenance

program. Dirt can cause problems with the physical operation of fans, buttons,
and other mechanical components. On electrical components, an excessive
buildup of dust acts like an insulator and traps the heat. This insulation impairs
the ability of heat sinks and cooling fans to keep components cool, causing
chips and circuits to overheat and fail.

NOTE

When using compressed air to clean inside the computer, blow the air around
the components with a minimum distance of 4 inches (10 cm) from the nozzle.
Clean the power supply and the fan blowing from inside the computer toward
the fan at the back of the case so as not to blow dust back into the system.

CAUTION

Before cleaning any device, turn it o and unplug the device from the power
source.

Computer Cases and Monitors

Clean computer cases and the outside of monitors with a mild cleaning solution

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on a damp, lint-free cloth. Mix one drop of dishwashing liquid with 4 oz. (118 ml)
of water to create the cleaning solution. If water drips inside the case, allow
enough time for the liquid to dry before powering on the computer.

When computers are in areas where there is excessive dirt and dust, use an
enclosure to prevent much of the dirt from harming the computer. The enclosure
should have lters to prevent dirt from entering the enclosure. These lters need
to be cleaned or replaced on a regular basis.

LCD Screens

Do not use ammoniated glass cleaners or any other solution on an LCD screen,
unless the cleaner is specically designed for the purpose. Harsh chemicals
damage the coating on the screen. Often, there is no glass protecting these
screens, so be gentle when cleaning them and do not press rmly on the
screen.

Clean dusty components with a can of compressed air. Compressed air does
not cause electrostatic buildup on components. Make sure that you are in a well
ventilated area before blowing the dust out of the computer. A best practice is to
wear an air lter mask to make sure that you do not breathe in the dust particles.

Blow out the dust using short bursts from the can. Never tip the can or use the
can upside down because doing so will cause the can to freeze. Do not allow
the fan blades to spin from the force of the compressed air. Hold the fan in
place. Fan motors can be ruined from spinning when the motor is not turned on.

Component Contacts

Use a lint-free cloth that is slightly moistened with isopropyl alcohol to clean the
contacts on components. Do not use rubbing alcohol. Rubbing alcohol contains
impurities that can damage contacts. Before reinstallation, use compressed air
to blow lint o the contacts.

Keyboards

Clean a desktop keyboard with compressed air and then use a handheld vacuum
cleaner with a brush attachment to remove the loose dust.

CAUTION

Never use a standard vacuum cleaner inside a computer case. The plastic parts
of the vacuum cleaner can build up static electricity and discharge to the
components. Use only vacuums that are approved for electronic components.

Mice

Use glass cleaner and a soft cloth to clean the outside of the mouse. Do not
spray glass cleaner directly on the mouse. If cleaning a ball mouse, you can
remove the ball and clean it with glass cleaner and a soft cloth. Wipe the rollers
clean inside the mouse with the same cloth. Do not spray any liquids inside the
mouse.

Table 2-1 shows the computer items that you should clean and the cleaning

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materials to use.

Table 2-1 Memory Modules Computer Cleaning Materials

Computer case and outside of

Mild cleaning solution and lint-free cloth
monitor
LCD cleaning solution or distilled water and
LCD screen
lint-free cloth
CRT screen Distilled water and lint-free cloth
Heat sink Compressed Air
RAM Isopropyl alcohol and lint-free swab
Handheld vacuum cleaner with a brush
Keyboard
attachment
Mouse Mild cleaning solution and lint-free cloth

Video—Computer Disassembly (2.2.4.6)

In this video demonstration, a desktop computer will be disassembled using

proper lab procedures and tool use. The CPU and cooling unit are left on the
motherboard and the motherboard is left in the case, but all other components
are removed from the case. Its shows the steps to dissipate the static electricity
by touching bare metal case and wearing an antistatic wrist strip while working in
the system. It explains that you need to unplug the computer before disassembly
so there is no power to it. The video demonstrates removing the process of
removing the power and data cable connections, the power supply, adapter
cards, and RAM.

Go to the online course to view this video.

Lab—Computer Disassembly (2.2.4.7)

In this lab, you disassemble a computer using safe lab procedures and the
proper tools. Refer to the lab in IT Essentials v6 Lab Manual.

Summary (2.3)

This chapter emphasizes the behavior and processes that a worker should use
to help in keeping the workplace a safe and productive environment.

Summary (2.3.1)
You have familiarized yourself in the lab with many of the tools used to build,
service, and clean computer and electronic components. You have also learned
the importance of organizational tools and how these tools help you work more
eciently. Some of the important concepts to remember from this chapter:

• Work in a safe manner to protect users and equipment.

• Follow all safety guidelines to prevent injuries to yourself and others.

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