Basics of

electronics
DOMAINS OF ROBOTICS

1 2
Electrical Computer Science
Functioning of the bot Brain of the bot

3
Mechanical
Movement of the bot
COMPONENTS

● Source (Cell or Battery)

● Connection (Wires)

● Control (Switches, Relays, etc,)

● Load (All devices)

TYPES OF COMPONENTS

Active Components Passive Components

Rely on external power They do not generate
source to control or power, instead they
modify electrical signals store and dissipate
them
Examples

Venus has a
35% beautiful name

Mars is a very
65% cold place

Jupiter is the
85% biggest planet

Mercury is the
50% closest planet
1
Passive
Components
Resistor

1
Resistor
Regulate the flow of
electric current in
electrical circuits
Color Coding
Color Coding
Color Coding
Capacitor

2
Capacitor
Stores electrical
energy in an electric
field
Inductor

3
Inductor
Stores energy in a
magnetic field when
electric current flows
through it
Switches

It is used to control the flow of

electricity in a circuit. A switch is a
device that can open or close an
electrical circuit.
Terms related to switches

Pole Throw
A single set of contacts The number of different
in a switch positions that a switch
can be in

Rating Enclosure
The maximum amount The housing that
of current or voltage that protects the switch
it can handle
TYPES
Relays
Relays are used where it is
necessary to control a circuit by
an independent low-power signal,
or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal
Modes of a Relay
Normally Open (NO)
NO contacts are open when the relay is not energized. This means
that there is no electrical connection between the two contacts

Normally Closed (NC)

NC contacts are closed when the relay
is not energized. This means that there
is an electrical connection between the
two contacts
2
Active
Components
 TRANSISTORS
A semiconductor device that can amplify or
switch electronic signals and electrical power.
A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
terminals controls the current through
another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) current can be much
larger than the controlling (input) current, a
transistor can amplify a signal. Conversely,
the transistor can act as a switch, turning an
electronic signal on or off
Analog to Digital Converter:
An ADC samples an analog input
signal at discrete intervals and
converts each sample into a digital
value.

ADCs have a certain resolution, which

determines the number of distinct
digital values they can represent. For
example, an ADC with 10-bit resolution
can represent 2^10 =1024 different
digital values.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
 MICROPROCESSOR
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Control Unit Responsible for
performing
Responsible for
arithmetic and
fetching
logical operations
instructions from
memory and
executing them

Register
Small memory
units that are used
to store data and
instructions
MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a small
computer on a single integrated
circuit (IC) chip. It has a central
processing unit (CPU),
memory, and input/output (I/O)
ports.
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
SENSORS
Sensors are devices or instruments that
detect and measure physical properties
or changes in their environment and
convert this information into signals or
data that can be interpreted, displayed,
or used for various purposes
Types Of Sensors
• IR Sensor
• IR Sensor
● Components of an Arduino IR Sensor:

1. IR Transmitter (IR LED):

○ The IR transmitter is an infrared light-emitting diode (LED)
that emits infrared light when powered.
2. IR Receiver Module:
○ The IR receiver module is used to detect incoming IR
signals.
• IR Sensor
○ The basic principle of operation for an Arduino IR
sensor involves the following steps:
■ IR Transmission
■ IR Reception
• IR Sensor
1. Signal Detection
2. Signal Processing
• Ultrasonic Sensor
• Ultrasonic Sensor
● An ultrasonic sensor is a device that uses sound waves of
very high frequency (ultrasound) to measure distances or
detect objects.
• Ultrasonic Sensor
● How an Ultrasonic Sensor Works with
Arduino:
1. Initialization
2. Triggering the Pulse
3. Measuring the Echo
• Ultrasonic Sensor
1. Calculating Distance
DISTANCE = (Time taken for echo to return * Speed of Sound)/2
• ACTUATORS
• ACTUATORS
● It is the actual device that converts the

Electrical energy to mechanical energy.

● They make distinct motions depending on

the machine's purpose

Linear Actuator

Types
Rotary Actuator
• DC Motor
● A DC motor, or direct current motor, is an
electrical machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical motion.
● It operates by using direct current (DC) to
create a magnetic field that interacts with
the motor's internal components, causing it
to rotate
• Working of a DC Motor
● A DC motor converts electrical energy into
mechanical motion by using the interaction
between magnetic fields.
• L298N Motor Driver
● A motor driver is a device that helps to
switch the direction of the motor without
changing the terminal.

● The motor driver works on the principal of a

circuit called an H-bridge.
• L298N Motor Driver
H-BRIDGE
• L298N Motor Driver
H-BRIDGE
● A H-bridge is an electronic circuit that
switches the polarity of a voltage applied to
a load.

● Two conditions-

• When S1 and S4 are closed.

• When S2 and S3 are closed.

• L298N Motor Driver
H-BRIDGE
When S1 and S4 are closed. When S3 and S2 are closed.
• SERVO MOTOR
● The SG90 servo motor is a small and
commonly used type of servo motor that's
widely used in hobbyist and educational
electronics projects.

The SG90 servo motor typically provides a

moderate amount of torque in the range of 1.5
to 2.5 kg/cm (kilogram per centimeter) or
approximately 20 to 35 oz/in (ounce per inch).
PWM
It stands for Pulse Width Modulation, as name suggests,
we vary the pulse of the width and get different
voltages.

Digital pins with the symbol "~" next to them are called
PWM pins.

PWM pins can give an output of 8 bit, i.e. from 0-255

MICROCONTROLLERS AND SENSORS
ARDUINO
Arduino is an Open source hardware and software company
that makes microcontroller boards for building digital devices.
 ARDUINO Power and Serial Ports
Pressing the Reset
button re-iterates your
code from the
beginning.

1 - USB type B port for power (and/or)

Serial communication.

1 - 12v DC barrel jack

 ARDUINO Power Pins

5V and 3.3V pins

GND pins

Reset pin

Vin pin
 ARDUINO
Digital Pins :
• General purpose pins that input/output
digital values.
• 14 pins - D0 to D13.
• 6 of these pins can output PWM

Analog Pins :

• Its purpose is to read/measure the analog

signal it receives from sensors or other
components.
• 6 pins - A0 to A5
 ARDUINO
RX PIN:
• RX (Receive) Pin (Pin 0).
• The RX pin (digital pin 0) is primarily used
for receiving serial data.
• When connected to an external device, the
RX pin receives serial data (typically 8-bit
ASCII characters) and forwards it to the
microcontroller's serial input buffer.
 ARDUINO
TX PIN:
• TX (Transmit) Pin (Pin 1)
• The TX pin (digital pin 1) is primarily used
for transmitting serial data.
• When you want to send data from the
Arduino to an external device or computer,
you use the TX pin to transmit serial data.
This data can include sensor readings,
control commands, or any other
information.
WHAT ALL WAYS WE CAN USE FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION OF
DATA.

BLUETOOTH RFID
 Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi, short for "Wireless Fidelity," is a wireless
communication technology that enables devices to
connect to the internet and communicate with each other
without the need for physical cables.
NodeMCU
NodeMCU is an open-source firmware and
development board that is based on the ESP8266
microcontroller, and it offers built-in Wi-Fi
capabilities.
 NodeMCU
1. 3V3 (3.3V):This pin provides a regulated 3.3V
power supply.
2. GND (Ground): These pins are ground
connections used as the reference for electrical
circuits.
3. VIN: This pin allows you to provide an external
voltage supply (typically 5V) to power the
NodeMCU. It has an onboard voltage regulator
that steps down the voltage to 3.3V for the
board's operation.
 NodeMCU
1. EN (Enable):This pin is used to enable or reset
the NodeMCU. It is typically connected to the
reset button on the NodeMCU board. Pressing the
reset button or applying a HIGH voltage to this pin
resets the board.

2. RST (Reset):This is another pin for resetting the

NodeMCU, similar to the EN pin. Applying a LOW
voltage to this pin resets the board.
 NodeMCU
1. D0 to D10:These pins are digital GPIO
(General-
Purpose Input/Output) pins. They can be used for
both digital input and output operations.

2. A0 (Analog Input):This pin can be used for

analog voltage measurement. It has a built-in
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) and can read
analog signals from 0 to 3.3V.
TINKERCAD
TINKERCAD
 Placing Components

● Search for the

Arduino UNO in the
components
sidebar.

● Select and drag it

to the desired
location.

● Do the same for the

other components:
Breadboard,
Resistor, LED
 Breadboard Connections

● 2 Top and Bottom

rows are
connected
horizontally

● All 30x2 columns of

5 are connected
vertically
 Breadboard Connections

● 2 Top and Bottom

rows are
connected
horizontally

● All 30x2 columns of

5 are connected
vertically
 Placing Components

● Now that we have

all the components,
we start
assembling them
and connect the
wires
 Making the Circuit

● Join the Green Wire

from the GND Pin to
the Cathode of the
LED

● Join the Orange

Wire from the
Digital 8 Pin to the
Anode of the LED
via a 220Ω resistor.
 Making the Circuit

● Open the Code Tab

and write the code
to be executed and
then click on Start
Simulation
 Thanks!
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