SMART SHOES FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE

Submitted in Mini project -1

By

PRITAM MALIK

DEPARTMENT OF MBA

ITS ENGINEERING COLLEGE

KNOWLEDGE PARK III , GREATER NOIDA

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ii
 DECLARATION

I AM, PRITAM MALIK hereby declare that the Mini Project- 1

Project Report entitled “SMART SHOES FOR VISUALLY
IMPAIRED PEOPLE” done by us under the guidance of Dr.
AKHILESH KUMAR MISRA , Department of ITS Engineering
COLLEGE is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of MBA degree .

DATE: .

PLACE: .

SIGNATURE OF THE

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF ABBREVIATION viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1

SMART SHOE FOR VISUALLY IMPARED 2

OBSTACLE DETECTION FOR BLIND 2

FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION 3
HEALTH TRACKER AND GPS 3

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4

3 AIM AND SCOPE 12

AIM 12

SCOPE 12
4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 13

METHODOLOGY 13

BLOCK DIAGRAM WITH EXPLANATION 13

HARDWARE USED 14

ESP 32 MICROCONTROLLER 14

ULTRASONIC SENSOR 16

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 BUZZER 17
VIBRATOR 18

LITHIUM BATTERY 19
DIODES 20
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS 20

SOFTWARE USED 22

ARDUINO IDE 22
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25

RESULTS 25
DISCUSSION 28
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 29
SUMMARY 29

CONCLUTION 29
REFERENCES 30

APPENDIXES 32

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

ABBREVIATION EXPANSION

IOT INTERNET OF THINGS

IR INFRARED
LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
ETA ELECTRONIC TRAVELLING AID
ERM ECCENTRIC ROTATING MASS
IDE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT
GPS GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
AC ALTERNATIVE CURRENT
DC DIRECT CURRENT

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NONAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

4.1.1 Block Diagram with Explanation 13

ESP 32 Microcontroller Function Block Diagram 15

Ultrasonic Sensor 16

Buzzer 17

Vibrator Motor 18

Lithium Battery 19
Diode 20

Piezoelectric Sensor 21

4.3.1 Arduino IDE Interface 22

Prototype 25

Programming in Arduino IDE 26

Ultrasonic Sensor attached to the 26

microcontroller
Buzzer attached to the setup 27

Piezoelectric sensors attached to the 27

sole of the shoes

Final prototype 28

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
IOT is all about making physical stuffs communicating with each other
and, hence our project is based on this application. Smart shoes for blind
person. This shoe will be enriched with various sensors with their
numerous features which would help blind persons to make their way to
destination. People with visually impaired faced most of the challenges in
the environment. The long Hoover Cane used by them is not advantages
while walking and travelling. Smart shoes is a smart footwear technology.
It adopts smartphone applications to support tasks cannot be done with
standard footwear. The uses shows vibrating of the smart phone to tell
users when and where to turn to reach their destination via Google Maps
or self-lacing. Using smart shoes for visually impaired people need not to
be depending on others for mobility. The systems we have designed
consist of sensors and vibrator for sensing the surrounding environment
and giving feedback to the blind person. It is used as a safety device as
well as navigation device. The electronic hardware will be fixed in shoes
for users. User will wear the shoe and travel anywhere, and attached
sensor will be sense obstacles near to the shoes alerts with the help of
visually impaired people.

India contributes about 21% of the blind people over total population. In a
million population, there are around 53 thousand persons that are visually
impaired, 46 thousand are having low vision and around 7000 have
completely lose the vision. 285 million people are estimated to be visually
impaired worldwide out of which 39 million people are blind and 246
million have low vision. Smart shoes will help the visually impaired person
to move on independently with help of ultrasonic sensor to detect
obstacles.

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SMART SHOE FOR VISUALLY IMPARED

The smart shoe warns visually impaired people of obstacles in their

way while they are walking in public. Moving around independently in
public places is a challenge for many disabled people, especially people
who are visually impaired. Fire hydrants, potholes, steps, etc. are some of
the obstacles people who are blind and low vision need to be careful
about. Now, an innovative smart shoe aims to help them negotiate such
obstacles and move around in a safe and independent. This smart shoes
has sensors that warn blind and low vision people about various obstacles
in their way with acoustic and visual warning signals, as well as vibration
feedback. It has a built-in battery, ultrasonic sensors, a processing unit,
and a wireless connection to the smartphone. All of this is mounted in a
water and dust resistant casing at the front of the shoes. This makes it
tough and durable for any kind of weather.

OBSTACLE DETECTION
The smart shoes detect obstacles and give warnings through pre-
selected feedback. The first option is through haptic or vibration feedback.
The vibration is provided directly on the shoe so the user gets a sense of
any obstacle in front. The second option is acoustic feedback, which is
received through a Bluetooth-linked smartphone or bone conduction
headphones. Then, there’s visual feedback where the impulses are
passed on through LED lights on the shoe. This also provides light in the
dark. You can make adjustments in real-time with the button on the back
of the device. The range can be adjusted up to four meters by briefly

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pressing the button. The makers advise the continued use of a guide dog
while walking in public.

FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION

The power generated by the piezoelectric sensors replaces the
standby power that is constantly used in sensors and LED’s used in the
shoes; the piezoelectric energy thus reduces battery consumption. The
piezoelectric sensor which is inserted under the insoles of shoes, converts
mechanical energy generated by motion of user into electrical energy. The
piezoelectric material is a smart material which generates electrical
charges under strain changes when subjected to pressure, and electrodes
can collect electrical charges to produce electrical current.

HEALTH TRACKER AND GPS

This Wearable technology allows user to calculate all the daily
activity like step count, calorie count, and exercise count of the user using
that wearable physical device. Accelerometer is responsible to count the
total number of step and on the basis of total step count the Shoe
application will count the distance, and total calorie burned. The smart
shoes contain a GPS tracking device that's embedded in the base of the
heel. The device constantly transmits location coordinates to the
smartphone device. The GPS shoes allow real-time tracking of the wearer

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 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY

1) Smarts Assistive shoes for blind: Ariba Khanam, Anuradha Dubey,

Bhabya Mishra (2019) International Journal of Advance Research in
Science and Engineering (IJASE) introduced the smart assistive
shoes for blind people which will help them in their needed activities.
The shoes will detect the nearby obstacles and simultaneously send
a message to the receiver in audio and vibration form. The ultrasonic
sensor detect the obstacles for blind people. The arduino
microcontroller keeps the pulling the ultrasonic sensor and provide
the feedback via vibrator. This paper presents an idea dealing the
problems faced by visually impaired individual through assistive
device in form of shoes. The shoes will be detect the nearby
obstacles and continuously send a message to the receiver in audio
and vibration form. The ultrasonic sensor has been fully utilized on
order to advance the mobility of the blind. Future work will be focused
image acquired by using web camera and NI camera helps in
identification of object as well as scans the entire instances for the
presence of number objects in the path of the blind person.

2) Design and Developement of a Prototype Rehabilitative Shoes for

the Blind: Ziad O.AbuFaraj, Elie Jabbaur, Paul Ibrahim, Anthony
Ghaoui (2018) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Each
shoes is mounted with three pairs of ultrasonic transducers placed
on aspect of the toe cap so as to detect ground level obstacles of
different heights as well as ground pits and holes. Additionally,
design considerations mitigated the effects of ipsilalateral and
contralateral foot swing, ground level detection, stair climbing and

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 descent as well as others impediment that might be perceived as
obstacles. The corresponding tactile outputs are provided by three
miniature sized vibrating motors embedded within the collar of the
shoes. Each shoes is mounted with three pairs of ultrasonic
transducers placed on aspect of the toe cap so as to detect g ground
level obstacles of different heights as well as ground pits and holes.
Instrumented with the smart shoes, underwent an entensive training
session, whereby each sensor was independently triggered and the
corresponding tactile output was acivited.

3) Smart Shoes a Safe Future for the Blind: Shlesha Khursade,

Malavika Karunan, Ibtisam Sayyad, Saloni Mohanty (2016)
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering (IJIRCCE), one such wearable system
designed to provide directional information to the visually impaired.
Now a day, android mobile is commonly used by everyone. With help
of android application, wearable device is to be made to help in
navigation path. Sensors attached with the hardware will sense
obstacles and vibrators will vibrate for left and right turn through path.
A buzzer will be used for alerting the user that obstacle is nearing
blind. Android mobile is commonly used by everyone. With help of
android application, wearable device is to be made to help in
navigation path. Obstacles comes in contact with the sensors, the
distance is calculated, from the sensor and the obstacles. If
obstacles is in the predefined range of 15- 20 cm, it is detected and
the buzzer starts beeping.

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4) Li-Fi Based Smart Shoes for Blind: Shanthi M, Madhu Meena M.K,
Kadiravan R, Kowsalya R.J (2019) International Journal of Engineering
Science and Computing, Smart shoes that helps the visually impaired in
navigation through voice commands which are conveyed light source in
their path. The RFID reader detects all information stored on the tag, it is
then analyzed and the data retrieved is transmitted to a control unit that
translates the information into Braille code. The ultrasonic sensor is used
for obstacle detection The IR sensor is used for detection of water in the
path. The receiver receives this flicking light and converts it into electrical
signal. The signal is then converted to binary data which recognized as
audio signals. Thus navigation done using LiFi. This paper proposes a smart
shoe that helps the visually impaired in navigation through voice
commands which are conveyed through light sourced (Li-Fi) in their path.
The Li-Fi module produces LED which transmit data to the shoe module.
The Li-Fi receiver at the shoe detects this signal and the controller plays
this data through the speaker.

5) Smart Navigational Shoes for the Blind Person: Saylee Begampure,

Renuka Deshmukh, Sheetal Chotaliya, Shubham Sirsat (2017)
International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical,
Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Android is a
working system created google for portable system. It depends on
the linux bit and intended for touch screen, for example, cell phone
and tablets. The system is implemented in shoes we used a battery
for power supply. Bluetooth is used to get the location coordinate
form mobile phone by using GPS setting from mobile. The shoes
sync up with a Smartphone app that uses maps and vibrate to tell
users when and where to turn to reach their destination. The control

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 unit gives vibration according to the route coordinates in shoes to
indicates the blind person. With help of android application, wearable
device is to be made to help in navigation path. The IR sensor is
utilized for obstacle detection in the project that the obstacle is
distinguished out and about then buzzer will turn ON. The shoes sync
up with a Smartphone app that uses maps and vibrate to tell users
when and where to turn to reach their destination. In future scope we
will focused Bluetooth speaker, it’s used to get the location
coordinate from mobile phone by using GPS.

6) Smart Assistive Shoes and Cane, Soul mate for the blind people:
Shubham Rastogi, Pankaj Sharma, Parth dhall, Rishav Agarwal,
Shristhi Thakur (2020) International Journal of Advanced Research
in Electronics and Communication Engineering, The technology
proposed in the paper serves as a solution for visually impaired
people. The smart shoes that alerts visually impaired people over
obstacles coming between their ways and could help them in walking
with less collision. IR sensor connected to the module and the
voltage level depending upon the status of the IR sensor are
transmitted to the microcontroller and as per the data collected an
appropriate alerting the blind person about the surroundings. The
arduinolily controller receives the input from the above sensors,
executes and decode it and again select the appropriate saved voice
messages and command to the speaker. The smart shoes that alerts
visually impaired people over obstacles coming between their ways
and could help them in walking with less collision. A shoes that could
communicate with the user through voice alert and pre-recorded
message. The system has been used to receive data from the
sensing devices, two connected to the shoe to detect objects at the

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 ground. Then, as per the information received by the micro controller,
it provides an acoustic feedback to the user. In future, longitudinal
research would be required to judge if the smart shoes would be able
to augment their conventional way of mobility, thereby make them
independent after prolonged used.

7) Designing Smart Shoes for Obstacle Detection: Empowering

Visually Challenged Users Through ICT, Vikram Singh, Parmar
Krishna, Sai Inkoolu (2017) International Federation for Information
Processing The smart shoes presented in this paper explores the
potential of tap in alerting users about the obstacles in front through
a novel method of providing feedback mechanism. It detect
obstacles in a customizable range of up to 2m by making use of an
ultrasonic sensor and providing the feedback to user through a
tapping mechanism at the foot-arch. There are two buttons are
available for this smart shoes. Power button: This button is used
powering the system on and off. Mode Button: The footwear can be
used in any of the two mode using the mode button when it is
pressed the buzzer present in the system indicates current mode.
The smart shoes by evaluating it from (a) ratio of obstacles identified
total obstacles encountered, (b) distance of obstacles apprehension
and (c) response time. The result showed that the users were able
to detect 89.5% obstacles out of all encountered obstacles with mean
response time of 3.08s. User’s average distance of obstacle
apprehension was 108 cm in regular mode and 50cm in the crowd
mode. Future work will be focused enhancing the performance of the
system and reducing the load on the user by adding the camera to
guide. Image acquired by the web camera and NI cameras helps in

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 identification of objects as well as scans the entire instances for the
presence of number of objects in the path of the blind.

8) Smart Assistive Shoes and Cane-Solemates for the Blind People:

S.D. Asha Mahesh, K. Raj Supriya, M.V.S.S., N.K. Pushpa Latha,
P.Gowri, T.Sonia, B,Nani, (2019) Internationl Journal of Engineering
Science and Computing This system is intended to provide overall
measures object detection and send information related to blind
people. This project aims at the development of an Electronic
Travelling Aid (AID) to help the blind people to find obstacle free
path. This ETA is fixed to the shoe. When the object is detected near
to the shoe alerts them with the help of vibratory circuit and also in
advancement with help of speakers or headphone that is voice
command with help of android application. IR sensor which detects
the presence of the obstacles in the direction and sends the
command to the controller the detection of object in the direction.
Smart shoes that alerts visually impaired people over obstacles
coming between their ways and could help them in walking with less
collision. When the object is detected near to the shoe alerts them
with the help of vibratory circuit and also in advancement with help
of speakers or headphone that is voice command with help of
android application. After receiving the input form the shoe module
via Bluetooth module, the arduinolily receives the input, decodes it
and select the appropriate saved voice message and commands to
the speaker which give indication to the user of the obstacles in the
respective direction. In future, longitudinal research would be
required to judge if the smart shoes would be able to augment their
conventional way of mobility, thereby make them independent after
prolonged used.

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9) Smart Shoe for Visually Impaired: Saloni Mohanty, Malavika
Karunan, Ibtisam Sayyad, Shlesha Khursade, (2018) International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication
Engineering Electronic component is fixed in shoes of user. User will
wear shoes for easy, mobility. Sensors will sense obstacles,
vibrators will vibrate for left and right turn through path. When
sensors will detect any obstacles, user will be informed through
android system being used by the user. Bluetooth connection is
provided through which mobile and electronic part can be connected.
The system propose detects the nearest obstacle via an ultrasonic
sensor system and sends back feedback to inform blind person
about its location. The system propose detects the nearest obstacle
via an ultrasonic sensor system and sends back feedback to inform
blind person about its location. When sensors will detect any
obstacles, user will be informed through android system being used
by the user Sensor will detect obstacles and vibrator will vibrate
according direction. The Bluetooth connection is provided through
which mobile and electronic part can be connected. Future work will
be focused enhancing the performance of the system and reducing
the load on the user by adding the camera to guide. Image acquired
by the web camera and NI cameras helps in identification of objects
as well as scans the entire instances for the presence of number of
objects in the path of the blind.

10) Design of Arduino based Shoe for Blind with Wireless charging :
Mohamma d Hassan, M.D. Atqur Rahman, Shakeb Alam, (2020)
International journal of electrical, electronics and data
communication There are broadly three stages involved in the design
of the proposed blind shoe: Input stage: Ultrasonic sensor, the

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sensor is uses to detect obstacles in the path of blind person. Control
stage: The micro controller is programmed in such a way that it will
sends a required trigger signal to the two vibrating motor and a
buzzer whenever error is found to be beyond the tolerance range.
Output stage: The vibrating motor which will act according to signal
receive by microcontroller. The buzzer is also there that sound when
water sensor detect the presence of water. The GPS tracker have
been used to send a SOS message on mobile, whenever the blind
person breached the restricted area. The shoe enable both partially
and totally blind person to self-navigate in an unknown environment.
The proposed shoes comes with feature such as obstacle detector
sensor, water sensor, wireless charging, GPS tracking. The shoe can
be used for nearly 3-4 hour once the rechargeable battery gets fully
charged. The obstacles detection range can be set just by making a
small change in the program. In future work we will focused GPS. It’s
also added for motoring visually impaired movement and to track the
position.

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 CHAPTER–3

AIM AND SCOPE

AIM:

 This project aims at the development of an Electronic Travelling

Aid (ETA) kit to help the blind people to find obstacle free path.
This ETA is fixed to the shoe.
 This system is intended to provide overall measures object
detection, human detection, and real-time Assistance system
consist of microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor and a buzzer.
 Here ultrasonic sensor has been used to detect the distance
between the user and the obstacle and alerts the user.
 This smart shoes also has GPS to help the visually impaired to
navigate.
 Therefore we introduce ESP32 microcontroller based smart
shoes with the goal that aims to reducing the problems and
issues faced by visually impaired people.

SCOPE:

 Mobility is one of the main problems encountered by the blind

in their life, this smart shoes helps to overcome the issues faced
by them.

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 CHAPTER-4

MATERIALS AND METHODS

METHODOLOGY
 We have interfaced esp32 microcontroller with ultrasonic
sensor to detect the obstacles using ultrasonic waves.
 The buzzer (sounds) alerts visually impaired people over
objects which are coming between their ways and could help
them in walking with less accident.
 And, we used piezoelectric sensors (foot step power
generation) it converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
and it will be used as backup for battery.

4.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM WITH EXPLANATION

VIBRATING
USER BUZZER
MOTOR

MICROCONTROLLER
BATTERY
ESP 32

PIEZOELECTRIC
SENSOR

ULTRASONIC OBSTACLE
SHOES DETECTOR

FIG 4.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM WITH EXPLANATION

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 In this smart shoe, ESP 32 carries a main role. We have interfaced all
the sensors and other components into the microcontroller. At first the
ultrasonic sensor detects the obstacles and pass the information to the
microcontroller, microcontroller gives instruction to the buzzer to give
(sound) and vibrator to alert the person and help them from the risk.
Secondly, we have used piezoelectric sensors to generate electricity while
walking, this energy is used as a backup for the battery which is used in
the device Through the microcontroller, contains WIFI module which is
helpful for the IOT things (steps count, GPS, distance etc..)

HARDWARES USED:

ESP 32 MICROCONTROLLER

ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power system on a chip

microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. The
ESP32 series employs either a Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor in
both dual-core and single-core variations, Xtensa LX7 dual-core
microprocessor and a single-core RISC-V microprocessor and includes
built-in antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, and low-noise
receive amplifier, filters, and power-management modules. ESP32 is
created and developed by Espressif Systems, a Shanghai-based Chinese
company, and is manufactured by TSMC using their 40 nm process. It is
a successor to the ESP8266 microcontroller.

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FIG 4.2.1 ESP 32 MICROCONTROLLER FUNCTION BLOCKDIAGRAM

FIG 4.2.1 ESP 32 MICROCONTROLLER

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 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance

to an object using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a
transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back
information about an object’s proximity. High-frequency sound waves
reflect from boundaries to produce distinct echo patterns. Ultrasonic
sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a frequency above the
range of human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as
a microphone to receive and send the ultrasonic sound. Ultrasonic sensor
uses a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo. The
sensor determines the distance to a target by measuring time lapses
between the sending and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse. IoT ultrasonic
sensors are designed for non-contact detection of solid and liquid objects.
These sensors are used for a wide variety of functions from monitoring
the level of water in a tank to fluid identification/concentration, to detecting
object proximity.

FIG 4.2.2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

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 BUZZER

A Buzzer is an audio signalling device. There are many types of

buzzer and here 5V passive Buzzer is used, which is used to create the
sound and it may be mechanical, electromechanical,
or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a
mouse click or keystroke. The passive buzzer is an electromagnetic
squeaker used to generate sound signals of different frequencies. It
requires an AC signal to make a sound, where a changing input signal
produces the sound, rather than producing a tone automatically. To use
this 5v buzzer, connect one pin to ground and the other to a
microcontroller programmed to output a square wave or a timer IC.

FIG 4.2.3 5V PASSIVE BUZZER

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 VIBRATOR

Vibration motor is a compact size coreless DC motor used to informs

the users of receiving the signal by vibrating, no sound. Vibration motors
are widely used in a variety of applications including cell phones,
handsets, pagers, and so on. A vibratory motor is a three-phase motor
that is intentionally unbalanced, and is also known as an eccentric rotating
mass (ERM) or vibrating motor. This tiny motor produces vibrations by
spinning an eccentric shaft at over 900 RPM when power at 1.5V. It is
intended for operation around 1.5V, and polarity is not important that is,
the motor can run CW or CCW. The main purpose of this vibrator motor
is to alerts the user from receiver the call by without sound and vibrating.
These motor are applicable for different categories like pager, handsets,
cell phones, bluetooth etc. Vibration motor is a coreless DC motor and the
size of this motor is compact. The main purpose of this motor is to alert
the user from receiving the call by without sound/vibrating. The main
feature of this motor is, it has magnetic properties, lightweight, and motor
size is small. Based on these features, the motor performance is highly
consistent. The configuration of these motors can be done in two varieties
one is coin model and another one is a cylinder model.

FIG 4.2.4 VIBRATOR MOTOR

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 LITHIUM BATTERY
Batteries that have lithium as their anode is called lithium batteries.
The charge moves from anode to cathode during discharge and cathode
to anode during charging. Lithium batteries were introduced way back in
the 1980-the 1990s. These batteries have completely revolutionized the
portable electronics market such as cellular telephones and laptop
computers. Lithium Battery is a latest technology battery which has 5
features - 2x life with 100% charging efficiency, light weight and no
maintenance. Lithium-Ion, or Li-Ion batteries are a type of rechargeable
battery that's used in many applications, but most commonly in the
electronics industry. Li-Ion batteries provide portable electricity, powering
electronic gadgets such as mobile phones, laptops and tablets.

FIG 4.2.5 9V BATTERY

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 DIODES
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that
conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it
has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally
infinite) resistance in the other. Diodes can be used as rectifiers, signal
limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signal modulators, signal mixers,
signal demodulators, and oscillators. The fundamental property of a
diodes is its tendency to conduct electric current in only one direction.

FIG 4.2.6 DIODE

PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect
to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or
force by converting them to an electrical charge. A piezoelectric
sensor converts physical parameters - for example, acceleration, strain or
pressure into an electrical charge which can then be measured. They are
highly sensitive and very small in size making them well suited to everyday
objects. Piezoelectricity is the charge created across certain materials
when a mechanical stress is applied. Piezoelectric pressure sensors
exploit this effect by measuring the voltage across a piezoelectric element
generated by the applied pressure. They are very robust and are used in
a wide range of industrial applications. The sensors convert a physical,

20
acceleration, pressure, or other input to an electrical signal that serves as
an input to a data processing system. This sensor signal often results in a
response from the system. One example of such a piezo sensor is an
accelerometer. A piezoelectric transducer consists of quartz crystal which
is made from silicon and oxygen arranged in crystalline structure (SiO2).
Piezoelectric transducer/sensor is an active transducer and it does not
need external power supply as it is self-generating.

FIG 4.2.7 PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR

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 SOFTWARE USED

4.3.1 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino IDE is an open-source software, which is used to

write and upload code to the Arduino boards. The IDE application is
suitable for different operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS X, and
Linux. It supports the programming languages C and C++. Here, IDE
stands for Integrated Development Environment.

The program or code written in the Arduino IDE is often called as

sketching. We need to connect the Genuino and Arduino board with the
IDE to upload the sketch written in the Arduino IDE software. The sketch
is saved with the extension '.ino.'

The Arduino IDE will appear as:

FIG 4.3.1 ARDUINO IDE INTERFACE

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 The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software
(IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text
console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of
menus. It connects to the Arduino hardware to upload programs and
communicate with them.The Arduino software is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac,
Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low cost
scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and physics principles, or to get
started with programming and robotics. Designers and architects build
interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to
experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to
build many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example.
Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists,
artists, programmers - can start tinkering just following the step by step
instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members of the
Arduino community.There are many other microcontrollers and
microcontroller platforms available for physical computing. Parallax Basic
Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others
offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of
microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package.
Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it
offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs
over other systems.

 Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to

other microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the
Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled
Arduino modules cost less than $50
 Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh

23
 OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are
limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is
easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take
advantage of as well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the
Processing programming environment, so students learning to program in
that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
 Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published
as open source tools, available for extension by experienced
programmers. The language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and
people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from
Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based.
Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if
you want to.

Writing Sketches

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches.

These sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file
extension .ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for
searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving
and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output
by the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and
other information. The bottom right hand corner of the window displays
the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to
verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open
the serial monitor.

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 CHAPTER – 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

RESULT
 In this project, we used arduino IDE software to implement the
commands to the ESP 32 microcontroller.
 When the ultrasonic detects the obstacle it transfers the signal
to the ESP 32 microcontroller and the microcontroller transfers
the signal to the vibrator and buzzer to warn the user.
 The Piezoelectric sensor produces electricity while walking and
acts as a back-up power source.
 The lithium battery gets charged by the piezoelectric sensors.
 The ESP 32 has an inbuilt Wi-Fi and Bluetooth module, it can
be connected to the smartphone

FIG 5.1.1 PROTOTYPE

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 FIG 5.1.2 PROGRAMMING IN ARDUINO IDE

FIG 5.1.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR ATTACHED TO THE MICROCONTROLLER

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 FIG 5.1.4 BUZZER ATTACHED TO THE SETUP

FIG 5.1.5 PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR ATTACHED TO THE SOLE

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 FIG 5.1.6 FINAL PROTOTYPE

DISCUSSION
This section provides about a review of applications of ambient
sensors and systems used in this project. After the successful
implementation and testing of coding the following output was achieved.
The screenshots of the setup have been displayed above the figure.
 Commanding ESP 32 Microcontroller.
 Connecting the ultrasonic sensor, vibrator motor and buzzer to
the microcontroller.
 Piezoelectric sensors are attached to the sole of the shoe and
connected to the battery.

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 CHAPTER – 6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

SUMMARY
 We are using Ultrasonic sensor to detect the obstacle in the
pathway of the visually impaired people.
 The Ultrasonic sensor detects the obstacle and transmits
the signal to the ESP 32 Microcontroller.
 The ESP 32 Microcontroller transmits the signal to the
buzzer and the vibrator to warn the user.
 The overall process is done by automatically.

CONCLUSION

The main focus of this paper is to implement various technology in

the smart shoes for visually impaired people. The smart shoes uses the
most reliable source, light, to communicate data to the visually impaired.
In future work we will be focused on the enhancing the better performance
of the system and to reducing the load on the users.

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REFERENCES

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31
APPENDIXES

Code for ESP32 microcontroller

/*

* This ESP32 code is created by esp32io.com

* This ESP32 code is released in the public domain

*/

#define TRIG_PIN 26 // ESP32 pin GIOP26 connected to Ultrasonic

Sensor's TRIG pin

#define ECHO_PIN 25 // ESP32 pin GIOP25 connected to Ultrasonic

Sensor's ECHO pin

#define BUZZER_PIN 17 // ESP32 pin GIOP17 connected to Piezo

Buzzer's pin

#define DISTANCE_THRESHOLD 50 // centimeters

// The below are variables, which can be changed

float duration_us, distance_cm;

void setup() {

Serial.begin (9600); // initialize serial port

pinMode(TRIG_PIN, OUTPUT); // set ESP32 pin to output mode

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 pinMode(ECHO_PIN, INPUT); // set ESP32 pin to input mode

pinMode(BUZZER_PIN, OUTPUT); // set ESP32 pin to output mode

void loop() {

// generate 10-microsecond pulse to TRIG pin

digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);

// measure duration of pulse from ECHO pin

duration_us = pulseIn(ECHO_PIN, HIGH);

// calculate the distance

distance_cm = 0.017 * duration_us;

if (distance_cm < DISTANCE_THRESHOLD)

digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, HIGH); // turn on Piezo Buzzer

else

digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, LOW); // turn off Piezo Buzzer

// print the value to Serial Monitor

Serial.print("distance: ");

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 Serial.print(distance_cm);

Serial.println(" cm");

delay(500);

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