UNIT 1

COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND ORGANISATION

CHAPTER 1

COMPUTER SYSTEM

 COMPUTER: A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to

accept data (input), process it and generate result (output).
 The functional components of a computer are Input unit, Output unit, Central
Processing Unit and Memory unit.
 Characteristics of a computer:
1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Reliability
4. High storage
5. Versatility
6. Diligence
 Limitations of computer:
1. Lack of decision making (It has no feelings, emotions or fear)
2. Zero IQ
 Data: It is a collection of raw or unorganized facts.
 Information: The processed or organized data is known as information.
 The first mechanical device developed in China - Abacus
 The name of first computer designed by Charles Babbage - Difference Engine
 The world’s first commercial computer – UNIVAC -1
 The first computer to handle both numeric and text data - UNIVAC -1 (Universal
Automatic Computer)
 The first general - purpose electronic digital computer – ENIAC
 The first electronics digital programmable computing device – ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer)
  The first computer to which we can give instructions and can also store data in it.
---EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
 The first data storage device: Punch card
 The first electronic stored-program computer- Manchester Baby
 The Father of computer: Charles Babbage

Generations of Generations timeline Evolving hardware

computers
First generation 1940s-1950s Vacuum tube
Second generation 1950s-1960s Transistor
Third generation 1960s-1970s Integrated circuit
Fourth generation 1970s-present Microprocessor
Fifth generation The present and the future Artificial intelligence

IPO Cycle: The IPO cycle is the input & output after the process of the information.

Input->Process ->Output (IPO cycle)

Input Output
Data Process Information

Storage

Architecture of A Computer
Computer System:

All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple
equations. COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER

Hardware: Hardware refers to a tangible device that is physically connected to the

computer system. Hardware components are connected to the computer both externally
and internally.

Devices that you can see outside your computer are called external hardware, such
keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. Devices that are located inside the CPU cabinet are called
internal hardware, such as motherboard, hard drive, RAM, etc. Software: A software is a
set of programs, which is designed for a well-defined function. Software is a non-tangible
component of a computer.
 Hardware Concepts
Input Devices: The devices which help to enter data into computer system. These devices
accept input from the user and convert it into a form that can be understood by the
computer i.e., binary code.

1. Keyboard: - This is the most commonly used input device which directly enters data
into computer in the form of letters, digits and commands.
a) Alphanumeric keys
b) Direction keys
c) Function keys
d) Special keys
e) Number keys
2. Mouse - A mouse is a pointing device used for moving a pointer on a computer
monitor. It was developed by Douglas Engelbart in 1963.
3. Light Pen- It is a pointing device and light sensitive stylus attached to a video
terminal to draw pictures or to select menu options.
4. Microphone - It is used to input audio data into the computer. They are mainly
used for sound recording.
5. O C R (Optical Character Reader) - It is used to convert images of text into machine
editable text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic
files.
6. Barcode Reader- A barcode reader is an input device that is used to read the
information from the barcode pasted on the product and decode the information
in a human-readable format. It consists of a lens, light sensors and light source to
translate the optical data and impulses into the electrical signals.
7. Biometric Sensors- It is used to recognize individuals based on physical or
behavioral traits. Biometric sensor is used to mark attendance of
employees/students in organizations /institutions. It is also popular as a security
device to provide restricted entry for secured areas.
8. Web Camera- This capture still pictures as well as videos and, with the help of
software, can transmit them in real time. It is commonly used for Web Chats.
9. O M R (Optical Mark Reader): An OMR is capable of recognizing a pre-specified
type of mark made with a dark pencil or ink.
10. QR Code Reader (Quick Response Code): It is a special kind of two-dimensional
matrix barcode that anybody can scan with a smartphone app that usually directs
the user to a website.
PROCESSING UNIT
Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is responsible for processing the data and
instruction. The CPU's known as the control centre /brain of a computer. This unit
can be divided into three sections:
 Control Unit
 Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
 Memory Unit
Control Unit – The CU controls the flow of data from input devices to memory and
from memory to output devices. It controls and guides the interpretation, flow and
manipulation of all data and information.
Arithmetic and Logical Unit- This unit is responsible for performing various
Arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
relational operations such as equal to , greater than , less than, not equal to and
logical operation etc.

Memory Unit: - Memory unit is used as storage unit for program as well as
data. It is the computer memory that is accessed directly
by the CPU. The memory can be both primary and
secondary, depending upon its location in the computer system

Computer Memory Units

 The elementary unit of memory is a bit. A bit stands for binary digit (0 or 1).
 The highest memory unit is Geopbyte.
Difference between RAM and ROM

RAM ROM

RAM is Random Access Memory ROM is Read-only Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM) is ROM is cheaper when compared to RAM.
expensive when compared to ROM
RAM is a volatile memory which means ROM stores the data permanently; thus, it is
its data is lost when the computer is a non-volatile memory which means it holds
turned off. RAM stores its data the data even when the computer is
temporarily. switched off.
The data stored in RAM is used by the The data stored in ROM is used to bootstrap
Central Processing Unit (CPU) to the computer.
process current instructions
Secondary Memory: Secondary memory is a type of computer memory that is used to
store a large amount of data and programs that can be accessed or retrieved even after
the computer is turned off.

STORAGE DEVICES STORAGE CAPACITY

 HARD DISK 1 GB to 5 TB
 BLU-RAY DISC 50 GB
 COMPACT DISK (CD) 700 MB
 DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC / 4.7 GB to 17.08 GB
DIGITAL VIDEO DISC (DVD)
 USB (Pen Drive) 2 GB – 2 TB
 Memory Cards 8 GB – 1.5 TB

Output Devices

Output devices produce the output generated by the CPU in human understandable
form, such as video, audio, text or hardcopy.

Monitor or VDU (Visual Display Unit/Visual Display Terminal)-It is the most common
output device for displaying the output of the computer-processed information. It looks
like a TV. Its display may be CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED
(Light Emitting Diode), OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode), Plasma or touch sensitive.

Speakers-These are used to listen to the audio output of computer.

Printers-A printer is an output device which is used to generate hard copies of the output
generated by the computer system. It can generate both text and graphics on paper.
Printers are classified as Impact and Non – Impact printers.

Impact printers: - There is a mechanical contact between printer head and paper.
Examples: Dot Matrix Printer, Daisy Wheel Printer
Non-Impact printers: - There is no mechanical contact between printer head and paper.
Examples Ink Jet Printer, Laser Printer
Plotters - Plotters are output devices that are used for producing high quality images,
engineering drawings, architectural blueprints, etc. It is mainly used in computer aided
design (CAD) applications.
Mechanism of Data Capture, Storage And Retrieval