MySQL DBMS

From Beginner to Master

▪1
 What is Database?

 These days, organizations are considering data as one important

resource like finance, human resource and time.
 The management of these resources needs special attention and
development strategy.

 large amounts of data must be stored for efficient update and

retrieval.

 Due to this reason it is considered that databases are essential to every

business.
 Databases are likewise found at the core of many modern
organization’s information systems.
Why Database?…
 Database system is about

 Organization of data
 Efficient retrieval of data
 Reliable storage of data
 Maintaining consistent data
 Making useful information for decision making
What will be learned?
 This topic aims to equip students with practical skill in
  understanding,
 designing,
 developing,
 administering and managing a database system in an
organization.

Using MySQL DBMS

What is Database?…
 Database is a collection of information, usually,
kept in a repository, on a particular subject
 A database is a storage space for content or
information (data)
 Database (DB) is used
1. To store data
2. To manipulate information so that it can be sorted
and/or searched.
3. To make record keeping and tracking fast and
efficient.

Ultimate purpose of a DB system?

 ▪is to transform and manage

▪Data ▪Information ▪Knowledge ▪Action

▪Data driven decision making

What does “managing data” mean?
 Making information work for us

 Making information useful

 Avoiding "accidental disorganisation”

 Making information easily accessible and integrated with the

rest of our work
Basic Definitions
 Database:
 A collection of related data.

 Data:
 Known facts that can be recorded and have
an implicit meaning.

 Mini-world:
 Some part of the real world about which
data is stored in a database.

 Database Management System

(DBMS):
 A software package/ system to facilitate
the creation and maintenance of a
computerized database.
 Database System:
 The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the applications are also
included.

Database and DBMS

 Database is simply a collection of data. In relational
database, data is organized into tables.
 Database Management System (DBMS) is software to
create, use, maintain and manage a collection of data
required by an organization or for a specific purpose.
 eg: Oracle, MSSQL, DB4, MySQL, etc)
Student_ID Name Major CGPA

S-101 Belay Biology 2.01

S-102 Mike Inf Sc 3.56

 S-103 Tye Acct 2.73

… … …

MySQL Introduction
 MySQL is an open source database management
system
 SQL stands for the Structured Query Language. It
defines how to create, insert, retrieve, modify
and delete data
 Can be downloaded for FREE from
www.mysql.com
 Reference sites
 NASA, Yahoo!, Compaq, Motorola
Basic MySQL Operations
 Create Database
 Create table
 Insert records
 Load data
 Retrieve records
 Update records
 Delete records
 Modify table
 Join table
 Drop table
 Optimize table
 Count, Like, Order by, Group by
 More advanced ones (sub-queries, stored procedures, triggers, views …)

How MySQL Stores data

 A MySQL server can store several databases
Databases are stored as directories
 Default is at /usr/local/mysql/var/
 Tables are stored as files inside each database (directory)
For each table, it has three files:
table.FRM file containing information about the table structure
table.MYD file containing the row data (actual data)
table.MYI containing any indexes created for the tables, as well
as some statistics about the tables.
 Login to MySQL
 mysql –h hostname –u username –p [password]

 Example
% mysql -u usrname -p
Enter password: passowrd
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 23 to server version: 3.23.41.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.

mysql>
 Create User
Syntax
mysql>use mysql;
 Use database mysql, used by the system

Example
 mysql>insert into user (Host, User, Password)
values (‘localhost’, ‘aauuser’, ‘MyPass@123’);
Create a new database user aauuser

 An alternative
 GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO ‘aauuser’@’localhost‘ IDENTIFIED BY
‘MyPass@123’;
Create User
 mysql>insert into db (Host, Db, User, Select_priv,
Insert_priv, Update_priv, Delete_priv, Create_priv,
Drop_priv) values (‘localhost’, ‘is_workshopbd’, ‘aauuser‘,
‘Y’, ‘Y’, ‘Y’, ‘Y’, ‘Y’, ‘Y’);
 Create a new database is_workshopbd for user aauuser
 mysql>flush privileges
 Reloads the privileges from the grant tables in the database
mysql
 An alternative
 GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE,
DROP ON is_workshopbd.* TO ‘aauuser’@’localhost’
IDENTIFIED BY ‘MyPass@123’;
 Create Database
What are the current databases at the server?
mysql> show databases;
+----------------------+
| Database |
+----------------------+
| mysql | mysql is a database (stores users’ password ) used by system.
| is_workshopbd |
+----------------------+

Create a database (make a directory) whose name is MyDB

mysql> create database MyDB;

Select database to use

mysql> use MyDB;
Database changed

What tables are currently stored in the MyDB database?

mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

Create Table
 CREATE TABLE Table_Name (column_specifications)
 Example

mysql> CREATE TABLE student

-> (
-> student_ID INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
-> name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
-> major VARCHAR(50),
-> cgpa float
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Student_ID Name Major CGPA
 Display Table Structure
mysql> show tables;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_MyDB |
+--------------------+
| student |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> describe student;
+---------------+----------------------+------+------+----------+--------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------------+----------------------+-------+-----+-----------+-------+
| student_ID | int(10) unsigned | | |0 | |
| name | varchar(20) | | | | |
| major | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| cgpa | varchar(5) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------------+----------------------+-------+------+----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Modify Table Structure

ALTER TABLE table_name Operations

mysql> alter table student add primary key (student_ID);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings:
0 mysql> describe student;
+---------------+--------------------- +-------+------+----------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------------+----------------------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| student_ID | int(10) unsigned | | PRI | 0 | |
| name | varchar(20) | | | | |
| major | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| cgpa | varchar(5) | YES | | NULL | |
 +---------------+----------------------+-------+------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Insert Record
 INSERT INTO table_name SET col_name1=value1,
col_name2=value2, col_name3=value3, …

INSERT INTO table_name SET col_name1=value1,

col_name2=value2, col_name3=value3, …

 Example
mysql> INSERT INTO student SET student_ID=S-101, name=‘Belay',
major=‘Biology’, cgpa=‘2.01’;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 Student_ID Name Major CGPA

S-101 Belay Biology 2.01

Retrieve Record
Syntax
 SELECT what_columns
FROM table or tables
WHERE condition

 Example

mysql> SELECT major, cgpa FROM student

WHERE name=‘Mike';

Student_ID Name Major CGPA

S-101 Belay Biology 2.01

 +-------+-------+
| major| cgpa | +-------+-------+ S-102 Mike Inf Sc 3.56
| Inf Sc | 3.56 |
S-103 Tye Acct 2.73
+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) … … …

mysql> SELECT * FROM student;

Update Record
 UPDATE table_name
SET which columns to change
WHERE condition
 Example
mysql> UPDATE student SET cgpa=3.01WHERE name=‘Belay';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql>
SELECT * FROM studentWHERE name=‘Belay’;
 +------------+---------------+--------+--------+
| name | student_ID | major | cgpa |
+------------+---------------+--------+--------+
| Belay | S-101 | Biology | 3.01 |
+------------+---------------+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Delete Record
 DELETE FROM table_nameWHERE condition
 Example
mysql> DELETE FROM studentWHERE name=‘Belay';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

Mysql> DELETE FROM student;

Will delete ALL student records!
More Table Retrieval
 OR
mysql> select name from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS';
 COUNT (Count query results)
mysql> select count(name) from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS';
 ORDER BY (Sort query results)
mysql> select name from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS‘ ORDER
BY name; mysql> select name from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS‘
ORDER
BY name DESC; mysql> select * from student where major = 'BCB' OR major
= 'CS‘ ORDER BY student_id ASC, name DESC

 LIKE (Pattern matching)

mysql> select name from student where name LIKE "J%";
 DISTINCT (Remove duplicates) mysql> select major from student; mysql>
select DISTINCT major from student;
Group By
 Cluster query results based on different groups
 Example
mysql> select major, count(*) from student GROUP BY major;
+---------+----------+
| major | count(*) |
+---------+----------+
| BBMB | 3|
| BCB | 3|
| Chem | 1|
| CS | 5|
| IG | 2|
| Math | 2|
| MCDB | 3|
| Stat | 2|
+---------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
NULL
 No Value
 Can not use the usual comparison operators (>, =, != …)
 Use IS or IS NOT operators to compare with
 Example

mysql> select name from student where project_ID = NULL;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name from student where project_ID IS NULL;

+-------+
| name|
+-------+
| Jerry |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 Drop Table
 DROP TABLE table_name
 Example
mysql> drop table student; Query
OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

 Logout MySQL
mysq> quit;

Data Loading
 Load batch data instead of inserting records one by one
 Example
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE “proj.txt" INTO TABLE project;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE “emp.txt" INTO TABLE employee;

Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 4 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

Loading to a Table from File

MariaDB [today]> load data local infile "C:\\xampp\\mysql\\data\\today\\emp.txt"
into table Employee;
Query OK, 4 rows affected, 7 warnings (0.00 sec)
Records: 4 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 7

MariaDB [today]> select * from Employee;

+--------+-------------------------+----------+-------+-----------+------------+
| EID | EName | Salary | Age | Gender | Tel |
+--------+-------------------------+----------+-------+-----------+------------+
|E-01 | 'Abebe Belay' | 12 | 34 | M | 121212 |
| E-02 | 'Birtukan Ayalew' | 24 | 29 | F | 131313 |
| E-03 | 'Yohannes Wube' | 10 | 42 | M | 141414 |
| E-04 | 'Mulugeta Gewe' | 29 | 32 | M | 151515 |
+-------+--------------------------+----------+------+--------+----------------+

Writing to a Table
MariaDB [today]> select * from employee into outfile "emp_out.txt";
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Joining Tables
 Types of Joins
Inner joins
 return only matching rows
 enable a maximum of 256 tables to be joined at the same
time.

Types of Joins
Outer joins
 return all matching rows, plus nonmatching rows
from one or both tables
 can be performed on only two tables or views at a
time.

Left Full Right

Cartesian Product
To understand how SQL processes a join, it is important to
understand the concept of the Cartesian product.
A query that lists multiple tables in the FROM clause without
a WHERE clause produces all possible combinations of rows
from all tables. This result is called the Cartesian product.
 select * from
one, two;

Cartesian Product
How many rows are returned from this query?
select * from three,
four;

Table Three Table Four Partial Results Set

 X A X B
1 a1 2 x1
X A X B 1 a1 2 x2
1 a1 2 x1 1 a1 3 y
1 a2 2 x2 1 a1 5 v
2 b1 3 y 1 a2 2 x1
2 b2 5 v 1 a2 2 x2
4 d
1 a2 3 y
5*4=20
1 a2 5 v
2 b1 2 x1

Creating a Table with PK 2 b1 2 x2

and FK
Joining tables requires tables be related with one another using
primary key foreign key relationship.
One has to create the related tables before joining/combining tables.
MariaDB [today]> create table employee
-> (EID char(5) primary key,
-> Name char(25) not null,
 -> Age int unsigned,
-> Salary float
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)

MariaDB [today]> create table dept

-> (DID char(3) primary key,
-> DName char(50) not null,
-> Tel char(15),
-> MangID char(5),
-> constraint foreign key fk_dept_emp(MangID) references employee(EID)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.21 sec)

Insert values to a Table

MariaDB [today]> insert into employee values ('E-01', 'Abebe', 29, 14650);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [today]> insert into employee values ('E-02', 'Belay', 41, 24000);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
MariaDB [today]> insert into employee values ('E-03', 'Taye', 52, 4000);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

MariaDB [today]> insert into employee values ('E-04', 'Hirut', 32, 14000);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)

MariaDB [today]> select * from employee;

+-------+----------+--------+----------+
| EID | Name | Age | Salary |
+-------+----------+--------+----------+
| E-01 | Abebe | 29 | 14650 |
| E-02 | Belay | 41 | 24000 |
| E-03 | Taye | 52 | 4000 |
| E-04 | Hirut | 32 | 14000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Insert values to a Table with FK

 Inserting a record in Department table where the attribute MangID
is a foreign key referring to values in Employee table on the attribute
EID.
MariaDB [today]> insert into dept values ('D01', 'Finance', '343434', 'E-02');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

MariaDB [today]> insert into dept values ('D02', 'Human Resource', '555555', 'E-03');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

MariaDB [today]> select * from dept;

+-------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+
| DID | DName | Tel | MangID |
+-------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+
| D01 | Finance | 343434 | E-02 | | D02 |
Human Resource | 555555 | E-03 |
+-------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Combining Tables
 Combining tables using Cartesian will result in a table where each
record of the first table is combined with each table of the second
table in a combinatory manner. This will note extract related tuple.
MariaDB [today]> select * from employee, dept;
+--------+----------+-------+----------+-------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+
| EID | Name | Age | Salary | DID | DName | Tel | MangID |
+-------+-----------+-------+----------+-------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+
| E-01 | Abebe | 29 | 14650 | D01 | Finance | 343434 | E-02 |
| E-01 | Abebe | 29 | 14650 | D02 | Human Resource| 555555 | E-03 |
| E-02 | Belay | 41 | 24000 | D01 | Finance | 343434 | E-02 |
| E-02 | Belay | 41 | 24000 | D02 | Human Resource | 555555 | E-03 |
| E-03 | Taye | 52 | 4000 | D01 | Finance | 343434 | E-02 |
| E-03 | Taye | 52 | 4000 | D02 | Human Resource | 555555 | E-03 |
| E-04 | Hirut | 32 | 14000 | D01 | Finance | 343434 | E-02 |
| E-04 | Hirut | 32 | 14000 | D02 | Human Resource | 555555 | E-03 |
+-------+----------+------+------------+--- ---+------------------------+------------+-------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Null Values and Outer joins

Explicit joins in SQL:
Product(name, category)
Purchase(prodName, store)
 SELECTProduct.name, Purchase.store
FROM Product JOINPurchase ON
Product.name = Purchase.prodName
Same as:
SELECTProduct.name, Purchase.store
FROM Product, Purchase
WHERE Product.name = Purchase.prodName
But Products that never sold will be lost !

Inner Joining Related Table

 Inner Join will extract only record that are related based on Foreign
Key Primary Key equality.

MariaDB [today]> select * from employee inner join dept on eid=mangid;

+--------+----------+-------+----------+-------+-------------------------+-----------+-------------+
| EID | Name | Age | Salary | DID | DName | Tel | MangID |
+-------+-----------+-------+----------+-------+-------------------------+-----------+-------------+
| E-02 | Belay | 41 | 24000 | D01 | Finance | 343434 | E-02 |
| E-03 | Taye | 52 | 4000 | D02 | Human Resource | 555555 | E-03 |
+-------+-----------+-------+----------+-------+-------------------------+-----------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Outer Joining Related Table

MariaDB [today]> insert into dept values (‘D03', 'Procurement', '777777’, NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

MariaDB [today]> select * from dept;

+-------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+
| DID | DName | Tel | MangID |
+-------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+
| D01 | Finance| 343434 | E-02 | | D02 |
Human Resource | 555555 | E-03 |
| D03 | Procurement | 777777 | NULL |
+-------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [today]> select * from employee;

+-------+----------+--------+----------+ In outer join, record either from the
 | EID | Name | Age | Salary | left or right or both sides which are
+-------+----------+--------+----------+ not related will be included in the
| E-01 | Abebe | 29 | 14650 | result.
| E-02 | Belay | 41 | 24000 |
| E-03 | Taye | 52 | 4000 |
| E-04 | Hirut | 32 | 14000 |
+-------+----------+-------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Null Values and Outer joins

Left outer joins in SQL:
Product(name, category)
Purchase(prodName, store)
SELECTProduct.name, Purchase.store
FROM Product LEFTOUTERJOINPurchase ON
Product.name = Purchase.prodName
Right outer joins in SQL:
Product(name, category)
Purchase(prodName, store)
SELECTProduct.name, Purchase.store
FROM Product RightOUTERJOINPurchase ON
Product.name = Purchase.prodName

Left and Right Outer Join

MariaDB [today]> select * from employee left outer join dept
-> on employee.eid=dept.mangid;
+--------+---------+--------+----------+----------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+
| EID | Name | Age | Salary | DID | DName | Tel | MangID |
+--------+---------+--------+----------+----------+------------------------+-----------+-------------+
| E-02 | Belay | 41 | 24000 | D01 | Finance | 343434 | E-02 |
| E-03 | Taye | 52 | 4000 | D02 | Human Resource | 555555 | E-03 |
| E-01 | Abebe | 29 | 14650 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| E-04 | Hirut | 32 | 14000 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+--------+---------+--------+----------+----------+------------------------+-----------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [today]> select * from employee right outer join dept

 -> on employee.eid=dept.mangid;
+----------+-----------+---------+------------+-------+------------------------+----------+-------------+
| EID | Name | Age | Salary | DID | DName | Tel | MangID |
+----------+----------+----------+------------+-------+------------------------+----------+-------------+
| E-02 | Belay | 41 | 24000 | D01 | Finance | 343434 | E-02 | | E-03 | Taye | 52 |
4000 | D02 | Human Resource | 555555 | E-03 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | D03 | Procurement | 777777 | NULL |
+----------+----------+----------+------------+-------+------------------------+----------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Backup Database
 mysqldump
 Writes the contents of database tables into text files
 Example
>mysqldump –p bcb –T ./

 Select … INTO OUTFILE ‘/path/outputfilename’;

 Example
 >SELECT * FROM student INTO OUTFILE ‘/dump/student.txt’;
  mysql –u username –p password –h host database > /path/to/file

 mysql –u bcb –p tuckseed0 bcb > test

MySQL Indexing
 Index
 Index columns that you search for
 Example
MariaDB [today]> alter table employee add index(name);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [today]> describe employee;
+--------+--------------------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------+------+-------+-----------+-------+
| EID | char(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| Name | char(25) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| Age | int(10) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| Salary | float | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+--------------------+------+--------+----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MySQL Optimization (cont.)

 EXPLAIN
Find what is going on a slow query
Example
 mysql> EXPLAIN select * from student s, project p
where s.project_ID = p.project_ID order by p.level;
Stored Procedures
Stored Procedures
 Like procedures in other languages
 Allow for quick reuse of language constructs
 Reduce the amount of code that must be written
 Allow parameter-driven code
 Must change the default command delimiter “;” to something else

 General format in MySQL

DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE procName(optionalParamDecls)
BEGIN
SQL_Statements
END$$
DELIMITER ;
 Stored Procedures
Example:

MariaDB [today]> delimiter @@

MariaDB [today]> create procedure myview()
-> begin
-> select * from employee inner join dept
-> where employee.eid=dept.mangid;
-> end; @@
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [today]> delimiter ;

 Executing Stored Procedures
call procName(); call
procName(arg1, arg2,…);
Examples:
call advList();
call p4(12345);
Executing Stored Procedures
Example:
MariaDB [today]> call myview();
+------+-------+------+--------+-----+----------------+--------+--------+
| EID | Name | Age | Salary | DID | DName | Tel | MangID |
+------+-------+------+--------+-----+----------------+--------+--------+
| E-02 | Belay | 41 | 24000 | D01 | Finance | 343434 | E-02 |
| E-03 | Taye | 52 | 4000 | D02 | Human Resource | 555555 | E-03 |
+------+-------+------+--------+-----+----------------+--------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

MariaDB [today]> ->

Modifying and Deleting Stored

Procedures
 To drop a stored procedure in MySQL
DROP PROCEDURE procName;
or
DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS procName;
 To modify a procedure, DROP it then CREATE it again
SQL Triggers
 To monitor a database and take a corrective action when a
condition occurs
 Examples:
 Charge $10 overdraft fee if the balance of an account after a withdrawal
transaction is less than $500
  Limit the salary increase of an employee to no more than 5% raise

CREATE TRIGGER trigger-name

trigger-time trigger-event
ON table-name
FOR EACH ROW trigger-
action;

trigger-time {BEFORE, AFTER} trigger-

event {INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE}
Triggers
MariaDB [today]> create trigger default_trig
-> before insert on employee
-> for each row
-> begin
-> if(new.salary is NULL) then
 -> set new.salary=5000;
-> end if;
-> end @@
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

MariaDB [today]>delimiter ;
Example: Triggers MariaDB [today]> select * from employee;
+------+-------+------+--------+
| EID | Name | Age | Salary |
+------+-------+------+--------+
| E-01 | Abebe | 29 | 14650 |
| E-02 | Belay | 41 | 24000 |
| E-03 | Taye | 52 | 4000 |
| E-04 | Hirut | 32 | 14000 |
+------+-------+------+--------+
MariaDB [today]> insert into employee values ('E-05','Hareg',29,NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

MariaDB [today]> select * from employee;

+------+-------+------+--------+
| EID | Name | Age | Salary |
+------+-------+------+--------+
| E-01 | Abebe | 29 | 14650 |
| E-02 | Belay | 41 | 24000 |
| E-03 | Taye | 52 | 4000 |
| E-04 | Hirut | 32 | 14000 |
| E-05 | Hareg | 29 | 5000 |
+------+-------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [today]>

Remarks about Trigger

 If you have the same or similar processing that has to go on
during insert and delete, then it’s best to have that in a
procedure or function and then call it from the trigger.
 A given trigger can only have one event.
 A good naming standard for a trigger is
 <table_name>_event if you have the room for that in the
name.
 Just like a function or a procedure, the trigger body will
need a begin … end unless it is a single statement trigger.
The Special Powers of a Trigger
 While in the body of a trigger, there are potentially two sets of column
values available to you, with special syntax for denoting them.
 old.<column name> will give you the value of the column before the DML
statement executed.
 new.<column name> will give you the value of that column after the DML
statement executed.
 Insert triggers have no old values available, and delete triggers have no
new values available for obvious reasons.
 Update triggers have both the old and the new values available.
 Only triggers can access these values this way.
 These tables are created when the transaction start and dropped when
the transaction end.
 These tables (old and new) will be used for logging as well

End of Topic