Module I

Introduction

Overview and Motivations, IPv6 Role, IoT Definitions, IoT Frameworks. .

Network :

A network is a group of two or more computer systems (Multiple gadgets, additionally called
hosts), which are related through a couple of channels for the motive of sending and receiving
data (records/media) in a shared environment.

What is Internet ?

Internet is a group of computer systems connected from all around the world. The Internet
protocol suite is a framework defined through the Internet standards. Methods are divided right
into a layered set of protocols on this architecture. The Internet gives a huge variety of statistics
and communique offerings, which includes forums, databases, email, and hypertext. It is made of
the neighborhood to global personal, public networks connected through plenty of digital,
wireless, and networking technologies.

The Internet is a worldwide interconnected network of hundreds of thousands of computers of

various types that belong to multiple networks.

Working of the internet:

The internet is a global computer network that connects various devices and sends a lot of
information and media. It uses an Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP)-
based packet routing network. TCP and IP work together to ensure that data transmission across
the internet is consistent and reliable, regardless of the device or location. Data is delivered
across the internet in the form of messages and packets. A message is a piece of data delivered
over the internet, but before it is sent, it is broken down into smaller pieces known as packets.
IoT (Internet of Things) :

The term "Things" in the Internet of Things refers to anything and everything in day to day life
which is accessed or connected through the internet. IoT stands for Internet of Things, which
means accessing and controlling daily usable equipments and devices using Internet. Connecting
everyday things embedded with electronics, software, and sensors to internet enabling to collect
and exchange data without human interaction called as the Internet of Things (IoT).

IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with artificial intelligence,
sensor, networking, electronic, cloud messaging etc. to deliver complete systems for the product
or services. The system created by IoT has greater transparency, control, and performance.
How does Internet of Thing (IoT) Work?

The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system (architecture). However, the key
concept of there working are similar. The entire working process of IoT starts with the device
themselves, such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic appliances, which securely
communicate with the IoT platform. The platforms collect and analyze the data from all multiple
devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with applications to devices.

Motivations :
IoT − Key Features :

The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active
engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below −

 AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect
of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks.
This can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect
when milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your
preferred grocer.
 Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT
networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks
can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates
these small networks between its system devices.
 Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments
which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system
capable of real-world integration.
 Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,
scalability, and versatility.

IoT – Advantages :

The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of some of
the advantages that IoT has to offer −

 Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the
customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to
technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
 Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us
superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective
management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its
design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where
humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of
everything.

IoT – Disadvantages :

Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of challenges.
Here is a list of some its major issues −
  Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating
over networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves
users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
 Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation.
 Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling
technologies.

IoT Frameworks :

An IoT framework can be defined as a set of protocols, tools, and standards that provide a
specific structure for developing and deploying IoT applications and services. In other words, an
IoT framework gives you the basics for building your own application.

An IoT framework provides you with a solid foundation to build your application. When you use
a framework, you get access to a range of features and capabilities for the development of IoT
Solutions, applications, and smart connected products. Since you do not have to develop your
product from scratch, you can build future-proof solutions at an accelerated pace, which both
improves your time-to-market and helps build a competitive edge.

The framework of IoT typically includes a combination of the following:

 Hardware
 Software
 Networking elements (IoT protocols)
 Device management
 Security
 Data management
 Application development
 Cloud-based platform.

These components work together to enable the seamless integration of IoT devices (what is IoT)
and systems. For example, the device management is necessary for updating and monitoring the
performance of the device. Protocols allow the different connections between devices and the
internet.

Or

What is IoT Framework?

Normally, when large data is being generated and transmitted across a number of devices, there
has to be a specific point where everything is collected and combined.
This specific point is very essential in a network, as it combines all data, making it possible to
understand the data being generated.

However, the smooth transmission and generation of data don’t just happen. Rather, it is usually
made possible by the Internet of Things Framework, (IoT framework). So, just what is IoT
framework?

The Internet of Things (IoT) Framework can be described as being an ecosystem, comprising of
several connected devices that communicate with each other, over the Internet. These connected
devices usually work to transfer and sense data over the Internet, while requiring very little
human intervention.

The IoT framework is what makes it possible for the connected devices to have smooth
communication over the Internet. It is no wonder, then, that it is referred to as the ‘Internet of
Things’ framework, or in other words, the framework that facilitates the interaction of ‘Things’
(devices) over the Internet.

IoT Framework Overview

The IoT framework is a very important element of technology in the modern world, finding
application in almost every sector. For instance, one of the major applications of the IoT is in the
designing of smart homes.

The IoT framework concept is also applied in the designing of different physical objects, such as
thermostats, electrical devices, security and alarm systems, as well as vending machines, among
many other objects.

Internet Protocol (IP) :

IP address definition :

An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network. IP
stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via the
internet or local network.
What is an IP Address?

An IP address is a string of numbers separated by periods. IP addresses are expressed as a set of

four numbers — an example address might be 192.158.1.38. Each number in the set can range
from 0 to 255. So, the full IP addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.

What is IPv4?

IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4. It is the underlying technology that makes it possible
for us to connect our devices to the web. Whenever a device accesses the Internet, it is assigned a
unique, numerical IP address such as 99.48.227.227. To send data from one computer to another
through the web, a data packet must be transferred across the network containing the IP
addresses of both devices.

What is IPv6?

“IP”istheInternetProtocol,thesetofdigitalcommunicationcodeswhichunderliestheInternet infrastructure.
IPallowstheflowofpacketsofdatabetweenanypairofpointsonthenetwork, providingthebasicserviceupon
whichtheentireInternetisbuilt.
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol (IP) address standard intended to supplement and
eventually replace IPv4, the protocol many Internet services still use today. Every computer,
mobile phone, home automation component, IoT sensor and any other device connected to the
Internet needs a numerical IP address to communicate between other devices. The original IP
address scheme, called IPv4, is running out of addresses due to its widespread usage from the
proliferation of so many connected devices.

Features of IPV6 :

1. Larger address space

The main reason IPv6 was developed was to provide a solution for the eventual exhaustion of
addresses in IPv4. Unlike its predecessor, IPv6 uses four times more bits to address devices on
the internet. These extra bits provide an address space for approximately 3.4 x 10^ 38 devices.
Every square meter of our planet has the potential to have around 1564 addresses allocated to it.

Therefore, the larger address spaces provided by IPv6 can meet the aggressive requirements for
allocating addresses for almost everything on the planet. More addresses make address
conservation techniques such as network address translation (NATs) redundant.

2. Simplified header

The IPv6 header has a new simplified header format designed to be less complex and easier to
process than IPv4. The new structure is achieved by moving both optional and non-essential
fields of the headers to extension headers appearing after the IPv6 header. The header of the IPv6
is, therefore, only twice more extensive than that of IPv4, even though IPv6 addresses are four
times larger.

3. End-to-end connectivity

With IPV6, every machine now has a unique IP address and may traverse the internet without
requiring NATs or other translating elements. After the full implementation of IPv6, every host
can directly reach other hosts on the internet, but there will be some restrictions in the form of
firewalls and organizational policies.

4. Auto-configuration

Auto-configuration not only ensures verification of the uniqueness of a link but also determines
the information that should be auto-configured. IPv6 allows stateless address configuration (or
no dynamic host configuration protocol DHCP server) and stateful address configuration to ease
host setup (as in the presence of a DHCP server).

Hosts on a connection automatically manage IPv6 addresses meant for the link, using addresses
generated via prefixes that local routers announce during stateless address settings. Hosts on the
same connection may set up themselves using link-local addresses and interact without human
configuration in the absence of a router. This ensures that inter-communication goes on
regardless of the presence of a server.
5. Faster forwarding or routing

IPv6 features a streamlined header that places all extra information at the end. The information in
the front part of the header is enough for quick routing decisions, which makes the routing
decision-making process as fast as looking at the mandatory header section.

6. Stronger security through IPSec

Internet protocol security (IPSec) is currently an optional feature of IPv6. However, the IETF
initially decided that IPSec security had to be there to make IPv6 more secure than IPv4. IPSec is
used at the network processing layer to secure the network.

7. No broadcast

IPv6 uses a multicast address to communicate with multiple hosts since it does not have any
broadcast address support. For one-to-many communication, a multicast address is utilized. It is
allocated to a collection of interfaces belonging to several nodes. When IPv6 transmits a payload
to a multicast group, it is sent to all interfaces associated with that address. The value of a
multicast address begins with “FF” making it easy to identify.

8. Greater mobility

The mobility feature allows hosts such as mobile devices to remain connected to the same IP
address even when roaming in different locations. This is made possible by taking advantage of
automatic IP configuration and extension headers.

9. Enhanced priority support

IPv6 uses traffic class and flow label data to inform the underlying router how to process and
route the packet efficiently. Routers use flow label fields in the IPv6 header to identify and
provide distinct management for packets belonging to a flow. Quality of service (QOS) can be
supported even when the packet is encrypted through IPSec because the IPV6 header is the one
that identifies the traffic.

10. Smooth transition

IPv6 offers an extensive address system that enables the assignment of universally distinct IP
addresses to devices, allowing the devices to communicate and receive data. Routers may also
make quicker forwarding choices due to a lighter header.