8H End of Unit Test Standard (S)

Name Class Date

1 Rocks have different properties. Write down two ways the properties of rocks may be different.

(Total for Question 1 = 2 marks)

2 These diagrams show the textures of four different rocks.

(a) Which diagram shows a mixture of three different minerals? Tick one box.

(1)

(b) Which two rocks are made from rounded grains? Tick one box.

A A and C

B C and D

C A and D

D B and D

(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 2 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Standard (S)

3 The drawings show two different rocks. Rock E is a sedimentary

rock and rock F is a metamorphic rock.

(a) Name a type of sedimentary rock that could be E.

(1)

(b) Name a type of metamorphic rock that could be F.

(1)

(c) Write down two features of the texture of rock F that show it is
a metamorphic rock.

(2)

(d) Write down two ways the properties of rocks E and F will be different.

(2)

(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Standard (S)

4 A student measures the mass of some rock samples. She puts the rock samples in a bowl of
water for half an hour. She takes the rock samples out of the water and dries them with a paper
towel. She then measures their masses again. The table shows her results.

Rock sample G H I

Mass at start (g) 400 425 300

Mass at end (g) 420 425 318

Difference in mass (g) 20 0 18

Difference in mass divided by

mass at start

(a) Calculate ‘difference in mass divided by mass at the start’ and write your answers in the
table.
(1)

(b) State which rock was made of interlocking crystals. Give one reason for your answer.

(1)

(c) State which rock had the biggest gaps between the grains. Give one reason for your
answer.

(1)

(d) Give one reason why you need to find the ‘difference in mass divided by mass at start’ for
each rock before comparing them.

(1)

(Total for Question 4 = 4 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Standard (S)

5 We get many materials from the Earth.

(a) Some metals, such as gold, are found in their ‘native state’. What does ‘native state’ mean?
Tick one box.

A The metal is always found by local people.

B The metal is only found in certain countries.

C The metal is found as an element.

D The metal is found as a compound.

(1)

(b) Some metals are extracted from rocks. What do we call any rock from which a metal can be
extracted? Tick one box.

A an alloy

B an ore

C a mineral

D a quarry

(1)

(c) Give one advantage of recycling metals.

(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 3 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Standard (S)

6 This gravestone was made over 100 years ago. The gravestone is made of limestone.
Rain has fallen on the gravestone, and chemical weathering has worn parts of the gravestone
away.
(a) Give one reason why all rainwater is acidic.

(1)

(b) Describe what happens when rainwater weathers

the gravestone.

(1)

(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks)

7 The bottom of the river in the drawing is

covered in rocks and stones.
(a) Sketch a piece of rock you might
find at J and a piece of rock you
might find at L.
There should be two differences
between your two drawings.

Rock from J Rock from L

(2)

(b) Describe what caused the changes in the rocks.

(1)

(Total for Question 7 = 3 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Standard (S)

8 The rocks at M and O were formed when

molten (liquid) rock cooled down.
The magma at O cooled down more slowly
than the lava at M.
(a) What evidence in the rocks at O would
show that the magma cooled down
slowly?
Tick one box.

A warmer

B cooler

C smaller crystals

D bigger crystals

(1)

(b) Explain your answer to part (a). Write about particles in your answer.

(2)

(c) State whether rock N is sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic. Give one reason for your
choice.

(1)

(Total for Question 8 = 4 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Standard (S)

9 This diagram shows four places Q, R, S and T. Each place has different weather conditions.

Place Average temperature (°C)

Day Night
Q 20 15
R 10 –5
S 10 0
T 30 10

(a) Explain why freeze–thaw action is most likely to happen at R.

(2)

(b) (i) Which type of weathering is most likely to happen at T? Tick one box.

A Weathering due to wave action.

B Weathering due to ice.

C Weathering due to temperature changes.

D Weathering due to chemical action.

(1)

(ii) Give one reason for your answer in part (b)(i).

(1)

(Total for Question 9 = 4 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Higher (H)

Name Class Date

1 A student measures the mass of some rock samples. She puts the rock samples in a bowl of
water for half an hour. She takes the rock samples out of the water and dries them with a paper
towel. She then measures their masses again. The table shows her results.

Rock sample A B C

Mass at start (g) 400 425 300

Mass at end (g) 420 425 318

Difference in mass (g) 20 0 18

Difference in mass divided by 0.05 0 0.06

mass at start

(a) Explain how this information shows that rock B is a metamorphic or igneous rock.

(2)

(b) State which rock had the biggest gaps between the grains. Give one reason for your
answer.

(1)

(c) Give one reason why you need to find the ‘difference in mass divided by mass at start’ for
each rock before comparing them.

(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Higher (H)

2 The bottom of the river in the drawing is

covered in rocks and stones.
(a) Draw a sketch of a piece of rock you
might find at D and a piece of rock you
might find at F.
There should be two differences
between your two drawings.

Rock from D Rock from F

(2)

(b) What caused the changes in the rocks? Tick one box.

A It is colder near the top of the mountain.

B The river gets bigger as it gets further down the slope.

C The water moves faster where the river is steeper high up the mountain.

D Bits got knocked off as the rocks bumped into each other in the river.

(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 3 marks)

3 We get some metals from the Earth by mining ores. Metals can also be recycled.
Describe two advantages of recycling metals.

(Total for Question 3 = 2 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Higher (H)

4 The rocks at G and I were formed when molten (liquid) rock cooled down.
The magma at I cooled down more slowly than the lava at G.

(a) Explain why the rocks at I have larger crystals than the rocks at G. Write about particles in
your answer.

(3)
(b) State whether rock H is sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic. Give one reason for your
choice.

(1)
(c) (i) How will the texture of the rocks be different at I and J? Tick one box.

A Crystals will be bigger at I than at J.

B Crystals will be bigger at J than at I.

C Crystals will be more interlocking at I than at J.

D Crystals will be more interlocking at J than at I.

(1)
(ii) Give one reason for your answer to part (c)(i).

(1)
(Total for Question 4 = 6 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Higher (H)

5 This diagram shows four places L, M, N, and O. Each place has different weather conditions.

Place Average temperature (°C)

Day Night
L 20 15
M 10 –5
N 10 0
O 30 10

(a) Explain why freeze–thaw action is most likely to happen at place M.

(2)

(b) (i) Which type of weathering is most likely to happen at O? Tick one box.

A Weathering due to wave action.

B Weathering due to ice.

C Weathering due to temperature changes.

D Weathering due to chemical action.

(1)

(ii) Which is the best explanation for your answer to part (b)(i)? Tick one box.

A M gets the coldest.

B O gets the hottest.

C O has the largest temperature difference between day and night.

D O is the driest.

(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 4 marks)

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 8H End of Unit Test Higher (H)

6 The diagrams show the textures of two metamorphic rocks.

P Q

Describe the differences in the conditions when the two rocks formed. Give reasons for how
you used the textures to work out your answer.

(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks)

7 A geologist sketches the grains in part of a cliff face:

This is how she thinks the grains were deposited to make the rock.
The grains were deposited over many years by a river. The river got most of its water
from melting snow each spring. The sediments were deposited near to the mountains the
grains had been eroded from.
Explain how the evidence supports the geologist’s explanation.

(Total for Question 7 = 4 marks)

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 8H Mark Scheme

Quick Quiz
Answers Marks
Topic Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

8Ha B D C B 4

8Hb B C A B 4

8Hc B D A D 4

8Hd A D C A 4

8He C A B A 4

End of Unit Test Mark Scheme Standard (S)

Question Part Step Answer Mark scheme
1 1st Any two from: colour, textures, hardness/ 2 marks – one mark for
crumbliness, porous, layers. each point
2 a 1st BB 1 mark
b 1st A A and C 1 mark – both needed
for one mark, 0 marks if
more than two given
3 a 2nd Any sedimentary rock, such as: 1 mark
conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone,
limestone.
b 2nd Any metamorphic rock, such as: slate, 1 mark
schist, gneiss).
(Accept: phonetic misspellings, e.g. slayt,
shist, nice.)
c 3rd made from interlocking crystals 1 mark
crystals aligned/in layers 1 mark
d 4th E will be permeable/let water through and F 1 mark
will not;
E will be softer/more easily worn away than 1 mark
F.
(accept: single points, such as E is
permeable without reference to F, but note
this as something for students to be more
careful with in future)
4 a 2nd 0.05, 0, 0.06 1 mark
b 3rd H 1 mark – correct rock
It has not absorbed any water. and explanation both
required for the mark
c 4th I 1 mark – correct rock
It has absorbed the most water per gram of and explanation both
rock. required for the mark
d 4th any equivalent reason to: make a fair 1 mark
comparison/because a bigger rock will
absorb more water than a smaller rock

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 8H Mark Scheme

Question Part Step Answer Mark scheme

5 a 4th C The metal is found as an element. 1 mark
b 2nd B an ore 1 mark
c 4th Any one from: makes supplies of metals last 1 mark
longer/reduces pollution from
mining/reduces pollution from landfill/doesn’t
fill up landfill as fast/doesn’t use as much
energy.
6 a 4th dissolved carbon dioxide/gases 1 mark
(Do not accept: (dissolved) acid.)
b 4th It reacts with minerals in the rock/calcium 1 mark
carbonate
7 a 4th Rock from L is smaller than rock from J; 1 mark
Rock from L is more rounded/smoother than 1 mark
rock from J.
b 4th Bits got knocked off as the rocks bumped 1 mark
into each other in the river.
8 a 4th D bigger crystals 1 mark
b 6th Slow cooling allows more time for particles 2 marks – 1 mark for
to become ordered in a large grid pattern each point
forming larger crystals.
c 4th Metamorphic. It only occurs next to the 1 mark – correct type
magma, so must have been caused by and explanation both
heating of the rock that was already there. needed for the mark
9 a 6th Water is present and it gets cold enough to 2 marks – 1 mark for
freeze the water. each point
(Accept equivalent answers.)
bi 5th C Weathering due to temperature changes. 1 mark
b ii 5th T has the largest temperature difference 1 mark
between day and night.
(Accept equivalent answers.)

Final Step Calculation

Marks Step
0–7 1st or below
8–9 2nd
10–11 3rd
12–15 4th
16–21 5th
22–26 6th
27+ 7th

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 8H Mark Scheme

End of Unit Test Mark Scheme Higher (H)

Question Part Step Answer Mark scheme
1 a 4th It has not absorbed any water; it must be 2 marks – 1 mark for
made from interlocking crystals. each point
b 3rd C It has absorbed the most water per gram 1 mark – correct rock
of rock. and explanation both
required for the mark
c 4th To make a fair comparison/because a 1 mark
bigger rock will absorb more water than a
smaller rock/
any equivalent explanation.
2 a 4th Rock from F is smaller than rock from D; 1 mark
Rock from F is more rounded/smoother than 1 mark
rock from D.
b 4th D Bits got knocked off as the rocks bumped 1 mark
into each other in the river.
3 4th Any two from: makes supplies of metals last 2 marks – 1 mark for
longer; reduces pollution from mining; each point
reduces pollution from landfill/doesn’t fill up
landfill as fast; doesn’t use as much energy.
4 a 6th Particles can move around in a liquid; slow 3 marks – 1 mark for
cooling allows more time for particles to each point
move to crystals that are forming; so bigger
crystals can grow.
b 4th Metamorphic. It only occurs next to the 1 mark – correct type
magma, so must have been caused by and explanation both
heating of the rock that was already there. needed for the mark
ci 7th A Crystals will be bigger at I than at J. 1 mark
c ii 7th Magma at J will have cooled faster because 1 mark – both parts of
it was in contact with the colder rock around explanation needed for
the intrusion. the mark
5 a 6th Water is present and it gets cold enough to 2 marks – 1 mark for
freeze the water. each point
(Accept equivalent answers.)
bi 5th C Weathering due to temperature changes. 1 mark
b ii 5th C O has the largest temperature difference 1 mark
between day and night.
6 6th P was formed at higher temperatures or 2 marks – 1 mark for
pressures than Q; because these conditions each point
produce bigger crystals/crystals in bands.
7 7th Any points from: the grain size varies from 4 marks – 1 mark for
large to small going upwards; this would each point to a maximum
represent fast flow depositing larger grains of 4
in the spring and smaller grains in the
summer; the pattern repeats, and each
repeat probably represents a year’s
deposition; the grains are not very smooth,
so they have probably not spent very long in
water.

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 8H Mark Scheme

Final Step Calculation

Marks Step
0–4 2nd or below
5–6 3rd
7–9 4th
10–13 5th
14–17 6th
18–21 7th
22+ 8th

Quick Check answers

Quick Check Answers
8Ha A – 1 (or 12), 3 (or 8), 10 (or 9) B – 2, 6 (or 5), 7
C – 3 (or 8), 4, 5 (or 6) D – 1 (or 12), 10 (or 9), 11
8Hb Possible answers include:
1 …and this forms magma/…and the molten material forms igneous rocks when it
cools down again/…but if it is not quite hot enough to melt the rock,
metamorphic rocks may form instead.
2 …when it cools and solidifies/…and so does lava/…such as granite, gabbro or
basalt.
3 …and forms rocks with small crystals/…when it is in contact with much cooler
air or water/…and so does magma if it forms thin sheets between existing
rocks/…but large bodies of magma often cool very slowly.
4 … and this can form metamorphic rocks/…and rocks beneath the surface can
also be very hot.
5 …but metamorphic rocks often have layers of crystals/…and are made from
interlocking crystals.
8Hc 1 a abrasion b acid
c biological weathering d chemical weathering
e erosion f expand
g freeze–thaw h physical weathering
i sediment j transport
2 Any sensible clues for the words.

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 8H Mark Scheme

Quick Check Answers

8Hd Possible questions:
1 What is the name for the process that squeezes water from between the grains
in sediments? What process comes before cementation when sedimentary
rocks are being formed?
2 Describe the shape of the grains in conglomerate. Describe the shape of the
grains in sediment that has been transported by water for a long time.
3 How do scientists know about extinct plants and animals? What is the name for
the shapes of dead animals or plants preserved in rock? How can scientists
work out how old sedimentary rocks are?
4 What is formed when limestone is metamorphosed? Name a rock often used for
making statues. Name a metamorphic rock made from calcium carbonate.
5 What kinds of rock can be heated and/or squashed to make metamorphic
rocks? What kind of rock can be melted to form magma? What kind of rock can
be weathered and eroded to form sediments?
6 Name a rock that can easily be split into layers. What is formed when mudstone is
heated and compressed? Name a rock that can be used to make roofs.
8Hd WS A – hypothesis; K supports, G disproves. K does not prove because there is no
evidence that all of the stories in the Bible are factually correct.
J – hypothesis; G would support (if true), A disproves. G does not prove (even if true)
because there could be other explanations for this, and there might be examples of
granite above other rocks in parts of the Earth that have not been explored.
C – hypothesis; D would support (if true), I disproves. D does not prove (even if true)
because there could be other explanations for this, and there may be examples of
basalt below other rocks in parts of the Earth that have not been explored.
H – hypothesis; K supports, E disproves (and is not correct). K does not prove as
there may be older fossils with hard parts that have not been discovered.
F – hypothesis; L supports, B disproves (and is not true, although it is possible
there could be even older rocks with fossil fish and no birds). L does not prove as
there may be older rocks with fossil birds that have not been discovered.
8He When rock grains are glued together – cementation; A metamorphic rock that can
be easily split for roofing – slate; When rock grains are squashed together –
compaction; A metamorphic rock formed from limestone or chalk – marble; This
process breaks down rocks into smaller pieces – weathering; The process that
carries pieces of rock from one place to another – transport; Rocks formed when
magma turns to a solid – igneous; A way of reducing the amount of new metals that
need to be mined – recycling; An igneous rock with large crystals – granite; A
sedimentary rock containing calcium carbonate – limestone; An igneous rock with
very small crystals – basalt; The process that drops sediments – deposition; A place
where magma flows out of the Earth as lava – volcano; When a metal is found in
the Earth as a pure element – native state; The chemicals that make up rocks –
minerals; Hot, molten rocks within the Earth – magma; A sedimentary rock formed
from very tiny particles of mud – mudstone; The process that forms magma from
solid rock – melting; Rocks formed from layers of sediment – sedimentary; These
shapes are often found in sedimentary rocks – fossils; A metamorphic rock formed
from sandstone – quartzite; These will be formed in igneous rocks when magma
cools slowly – large crystals; Type of rock formed from other rocks because of high
temperature and pressure – metamorphic; A rock containing enough metal or metal
compound to be worth mining – ore.

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