SERI/STR-217-2732

UC Category: 60
DE86004428

HA WT Performance
With Dynamic Stall
A Subcontract Report

B. D. Hibbs

AeroVironment, Inc.
Monrovia, California

February 1986

Prepared under Subcontract No. PF94847JR

Solar Energy Research Institute

A Division of Midwest Research institute

1617 Cole Boulevard

Golden, Colorado 80401

Prepared for the

U.S. Department of Energy
Contract No. DE-AC02-83CH 10093
 STR-2732

PREFACE

This report was prepared by Bart D . Hibbs , o f AeroVironment , Inc . ,

under subcontract No . PF9484 7JR for the Rockwell International
Corporation , which operated the Wind Energy Res earch Center under
their contract No . DE-AC04-76DP03533 . As of Oc t�ber 1 , 1984 , the
Wind Energy Res earch I n s titute is under the opera t ion of the Solar
Energy Re search I n s titut e , which coordinated the c ompletion and
publica tion of thi s report under Subtask No . 4807 . 1 0 .

Proj e c t Manager

Approved for

SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Robert J . Noun
Wind Research nch

))��
D . w. Rit chie , Dir�
Solar Electric Re search Division
 STR- 2 7 3 2

ABSTRACT

The effec t s o f f l ow nonuniformitie s on the performance o f a horizontal axis

wind turbine are calculated taking dynamic s ta l l into account, The wel l-known
program PROP is modified to incorporate the above effec t s , and exercised to
produce quantitative comparisons with the uniform f l ow ca s e .

After s tudy o f various existing model s , the MIT model ( developed in 1983 ) is
u s ed t o repre sent dynamic s ta l l . This model is considered t o provide
sufficient accuracy for turbine performance analysis and yet is relatively
simple . · U sing reduced frequency a s a parameter , it predic t s dynamic lift
coefficien t s sub s t antia l l y higher than the s tatic maximum value s and inc ludes
a c rude model o f the vortex roll-off phenomenon . An a s s o ciated model for drag
is used,

The dynamic s t a l l model was t e s t ed again s t experimental data for three typical
reduced frequencies, Good ins tant aneous correlation i s obtained , while a
comparis on o f average values o f lift and drag coefficient over a cyc l e show
excel l ent correl ation .

This mode l has been incorporated int o PROP and , in addition , data input has
been modified t o accept more general geometry specification . The analytical
features o f PROP have been extended so that fluid mechanic s at each radial
s tation vary as the blade rotate s , making it pos sible to repre s ent a f l ow
which i s not uniform acro s s the dis k .

The nonuniformitie s are wind shear , modeled by a power l aw ; tower wake ,

modeled by an approximate Gaus sian deficit ; yaw , modeled by additional f l ows
in the rotor-disk plane and l arge-s c a l e turbul ence , modeled by an axial f l ow
with sinus oidal temporal change s in magnitude,

Repre s entative turbines u s ed to exercise the model are the We s t inghouse Mod 0
and the Enertech 44 / 2 5 . The comparis on of field t e s t data from the unit s with
model predict ed performance is good , l ending credence to the basic PROP
model . The effec t s of nonuniformitie s ( using parameters typica l of normal
wind turbine environment s ) with and without the dynamic s t a l l are then
c a l culated . Modeling the dynamic s t a l l is shown to have lit t l e effec t , of the
o rder of a few percent , on the performance . This is principal ly due to the
compensating e f fec t s of increa s ed dynamic lift and increas ed dynamic drag . I t
i s further s hown that the performance with nonuniform f low compared with the
uniform f l ow c a s e differs by only a few percent .

The new PROP model provides a powerful general capability t o handle nonuniform
f l ows rational l y . The resul t s indica t e that the performance in the s e c a s e s i s
n o t grea t l y different from the uniform f l ow situation , indicating that over a
cycle the rotating blade ac t s a s a very effec tive averaging mechanism . ­
However , the ins t antaneous changes in rotor l oads due t o nonuniformitie s are
s ignificant and can be predict ed with the new program .

iv
 STR-27.32

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introdu c tion• • • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1

2.0 Dynamic Stall Model• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3

2.1 Available Metho d s • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3

2.2 Mode 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. 6
2.3 Mode 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6
2.4 Mod e 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7
2.5 Mode 4 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .• • • • • • • • 7

3.0 Modifications t o PROP • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15

3.1 Nonuniform Flow Models • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19

3.2 Momentum Theory• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20
3.3 Axial Force Equation• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24
3.4 Circumferential Force Equation• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25
3.5 Tip Lo s s Correction• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27

4.0 Tes t Cas e s • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31

4.1 Tes t Case Res ult s• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32

4.2 MOD 0 Tes t Cas e s • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32
4.3 Enertech Tes t Cases • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46

5 .0 Conclu s ions• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 53

6.0 References • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -. • • • • • 55

Appendix A Notes on Nomenclature• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56

Appendix B U s er ' s Guide for t he Program PROP• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 58
Appendix C Example Runs o f the PROP Code• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 65

v
 STR-2 7 3 2

LIST OF FIGURES

2- 1 . Dynami c Airfoil Charac t er i s t i c s f o r the NACA 0 0 1 2 ,

Compa r i s on between Theory and Exper i ment for a Reduced
Frequency o f 0 . 1 , a, = 1 0 ° ±S 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11

2-2 . Dynami c Airfoil Character i s t i c s for the NACA 0 0 1 2 ,

Compari son between Theory and Exper i ment for a Reduced
Freq�ency rif 0 . 2 , a, = 10 ° ±S0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12

2-3 . Dynami c Airfoil Characteri s t i c s for the NACA 0 0 1 2 ,

Compari son between Theory and Experiment for a Reduced
Frequency of 0 . 15 , a, = 1 0 ° ± 5 ° • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13

2-4 . Dynami c S t all Hys tere s i s Loop f o r the NACA 0 0 1 2 ,

Compari son between Theory and Experiment for a Reduced
Frequency o f 0 . 1 5 , a = 1 5 ° ± 1 0 ° • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14

3-1 . Mod 0 Turbine Performance Predi c t i on wi th 5 , 10 ,

and 2 0 Analy s i s Stat i on s along the Blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3-2 . Flow Veloc i t i e s a s Experi enced by a Blade Element • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21

3-3 Rela t i onships between ! and C H , Theory and

Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4- 1 . Mod 0 Performance i n Uni form Flow, Compari s on t o

Experimental Dat a• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ··-·· 34

4-2 . Mod 0 Performance with Wind Shear• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35

4-3 . L i f t and Drag Coef f i ci ent T i me H i s to r i e s for the Mod 0

Turbine Blade a t R/R = 0 . 75 and a T i p Speed Rat i o o f 4 . 2 ,
both wi th and without the E f fect s o f Dynami c S t all• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36

4-4 . L i f t and Drag Coef f i c i ent Time Hys tere s i s for the Mod 0
Turbine Blade at R/R = 0 . 75 and a T i p Speed Rat i o o f 4 . 2 , • • • • • • • • • 38

4-5. Mod 0 Performance with Wind Shear and Tower Shadow,

Drag Ri s e during Dynami c S tall not I ncluded• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39

4-6 . Mod 0 Performance with Tower Shadow• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40

4-7 . Mod 0 Performance w i th Wind Shear and Tower Shadow• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • 41

4-8 . Mod 0 Performance wi th 20 ° Yaw Error• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 42

4-9 . Mod 0 Performance wi th Wind Shear , Tower Shadow , and

Yaw Error . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 43

vi
 STR-27·32

LIST OF FIGURES ( Cont i nued )

4-1 0 . Mod 0 Performance wi th Two Cyc l e per Revolut ion

Turbu l ence . . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • . • • • •. • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • . 44

4-1 1 . Mod 0 Performance wi th Three Cyc l e s per Revolut i on

Turbu l ence . . . • • . • • . . • . • . . • • • • • • • • • • • . • . . . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . • .•• 45

4- 1 2 . Enertech 44/ 2 5 Performance, Uni form F l ow• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 6

4-1 3 . Enert ech 44/ 2 5 Performance wi th Tower Shadow• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 8

4- 1 4 . Enert ech 44/ 2 5 Performance wt i h 2 0 ° Yaw Error• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49

4-1 5 . Enert ech 44/25 Performance i n Two Cycl e s per

Revolut i on Turbul ence• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 9

4- 1 6 . Enertech 44/ 2 5 Performanc e i n Three Cyc l e s per

Revolut i on Turbul ence• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 1

4- 17 . Enertech 44/ 2 5 Performanc e w i th Wind Shear, Tower Shadow

and 2 0.0 Yaw Error• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 1

vii
 STR-2 7 3 2

LIST OF TABLES

2- 1 . S t a t i c Airfoil Data for the NACA 0 0 1 2 used in Theoret i cal

Dynami c S t all Pred i c t i on s •••••••••••••••••••• �..................... 9

2 -2 . Average L i f t andDrag Coe f f i c ent Values for the NACA 0 0 1 2

Ai rfoil during Dynami c S tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4- 1 • . P.o w. e r Curve. f o r . the Enertech 44 / 2 5 •••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••• , 33

viii
 SECTION 1. 0

IHTRODUCTIOH

The phenomenon of dynami c s ta l l can occur whenever the ang l e of a t tack of an

a i r fo i l increases rela t i ve l y qui ckly from bel ow to abQve the ang l e of s t al l .
When thi s happen s , the f l ow over the a i rfo i l can rema in a t tached at ang l e s of
a t t ack above the angle a t whi ch s teady- s tate ( s tat i c c a s e ) f l ow s eparat i on
norma l l y o c cur s . Thi s re sul t s i n the a i r fo i l genera t i ng higher l i f t forces
than would otherwi s e be po s s ib l e . In extreme c a s e s , the l i ft c o ef f i c i ent can
be incre a s ed by a factor of two or three by thi s dynami c effec t . The f l ow
over the a i r f o i l can then s eparat e sudden l y , resul t ing i n a rapi d decrea s e in
l i f t and an increa s e i n drag . I n the case o f wind turbine rotor s , the angl e
of a t t ack can vary due t o the effec t s o f t ower shadow , wind shear , off-ax i s
operat i on , and turbul ence . A s a resul t , the turbine blades can exper i ence l i ft
forces that are d i fferent ( u sual l y l arger ) than would be expect ed from s t a t i c
performance al one.

The i ncreased l i f t forc e s wi l l have two mai n e f fe c t s on the turbine :

increa s ed blade bendi ng l oad s , and a performance change . The effect of
dynami c s t a l l on blade loads has been examined by Nol l and Ham ( 1983 ) . In
the i r report , the effect s of t ower shadow and uns t eady winds were examined .
Here the effect on out put power under the influence o f the f our uns t eady f l ows
g i ven above i s examined by int roduc ing dynami c s t a l l e f f ec t s into the PROP
computer codes ( Hibbs and Radkey 1 9 83 ) .

The PROP code i s wel l s u i t ed for performance pred i c t i on , but due t o the
a s sumpt i on s used in the code i t i s not wel l sui ted for s tructural l oads . PROP
makes a r i g i d rotor a s sump t i on . I n order t o properly predi c t load s , i t i s
nece s s ary t o include the effec t s o f blade e l a s t i c i t y , teeter , and t ower elas­
t icity. The se effec t s r e s u l t in blade mot i on s not expe r i enced by a r i g id
rotor . Such mot ions can be expe c t ed t o affect the rotor s t ruc tural l oad s .

Current computer codes do a good j o b o f f inding the turbine performance when

the f l ow over the blades i s a t tached . For mos t turbines thi s corres ponds to
l i ght wind cond i t i on s with t he power output bel ow rated . In s tronger wind s ,
many turbines are s ta l l con t ro l l ed t o l im i t power output by a l l owing the f l ow
t o s eparat e from the rotor blade s . In the s e cond i t i on s the comput er predic­
t i ons tend t o be i naccurat e . Generally they underpre d i c t the output power ,
s omet imes by very l arge amount s . One po s s ible rea s on thi s may be happening i s
that the f l ow i s remaining a t t ached a t higher ang l e s o f a t t ack than tho s e
a s s oc i ated with s t at i c s t a l l due t o the effec t s of dynami c s ta l l . Thus , i t i s
de s i rable t o quant i fy the e f f ec t s o f dynami c s ta l l on wind turbine perfor­
mance .

The purpo s e o f thi s pro j e c t i s t o mod i fy the PROP computer code ( Hi bbs and
Rodkey 1 9 8 3 ) to include the e f fec t s of nonuni form f l ow and dynami c s t al l . The
pro j e c t i s d i vi ded into three part s . The f i r s t part i s to s e l e c t an appro­
priate dynami c s ta l l model . The s econd part i s to modi fy PROP as requi red .
F inal l y , the new computer program i s exerc i sed on s everal t e s t c a s e s .

1
 STR- 2 7 3 2

The f i r s t part o f the pro ject s t a r t s wi th an examina t i on o f the available

dynami c s t all models a s g i ven i n the l i terature . Current understanding of
dynami c s t all i s not s uf f i c i ent to calculate the blade forces from f i r s t
princ i ples o f flu i d mechani c s . Thu s , mos t models are empi r i cal i n nature . A
model mus t be selected that i s easy to use , g ives reasonable result s , and i s
c ompa t i ble with the PROP computer code . The dynami c s t all model i s d i s cus s ed
in Sect i on 2 . 0 .

Next , the PROP code mus t be mod i f i ed . Thes e mod i f i ca t i ons include s everal
changes made by Rocky Flat s ( Tangler 1 98 3 ) a s well as tho s e needed for thi s
projec t . The new code i s requi red t o handle the four nonuni fo�m flow c a s e s
g i ven above e i ther s ingly ol' together . I t mus t b e po s s i ble t o include the
effec t s o f dynami c s t all a s des i red . A complete des cr i pt i on of the modi f i ca­
t i on s i s given in Sec t i on 3�0 .

The code was exerc i sed by exami ning the performance pred i c t i on s o f two tur­
bines under vari ou s cond i t i on s of wind s hear , t ower shadow, and the other
nonuni fo rm flow cond i t i on s . Pred i c t i on s wi th and wi thout the effec t s o f
dynami c s t all a r e made and compared with actual turbine performance . The full
result s are g i ven in Section 4 . 0 .

2
 SECTION 2.0

DYNAMIC STALL MODEL

Dynami c s t all i s a highly complex phenomenon . I t i nvolves t ime-dependent

interac t i on s between potent i al flow and v i s cous flow e�fec t s . Thes e complex­
i t i e s make i t very d i f f i cult to determine the forces on an a i r f o i l theo re t i­
cally , tha t i s , from the a i r f o i l shape and the t ime hi s t o ry o f the flow
alone . As a result , mo s t models tha t pred i c t the a i r f o i l forces dur ing
dynami c s t all are emp i r i cal i n nature . E s s ent i ally , the s e models are s e t s of
equa t i on s that f i t the experimental dat a . The s e equat i on s are al s o bas e d on
knowledge o f the phy s ic al mechani sm o f dynami c s tall . The re sult ing methods
thu s requ i re s ome experimental data on a g i ven a i r f o i l t o create a model to
predi c t i t s behavior . I n general , metho d s tha t rely on a more exten s ive data
base for a g i ven a i rf o i l will g i ve bet t e r predi c t i on s .

In thi s pro j e c t i t i s des i rable t o get a f i r s t look a t the effect s o f dynami c

s t all on rotor power output . Thus i t i s nece s s ary t o have a met hod that g ives
good predi c t i on s o f the dynami c l i f t and drag forc e s , but f requently , because
of o ther inaccurac i e s , a compl i cated model g i vi ng the bes t po s s i ble pred i c t i on
i s not jus t i f ied . Thi s means a s impler method can be used . All dynami c s t all
metho d s require s ome input data for u s e in f i nd ing the a i rf o i l characteri s ­
t i c s . A method that requires only the s tat i c a i rf o i l l i f t and drag data will
i n princ i ple be s i mple s t .

Another cons i derat i on i n choo s i ng a dynamic s t all model i s the eas e w i t h whi ch
i t can be i ncorporated into the PROP cod. e . The PROP code mus t f i nd the l i f t
coef f i ci ent and drag coeff i c i ent o f a n a i rf o i l a t a g i ven angle o f a t ta c k .
Thes e coef f i c i ent s can then b e u s ed t o f ind the f o r c e s for a blade element .
When uns t eady flows are t o be t aken i n t o account i t i s neces sary t o f ind the
forc e s on each blade element at s everal azimuthal s t a t i on s during rota t i on .
I f dynami c s t all effec t s are t o be con s i dered , then the number o f c i r cumferen­
t i al s t at i on s that mus t be con s i dered can be qui t e large , s ay over 100. In
add i t i on , t he cond i t i on s a t pas t s ta t i on s a f f e c t the forc e s developed a t a
future s t at i on . The hi s tory o f the blade element mus t be remembered by the
code tha t implement s the dynami c s t all method . I t i s de s i rable to u s e a
method tha t has the lea s t parame t e r s i nvolved in remember ing the neces sary
i nforma t i on .

A further c ompl i ca t i on i s that the PROP code s olves for the performanc e o f
each s t at i on in a n i tera t i ve manner . The s ec t i on l i f t and drag coeff i c i en t s
mus t b e computed f o r s everal d i fferent angle s o f at tack at each s ta t i on during
thi s i tera t i ve procedure , keeping the pa s t hi s tory the s ame . The cho sen
dynami c s t all method mus t be adaptable to thi s s olut i on method to be usable in
PROP .

2.1 AVAILABLE METHODS

S everal avai lable dynami c s t all metho d s have been revi ewed i n the report o f
Noll ( 1 9 8 3 ) . The methods reviewed a r e the Boe ing-Vertol ( somet imes known a s
the Gormont method ) , UTRC , MIT , Lockheed , and S i korsky method s. The d e s c r i p-

3
 STR- 2 7 3 2

t i o n o f the s e methods i s not repeated here . Noll concluded tha t t he M I T model

was the bes t one to u s e for turbine blade work. This model incorporat e s
a sp ec t s o f both the Boeing-Vert ol method and the Sikor s ky method . From the
Boeing-Vertol method , the MIT method borrows the equations u s ed to predict the
angle of a ttack at which dynamic s t all occur s . From t he Sikor s ky method comes
t he equations tha t model the lift and drag coefficient s during and after
dynamic s tall . The MIT method result s in a fairly accura· t e prediction of
dynamic s t all as a result .

There are , in addition , newer methods not covered by the Noll report , since
they were published a t a later dat e . The two more int eres ting o f the s e are
the new UTRC ( Gangwani 1981 ) method and the Tran and Petot ( Rogers 1 984 )
method . Both metho d s are highly accurate , but have drawbacks that limit their
u s efulnes s to thi s program�

The new UTRC method u s e s an effective angle of a t t ack equation t o determine

the airfoil characteri s tic s . The method u s e s this effec tive angle in a s e t o f
equations t o find the airfoil lif t and drag coefficient s under uns teady condi­
tion s . The s e equations require s everal ( about 20 ) con s t ant s that mus t be
f ound by a lea s t s quare curve fit of tes t dat a , which mus t cover a wide range
o f dynamic conditions to be u seful . Any airfoil for which such dynamic data
are not available cannot be modeled via thi s method . This s trong reliance on
t e s t data makes this method unde sirable for use here .

The Tran and Petot method u s e s differential equations t o find the uns teady
lif t coefficient . I t is of int ere s t becau s e the method does not have " modes "
that mus t be switched on and o f f a s the airfoil goe s from one condition t o·
another . The s olution t o the differential equation i s sufficient . This makes
the method very suitable for being incorporated int o a computer code . Unfor­
tunately , it require s s everal coefficien t s , each of which is particular to the
airfoil and is a function of angle of a t tack . In addition , it does not give
result s for the airfoil drag coefficient , but only it s lif t coefficient . Both
o f the s e chara c teris tic s make it unsuitable for use here .

Both the new UTRC method and the Tran and Peto t method can be expect ed t o give
quite accurat e prediction s . However , both require considerable tunnel data on
the airfoil t o be modeled , data that mus t be taken a s the airfoil undergoes
dynamic s t all . Such data are available for s ome airf oil s , but usually only
t he type o f airfoils that would be u s ed on a helicopter . Dat a needed for
airfoils u s ed in wind t urbine work are generally not available .

The MIT model gives . s ome o f the bes t res ults of the method s examined by Noll ,
but i s inf erior t o the two methods given above . The MIT model has the advan­
tage that it i s simple , easy to u s e , and has been used before . I t will work
for any airfoil for which s tatic airfoil data are available . Thu s , the tur­
bine des igner need not be concerned about finding and analyzing dynamic s t all
data for the airfoll s elect ed for a particular turbine design . With the MIT
model incorporated· int o PROP , turbine analysis with dynamic s t all can be
carried out for a lit tle more e f fort than finding turbine performance without
dynamic s t all effect s being considered .

4
I t i s felt that for mo s t turbine work the s e advantages outwe i ghed the i mpor­
t ance of any i naccura c i e s the MIT model m i ght have wi th respect to the more
advanced model s . Thi s i s e spec i ally t rue a t thi s early s tage o f the work . I f
s imple models show tha t important new i n s i ght s can be gained from the con s i ­
deraton o f dynami c s t all , then the extra effort c an b e expanded t o develop the
more complex model s .

In the future i t may be des irable t o work on one o f the s e more advanced
methods so i t can be used for turbine performance predi c t i on . Thus , it wa s
dec i ded t o modi fy PROP in such a way t o perm i t the later i nclus i on o f almo s t
any generally dynami c s t all model wi th l i t tle effort .

The mechani sm o f the MIT model con s i s t s o f four regimes or mode s . I n thi s
d e s cr i p t i on the par t s o f the model a s s oc ia t ed wi th det erm i n i ng the moment
c oeffi c i ent have been left out . Thi s i s a s i gn i f i c ant s i mpl i f i cat i on and i s
acceptable becaus . e PROP does not need moment coef f i c i en t data t o pred i c t power
output .

F i r s t , the method s tart s by u s ing the s t andard a i r f o i l data ( Mode 1 ) . When

the angle o f a t t ack increas e s from below the s ta t i c s tall value t o above , the
method extrapolate s the l i f t coef f i c i ent up to a h igher value than g i ven by
the s t at i c data (Mode 2 ) . As t he angle o f a t tack c ont i nu e s to increas e , the
method compu t e s the dynami c s t all angle , whi ch i s a funct i on of the rate of
increa s e in angle of a t t ack . Once the dynami c s t all angle i s reached , the
method models the dynami c s t all proces s ( Mode 3 ) . Dur i ng dynami c s tall , a
vortex forms near the leading edge of the a i r f o i l and rolls off along the
upper surface of the a i rfoil and o f f the trailing edge , accompani ed by a
s udden increas e i n the a i rf o il l i f t coeff i c i ent . The magni tude o f thi s
i ncreas e i s a func t i on of the rate o f increa s e i n angle o f a t t ack at the
moment of dynami c s tall . The l i f t coef f i c i ent then remai n s a t thi s elevated
level unt il the angle o f a t tack beg i n s t o decreas e . A f t er the decreas e has
begun , the l i f t and drag coef f i c i ent s exponent i ally decay to the i r s ta t i c
values ( Mode 4 ) . When the coef f i c i ent s are suf f i c i en tly clos e t o the s t at i c
values , the method resumes u s ing them a s i t d i d a t the beginn i ng . Thus we
return t o Mode 1 .

A problem with the method a s d e s c r i bed l i e s in the a s sumpt i on tha t the dynam i c
l i f t coef f i c i ent remai n s a t a n elevated level unt il the angle o f a t t ack beg i n s
t o decreas e . Con s i der the c a s e o f a wind turbine operat i ng with a t ower
wake . As sume that when the blade is out s i de the t ower wake the flow i s s epar­
ated , but i t i s a t tached whi le in the t ower wake . The blade will expe r i ence
dynami c s t all when i t leaves the wake . However , with the method descr i bed
above , the l i f t coef f i c i ent will rema in at a high value for virtually the
ent i re blade rotat i on . Thi s i s becau s e the angle o f a t t ack will increas e a s
the blade leave s the wake and then s t ay h i gh f o r mo s t o f the re s t o f the
rot a t i on unt il the blade reen t e r s t he wake .

A bet t er model of dynami c s t all would be t o have the l i f t coeff i c i ent remain
a t its elevat ed level for a f i xed amount o f t ime regardles s o f the a i r f o il
mot ion . The length o f t ime t o be used i s ·related t o the movement o f the
s eparat i on vortex down the a i r fo i l .

5
 STR- 2 7 3 2

When put ting the method int o the computer program , it i s convenient t o divide
it int o s everal modes . Each mode contains rules for determining the lift and
drag coefficient s a s well a s when t o switch mode s .

In preparation t o use the method , it i s nec e s sary t o find the s t atic s t all
angle , a s s • This angle i s defined a s the angle at which the lif t coef ficient
slope has a value of 0 . 0 5 per degree . With this angle known , a s well a s the
s tatic s t all lif t coefficent , CL - , the method s tart s with Mode 1 .
ss

2.2 MODE 1

The lif t and drag coefficient s are determined from the s tatic values . The s e
values a r e input parame t e r s t o the program and a r e particular t o the airfoil
used on the turbine . The lif t and drag coefficient values are s pecified at
s everal diff erent angles o f a t tack and at s everal blade radial s t ation s .
Coef ficient values a t int e rmediat e angles and s ta tions are formed by linear
interpolation . The method continues to s tay in Mode 1 until the angle of
at tack increas e s from below the s tatic s tall angle t o above . Then the method
goe s to Mode 2 .

2. 3 MODE 2

In Mode 2 , the method finds the lif t coefficient from the f ollowing equation :

CL CL + Q . l ( a - a s s> •
=
ss

The drag coefficient i s found from the s tatic values . The method als o finds
the angle of dynamic s t all , ad s :

ad s= a s s + Y (&c)
2V
112 '

where & i s the rate of change o f a with time , V i s the local relative s peed ,
and C the local chord , while y i s a cons t ant , having dimensions o f an angle ,
and weakly dependent on the airfoil . I f y is not known for a given airfoil , a
value o f one radian is recommended . lt is convenient t o put thi s equation
int o the f ollowing form :

where da/ de i s the rate o f change o f a with respec t t o e , the blade circumfer­
ential position , and R is the radius of the s t ation under consideration ; it is
a s sumed that the tip speed ratio is high enough tha t V is clo s ely approximat ed
by the circumferential blade velocity . I f the angle o f at tack i s below the
dynamic s t all angle , then the method s tays in Mode 2 , otherwi s e it goes to

6
Mode 3 . The pos i t i on at whi ch dynami c s t a l l occur s , e d s ' i s s aved , and the
maximum l i f t coeff i c i ent i s f ound from the fol l owing a l go r i thm :

cL - C
max - t s s
+ 40 I i\
da
de

if Ct + O . l ( ad s - a s s > < Ct C + 2.0

ss max < t s s

c
>
da
whi l e i f 40 2 : Ct
de R max= C t s s + 2

and i f

40
l:�l; = Ct
ss
+ 0 . 1 ( ad s - a s s > •

2.4 MODE 3

Thi s mode f ind s the forc e s dur ing the vortex rol l o f f per i o d o f the dynami c
s t al l . The vortex i s a s sumed t o f orm at the l eading edge o f the a i r f o i l and
convect down s t ream at hal f the forward s peed of the a i rf o i l . Whi l e the vortex
i s between the l eading edge and the mi dchord point o f the a i rf o i l , the l i ft
coef f i c i ent i s found a s in Mode 2 , by extrapolat ing the l i ft coeff i c i ent to
the current ang l e o f at tack . However , the l i f t coeff i c i ent i s not a l l owed to
increas e above c1 • The drag coef f i c i ent i s found by a s suming the a i r f o i l
act s l i ke a ful ly� l l ed f l a t p l at e , that i s :

Co= C t s in a •

After the vortex pa s se s the a i rf o i l m idchord point , the l i ft coef f i c i ent i s

s e t t o c1 • The drag coef f i c i en t i s found from the s t a l l ed f l a t plate
a susmpt ion m� above . When the vor t ex pas se s the t r a i l i ng edge , the method
s aves the current blade po s i t i on , e , and goes to Mode 4 .
0

2. 5 MODE 4

Thi s i s the exponen t i al decay mode or the recovery mode . The l i f t and drag
coef f i c i ent s are found from the f o l l owing equat i on s :

2R
Ct= Ct + ( Ct - c1 ) e < e - e o > -c .
s max s

2R
Co= Co + ( Co - Co ) e < e - e o ) -c
s max s

7
 STR-2732

where c1 and c0 are the l i ft and drag coeff i c i ent values at the end of
Mode 3 , liW& c1 aHllfX c0 are the values that the a i r f o i l would have under
s t a t i c cond i t i ofts . Mode s 4 s tays in effect unt i l the l i f t and drag coeff i c i ent
values are wi thin t% o f the s t a t i c value s . The method then returns to Mode t .

I t i s important t o determine how wel l the model pred i c t s the coeff i c i ent
values during dynami c s tal l . Thi s can be done by compar i ng resul t s from the
model with wind tunnel t e s t resul t s . A good s e t of dynami c s t a l l data was
taken by McCro s key ( 1 983 ) . He examined s everal a i r fo i l s under d i fferent
cond i t i on s of o s c i l l a t i on frequenc y , amp l i tude , and mean angl e of at tack . Al l
dynami c l i ft and drag coef f i c i ent s were taken with the airfo i l undergoing
simple s inus o i dal o s c i l l ations . In add i t i on , s t at i c data were t aken for each
a i rf o i l . The s ta t i c data were t aken for angl e s up t o 30° and are thus qui te
s u i t able for u s e i n the dynami c stal l model wi thout havi ng t o make any a s sump­
t i on s about the coeff i c i ent s a t high angl e s .

I t was decided t o check the MIT model aga i n s t data for the NACA 0 0 1 2 a i r­
foi l . The s tat i c data for thi s a i r f o i l mea sured by McCrosky are g i ven i n
Table 2-1 . Thes e data are s omewhat smoothed from the o r i ginal dat a . Three
dynami c c a s e s were examined . Two of the case s had a mean ang l e of at tack of
t0° , and o s c i l l at ed ±5° . The reduced frequency , k, for the s e cases was 0 . 1
and 0 . 2 , where k i s defined a s :

we
k - '
_

2V

where w i s the angluar o s c i l l a t i on frequenc y .

The thi rd case had an average angl e o f attack o f t5 ° and o s c i l l at ed ±t0° . The
reduced frequency was 0 . 1 5 for thi s case . The t e s t c a s e s cover a range o f
cond i t i on s f o r whi ch s igni f icant dynami c s t a l l effect s take place , and can b e
expected t o occur for wind turbine bl ade s . . For the s e three c a se s , the s t ep
s i ze was t aken a s 1 / 1 2 0 o f a complete cyc l e . Tria l s wi th o ther s t ep s igns
( no t s hown ) showed thi s s i ze t o be a good c ompromi s e between s peed and
accuracy; further reduc t i on s in the s t ep s i ze resul t in negl i g i bl e improve­
men t s in accuracy . Thi s s t ep was al so used for the wind turbine anal ys i s
case s .

There i s one s i gn i f i cant dif ference i n thi s compari s on . The t e s t data were
t aken with a i rfoi l angle of a t t ack variat i on s caused by a i rfo i l rotat ion about
the quarter chord .. point .. In the MIT theoret i cal model case , a i rfo i l angl e o f
at tack changes a r e cau s ed b y changes in the ver t i cal component o f the
veloc i t y . Thi s i s equi valent to a heavi ng mot ion of the a i rfoi l . The d i f fer­
ence in the mot i on s of the s e two c a s e s can be expect ed to cau s e s ome d i f fer­
enc e s in the two curve s .

8
55'1'*'
Table 2-1. Stat i c Ai rfoi l Data for the NACA
0012 Used in Theoret ical Dynami c
Stall Predict ions

a CL a CD

0 0 0- 0 . 006

5 0 . 68 5 0 . 009

10 1 . 11 10 0 .013

13.4 1 . 36 13 .4 0 . 0 18

15 1 . 19 15 0 . 150

17 .5 1 . 08 20 0 . 2 86

20 1 .05 25 0 . 440

25 1 . 02 30 0 . 630

30 0 . 97

F i gure 2 - 1 shows the resul t s for the f i r s t c a s e . Here the l i f t coe f f i c i ent
and drag coeff i c i ent are s hown a s a func t i on of t ime , a s mea sured by angular
pos i t ion . The angular pos i t ion var i e s by 360 ° for each complete cyc l e . Both
the comput ed and exper i mental value s are s hown on the f i gure along wi th the
curve that resul t s when dynami c effec t s are i gnored , c a l l ed the s t at i c c a s e .
The pred i cted l i f t coef f i c i ent has a somewhat lower peak value , and peaks at a
later t ime than do the dat a . There i s a s i gni f i cant hys tere s i s l i f t l o s s
between e = 2 00 ° and 300 ° i n the experi ment t hat i s not predi c t ed b y the
theory . The predi ct ed drag curve i s somewhat narrower and higher than the
data .

The next c a s e i s s hown in F i gure 2-2 . Here aga i n the maximum l i ft coe f f i c i ent
i s underpredi c ted , and there i s a s imi lar pha s e shi f t and hys t ere s i s l os s .

The third c a s e i s shown in F i gure 2-3 . For thi s c a s e the l i f t coe f f i c i ent i s
predi c t ed qui te wel l . The peak value i s overpredi c ted , but the general shape
of the curve i s mat ched fai rly closely a l though there i s the same hys t ere s i s
los s around e = 300 ° . The s ame i s true for the drag curve , except the peak
value occur s too soon . F i gure 2-4 shows the hys tere s i s loop for thi s ca s e .
Again , the overpredi c t ion o f l i ft for the l a t ter quart e r of the loop i s
apparent .

These examp l e s show that the MIT method i s capabl e of reproduc ing experimental
data on a qual i tat i ve l eve l , but i s not highly accurate on a quan t i tat i ve
leve l . I n a l l the c a s e s examined , the minimum l i f t coe f f i c i ent i s not wel l
pred i c t ed ( the hys tere s i s effec t ) . The l i ft coef f i c i ent value s g i ven by the
data are somet i me s lower than woul d be expected from s t at i c dat a . A review of

Q
 STR-27 3 2

the MIT method shows that it will never give a lif t coefficient below the
static values . The question that must be addressed is if the model results
are good enough for turbine power output prediction .

The lif t force produced by the airfoil contributes t o power output . The drag
force reduces power output . The average contribution t o power output from
each of these forces is approximated by their average values . Thus , a compar-
. ison can be made between the model and the data by comparing the average
coefficient values over the course of one oscillation . In the case of drag ,
this comparison is qui t e reasonable : the power lost is almost directly pro­
portional to the drag at any time ; hence the average power lost is approxi­
mately proportional to the average drag coefficient . In the case of the lif t
coefficient , using the average value for comparison is n o t a s good a measure
since the contribution to output power t ends to increase with lift at a rate
greater than a linear rat e . Even so , the average value can still give some
indication of what is going on .

The average values of lif t and drag coefficients (cL, Co) for the three
cases are shown in Table 2-2 . Note that in all three cases the drag coeffi­
cient is underpredicted and the lif t coefficient is overpredic ted . This would
indicate that predictions of power output would be high ; however , the pre­
dic t ed average values are within 1 0% to 20% of the data averages .

To further evaluat e the effect o f the inaccuracies. in the model , it was

decided to conduct a sensitivity study . This consists of analyzing one t est
case with the drag rise at stall eliminated . Inst ead , the static drag coeffi­
cient data will be used . This will significantly lower the average drag
coefficient value and provide an upper bound to the power output estimate due
to the effects of dynamic stall . The results of this case are presented in
Section 4.0.

Table 2-2. Average Lift and Drag Coefficient

Values for the NACA 0012 Airfoil
During Dynamic Stall

Reduced f requency 0. 1 0.2 0� 1 5

Alpha range 1 0 0 ±5 0 1 0 °±5 ° 1 5 °± 1 0°

Ct, theory 1.09 1 . 11 1 . 29 8

Ct, experiment 0 . 994 0 . 94 1 . 148

c o, theory 0 .0557 0 . 08 1 2 0.242

co, experiment 0 . 06 7 5 0 . 0938 0 . 25 5

10
 STR-27;;l?'

3. 0 �---
-�
--

2.5

2.0 CL' Static

CL , Experiment
1.5

1.0

rl.5

THETA

Figure 2- 1. Dynamic Airfoil Characteristics for the NACA 0012,

Compari son between Theory and Experiment for a Reduced
Frequency of 0. 1, a = 10° ±5 °

11
 STR-2 7 3 2

�-
-�
--
3.� �---

2.5

L, Experiment

'--. ____ ,

1. �

o.s

C ' Theory
D ----...1
C ' Experiment--.._.
D

THETA

Figure 2-2. Dynamic Airfoil Characteri stics for the NACA 0012,
Compari son between Theory and Experiment for a Reduced
Frequency of 0.2, a = 10°±5 °

12
 -,
--
3.0
�-

CL Theory

2.5

2.0

1.0

0.5

THETA

Figure 2-3. Dynami c Airfoil Characteristics for the NACA 0012,

Compari son between Theory and Experiment for a Reduced
Frequency of 0 . 15, a = 1 5° ±10° '

13
 STR- 2 7 3 2

3.0 �---
-�
--

2.5

2.!:1

CL , experiment

1.0

c.s

Alpha

Figure 2-4 . Dynamic Stall Hystere s i s Loop for the NACA 0012,
Compari son between Theory and Experiment for a Reduced
Frequency of 0 . 15, a = 15 °±10°

14
 SECTION 3. 0

MODIFICATIONS TO PROP

Several mod i f i cat i on s have been made to the rotor analys i s program PROP . The
mod i f i c a t i on s cover changes made by Rocky F l at s , change s requi red for thi s
program , and s everal addi t i onal change s t o improve the useabi l i t y o f the c ode .

Rocky F l a t s has made exten s ive u s e o f the PROP code and has made s everal
changes ( Tangier 1983 ) . The computa t i on o f d i men s i onal values ha s been
added . The original ver s i on computed only d i men s i on l e s s value s , wherea s the
new program , g i ven the rotor d i ameter , rate of rotat ion , and fluid den s i t y ,
wi l l f ind the shaft power out put , thru s t , and wind s peed at each t i p s peed
rat i o . Thes e values· are computed under the a s sumpt i on that the rotor rate of
rotat i on is f ixed . For turbines driving synchronous genera t or s , the a s sump­
t i on i s exact� For turbines d r iving induc t i on generato r s , i t i s not qui te
exact due t o generator s l i p . It i s recommended here t o u s e the rate of rota­
t i on o f the blade when a t ful l powe r .

Ano ther mod i f i ca t i on i s varying the number o f rad i a l s t a t i on s a t whi ch the

analys i s i s carri ed out . The o r i g inal program used 10 radi al s ta t i on s evenly
s paced from the axi s o f rotat i on t o the t i p . The new code a l l ows an arb i trary
number of analys i s po i n t s to be defined over an arb i t rary rad i u s range . In
add i t i on , Rocky F l a t s added the capab i l i ty o f nonun i form s pacing the analys i s
point s , wi th the po i n t s c l u s t ered near the end s o f the rad i u s ( the rotor
t ip ) . However , t ri a l s with thi s opt i on have shown that i t makes l i t t l e d i f­
ference , s o i t wa s not included in the new ver s i on o f PROP being devel oped
here . Figure 3- l shows the effect of varying the number of rad i a l s t at i ons .
The power ver sus wind s peed curve i s shown for a MOD-O wind turbine with 5 ,
1 0 , and 2 0 rad i a l s tat i o n s s paced along the bl ade . Note that the case wi th
onl y f ive s t at i on s ha s an i rregular curve . Thi s i s cau s ed by each s t a t i on
undergoing s ta l l at d i f ferent t ime s . As there are only f ive s t a t i on s , when
one s t al l s out i t has a ma j o r effect on the overa l l out put curve . Incre a s ing
the number o f s t at i on s to 1 0 re sul t s i n a much smoother curve . Here the
cont r i but i on from each s t a t i on i s suf f i cen t l y smal l that s ta l l ing of a s tat i on
doe s not have a maj or effect on the overal l curve . Increas ing the number o f
s ta t i on s t o 20 cau s e s o n l y a sma l l change i n the power curve .

From the s e re sul t s i t appear s that 1 0 t o 20 rad i a l s t at i on s wi l l be suff i c i ent

for mo s t work . It wa s dec i ded t o use 15 s t at i on s for the t e s t c a s e s reported
here .

The l a s t mod i f i cat i on made by Rocky F l a t s wa s t o the po s t - s t a l l data synthe s i ­

zat i on rout ine . Thi s rout ine def ines the l i f t and drag coef f i c i ent value s a t
ang l e s o f a t t ack above the h i ghe s t value ava i lable from the dat a . The old
vers i on o f PROP contained a rout ine that a s sumed the forces developed by the
s tal l ed a i r f o i l are normal to the chord l ine . The s tal l ed a i rfo i l wi l l as a
resul t develop zero force para l l e l t o the chord l ine .

However , t e s t data on s t a l l ed a i rf o i l s ind i ca t e that s ome amount of chordwi s e

force i s in f a c t generated . T o account for thi s forc e , more advanced me thods
of model ing po s t - s t a l l a i rf o i l charact er i s t i c s have·been devel oped . One

15
 STR- 2 7 32

Number of Stations

Rotor
Powe�·
kW

5eJ.eleleJ

15.(:1(:1 2 (:]. em
Velocity, m eters per second

Figure 3-1 . Mod 0 Turbine Performance Prediction wi th 5, 10,

and 20 Analysis Stat ions along the Blade ,

16
method devel oped by V i t erna and Corrigan ( 1 9 8 1 ) has been modi f i ed by Tangle1
and O s t owar i ( 1 9 84 ) . The mod i f i ca t i on s are bas ed on nonrot a t ing t e s t s made or
s everal a i r fo i l s at high angl e o f attack.

Lift coeff i c i ent :

Co cos 2a
max
C L= s in 2 a + A2 �;......;;;.
2 s in a

where

= ( CL - Co s i n as cos as )
s max

as = ang l e o f a t t ack a t s t al l , or the h i ghe s t angl e for whi c h

data a r e ava i lable

CL = C L at a s
s

1 + 0 . 06 5 AR
Co =
max (0 . 9 + t /c)

AR = aspect rat i o

tic = nondimens i onal a i r fo i l thickne s s

Drag coe f f i c i ent for a= 2 7 . 5° t o 90°

cos a
= CD s i n a + ( Co c0 s in a s )
max s max c o s as
-

For a l e s s than 2 7 . 5 ° , u s e the s e value s t o determine c0:

a fo

15° 0 . 10 0
20° 0 . 175
25° 0 . 275
2 7 . 5° 0 . 365

with intermediate values found by l inear interpo l a t i o n .

17
 STR- 2 7 3 2

Thes e equa t i on s have been incorporated i n t o the new ver s i on o f PROP . When
us ing them , i t i s general ly be s t to input data for the a i r f o i l l i f t coef f i ­
c i ent u p to the s ta l l angl e or beyond . The input drag coeff i c i ent data should
be as exten s ive as po s s ible , with the l a s t point bei ng on the curve def ined by
the a versus C D data g i ven above . The angl e a s i s taken to be the large s t
angl e input b y the user .

The po s t- s t a l l synthe s i zat i on rout ine gi ven by V i t erna and Corri gan ( 1 98 1 ) i s
shown below :

L i f t coefficient : same a s g i ven above

Drag coe f f i c i ent : a greater than s t a l l

= 1 . 1 1 + 0 . 0 1 8 AR
CD
max

where

=
cos as

U s e of the s e equat i on s in PROP tend s to give a higher pred i c t i on o f peak power

output , as they tend to g i ve a l ower e s t imate for C D . PROP can ea s i ly be
mod i f ied to u s e the s e equat i on s .

I t i s i mportant t o note that the use can bypa s s the po s t- s t a l l rout ines s imply
by entering in c 1 and C data for angles up to 90° . PROP wi l l not resort t o
D
the s e rout ines unt i l angl e s out s i de of the range def ined b y the u s e r are
..encount ered .

The ori g i nal vers i on of PROP requi red the blade chord , twi s t , and a i rfo i l l i ft
and drag charac teri s t i c s to be def i ned at each o f the 10 rad i a l s t at i on s .
With the new abi l i ty to vary the number of rad i a l s t at i on s at whi ch the analy­
s i s i s carr i ed out , i t i s i nconveni ent to def ine the blade parameters at each
s t at i on . PROP was thus modi fed t o a l l ow the blade parameters to be def i ned at
an arb i trary number of radi a l po int s , arbi trari l y s paced . The chord and twi s t
at any s tat i on al ong the blade i s then found b y l inear interpo l a t i on . For
blades that are l inearly tapered and twi s ted , only two radi a l po i n t s need be
input . For more compl ex shape s , a l arger number of po int s can be defined a s
requi red .

18
The a i rf o i l character i s t i c s are al s o def ined at the s e arb i t rar i l y s e l ec t ed
radi a l point s , with l i f t and drag coeff i c ient value s a t o t her s t a t i on s being
found by l i near interpo l a t i on . The method used i s a s f o l l ows . For a g i ven
ang l e of at tack and rad i a l s t at i on , the l i f t and drag c o e f f i c i ent s are f ound
for the ne i ghbor ing point s where the a i rfo i l chara c t er i s t i c s are def i ned .
Once the s e value s are known , the l i f t and drag value s at the s ta t i on o f i n ter­
e s t are found by l inear interpo l a t i on .

Note that thi s method determines the s tat i c a i rf o i l coeff i c i ent s . I f dynami c
s tal l i s involved , then thes e s t at i c value s mus t be used by the dynamic s t a l l
model . A s the dynami c s t a l l model requires onl y the pa s t h i s t ory o f the
coef f i c i en t s and angl e o f at tack , and the current s t at i c coef f i c i ent s , thi s
method of f inding the s t at i c coef f i c i en t s i s comp l e t e l y compat i bl e wi th the
dynami c s t all model .

3. 1 NONUNIFORM FLOW MODELS

The PROP program ha s been mod i f i ed t o accept s everal new nonun i form f l ows
cau s ed by wind shear , t ower s hadow , off-ax i s f l ow , and turbul ence . Each of
the s e cond i t i on s can be used dur i ng the analys i s o f a turb ine , e i ther s ingly
or together .

The wind s hear model ut i l i zed was devel oped for the o r i g inal PROP code . It
a s sume s tha t the wind s peed var i e s wi th hei ght a s def i nld b y the power l aw :

where V i s the wind vel o c i ty a t he i ght h and V i s the wind vel oc i ty a t hei ght
0
h • The power l aw exponent i s a. The input s requ i re d by the wi nd shear model
0
are the rat i o of the rotor hub hei ght t o the rotor radi u s , and the power l aw
exponent .

The t ower shadow mode l i s used t o de s c r i be the wake behind the t ower a s s een
by the blade . The wake i s a s sumed to have con s tant width and t o ext end from
the bo t t om of the rotor di s k to hub hei ght . The vel o c i t y def i c i t in the wake
at any d i s t ance Y from the wake centerl ine i s defined by :

where v0 i s the maximum veloc i ty def i c i t a t the wake center l ine , and Y i s the
t o t a l wake width . Both v0 and Yw are needed a s input parame t e r s t o �e s c r ibe
the t ower shadow . They can be obtained e i ther v i a exper imental data or e s t i­
mat ed from the tower d i amet er D t and drag coeff i c i ent c 0 t ( Schl i cht ing
1 9 68 ) . The wake width and def i c i t are approxima t e l y :

19
 STR- 2 7 32

with

Vo - (- )
Co t D t
X-
1/2
'

where X i s the d i s�ance down s t ream of the tower centerl ine . Theory ind i ca t e s
that in the f a r wake the vel oc i ty d i s t r i bu t i on wi l l approximate a Gau s s i an
curve whi l e i n the near wake the vel oc i ty curve wi l l be sharper edged and
almo s t rect angular . It i s felt that the c o s i ne-squared curve used here i s a
good compromi s e between the s e two ext remes and wi ll be adequate for mos t work.

The yaw error model . requ i r.es only the yaw error angl e a s input . The yaw error
procedure i s ful ly d e s c r i bed in Sec t i on 3 . 2 , which de scribes momentum
theory . There are s everal ways a turbine can be opera t i ng in of f-ax i s f l ow .
The mos t obvious i s through a yaw tracking error . The f l ow wi l l a l s o be off­
axi s in the case o f a ver t i cal component in the wind , or if the rotor shaft i s
s e t off horizontal , wi th a shaft t i l t . The program i s s e t up to handl e yaw
errors only i n the hori zontal plane , not in the vert i cal . However , i f yaw
error i s used alone , wi thout wind shear or tower shadow , then o ff-ax i s erro r s
in the vert i cal plane can b e s imulated .

The turbulence model impre s se s a s inus o idally varying wind on the turbine . I n
o ther words , the speed acros s the ent i re d i sk var i e s wi t h t ime but n o t wi th
space : at any i n s t ant the s peed experi enced by the whol e d i sk is the s ame .
Thi s carri e s the impl i cat i on that the s cale o f the turbu l ence i s s i gnifi cant ly
l arger than the d i sk d i ameter . The frequency of the var i a t i on and i t s ampl i ­
tude are input parameter s . The frequency i s def ined a s a mul t i ple o f the
rotor rot a t i on frequency . Usua l ly , an integer mul t i p l e shoul d be used so that
an integer number of turbul ent cyc l e s wi l l take place over one bl ade rotat i on .
I n addi t ion , recent s t ud i e s o f the turbulence spectra a s s een by a rotat ing
bl ade show that mo s t o f the turbulent energy i s concentrated at the harmoni c s
o f the blade rotat ion frequenc y . Thus , cho o s ing integer mul t iples o f the
rotor frequency for the turbul ence frequency would s eem mo s t appropr i at e .

3. 2 MOMENTUM THEORY

To accept the nonun i form f l ows , s t andard momentum/ s t r i p theory mus t be modi ­
f i ed . I t i s neces s ary t o cons i der the effect s of cro s s f l ow cau s ed by yaw and
var i a t i on s in the axi a l flow veloc i ty . The se mod i f i ca t i on s are introduced
below.

The fol l owing def ini t i on s are u s ed in thi s analys i s . The l ength of the rotor
blade , mea sured from the center of rotation t o the bl ade t i p , is def ined as
R . The rotor cone angl e i s v. The projected rotor rad i u s i s thus RT c o sV .
T
The dimen s i onal blade chord , c , and rotor radi a l po s i t i on , r , normal ized by
R T ' give C and R respect ive l y . The mean veloc i t y o f the f l ow imp i ngent on the
rotor at hub hei ght i s V • Thi s value i s used to normal i ze al l o ther velo c i -
0

20
tie s . At any given point on the rotor dis c , the f l ow can be res o l ved .into
three componen t s :

vx ' the axial component , which is norma lized to Vx= vx /V

0
vr ' the radial component , perpendicular t o the axis of rotation ,
which i s normalized to V r= v r /V
0
vc ' the circumferential component , which i s normalized t o Vc= vc /V •
0

The tip s peed ratio , X , i s defined as :

ORT c o s 'l!
X= -� ­
Vo
-

where 'l! i s the rate o f rotation in radians per second . The f l ow vel o citie s a s
experienced b y a bl ade el ement a t dis t ance r f rom the hub are s hown in
Figure 3-2 . The f l ow vel ocity perpendicular to the c one of rotation i s vi :

V• 'l! ,
l
- vX ( 1 - a ) c o s 'l! + vr sin

v. = r n (l +a') cos t/1 + v

-T
��--1--�------------�c�

Plane of rotation

Figure 3-2. Flow Veloci t ies as Experienced by a Blade Element

21
 STR- 2 7 3 2

where a i s the a x i a l interference factor . Thi s normal i ze s t o :

V i= Vx ( l - a) c o s �+ V r s i n� •

The f l ow component paral l e l t o the pl ane of rotat i on , v j , i s :

V j= r 0( 1 + a ' ) co s�+ vc ,

where a ' i s the c i rcumferent i a l int erference factor . Thi s normal i ze s t o :

V j= R X ( 1 + a ' ) + Vc •

The f l ow component along the l �ngth of the blade i s i gnored i n thi s �naly­
sis. The total norma l i zed f low component a s s een by the blade i s W and i s
g i ven by :

1/ 2
w= V·l 2 + V.2
J

The local inflow angl e a s s een by the blade i s � and i s g i ven by :

The l ocal rotor s o l i d i t y , a, i s the por t i on of any g i ven annulus covered by

blade s , and i s g i ven by :

. a=
BC
'
2TIR cos �

where B i s the number of b l ade s .

The vel oc i t i e s V , V , and V are funct i ons o f the nonuni form f l ows . V is
'( 0
the mean hub hei gt t w1nd s pee J s een by the rotor . The l ocal t o t a l vel o c i ty V
e
i s equal t o :

22
and can be f ound from the nonuni form f lows :

where C w i s the wind shear c omponent :

H + Z a
H

where H i s the rat i o o f hub hei ght t o rotor rad i us , Z i s the normal i zed he i ght
of the blade e l ement re l a t i ve t o the hub , and a i s the wind shear exponent .
C s i s the t ower shadow coeff i c i ent , g i ven by :

C s= 1 - Vo c o s 2 ( TrY /'fw)

when Y < Yw / 2 and Z < 0 •

C t i s the turbu l ence coef f i c i ent , g i ven by :

where T i i s the turbu l ence inten s i t y , T f i s the turbulence frequency d i vi ded

by the blade rotat i onal frequency , and e i s the blade rotat i onal pos i t i on .

The vel o c i t i e s Vx ' V r ' and V c are a s f o l l ows :

vx = ve c o s y

=
vc v e s in y cos e

vr = ve s in y s in e

where y i s the yaw ang l e .

Blade annulus theory a s sumes that each blade el ement i s independent o f the
other s . The forces devel oped by a blade e lement are equated t o the change in
momentum o f the f l ow through the annulus swept out by the blade el ement . In
thi s way the i nt erference vari ab le s a and a ' can b e f ound . When nonuni form
f l ow c a s e s are t o be examined , i t becomes nec e s sary t o extend s t r i p theory to
sectors of an annulu s . Here i t i s a s sumed.that the forces devel oped on the
bl ades a s they sweep through a sector o f an annulus are equal to the change in
momentum of the f l ow a s it pas s e s through the s ame area . Each s e c t or and

23
 STR-2 7 3 2

annulus i s a s sumed to b e independent of a l l others . Thus , the performance o f

t h e ent i re r o t o r can b e found b y analyz i ng i t s performance at s ev�ral d i ffer­
ent rad i a l and c i rcumferen t i a l s t a t i on s and integrat ing to obtain the f inal
r e s ul t .

3. 3 AXIAL FORCE EQUATION

The axial force equa t i on i s used to f i nd the axi a l interference factor , a .

The f l ow approaching the turbine decelerat e s , pa s se s through the turbine , and
decelera t e s further . In c l a s s i cal momentum theory the theore t i cal resul t s
ind i cate that the total •mount o f decelerat i on the f l ow experi ences in the far
wake i s twi ce the decelerat i on s een a t the rotor d i sk .

The axial component of thru s t produced by a blade element of l ength d r i s :

dT= i pw2 C1 CB c o s � c o s � dr •

The blade con t r i butes only a por t i on of thi s thrus t t o a g i ven sector o f width
d e . Thi s def i ne s the incremental thru s t a s :

dT= i pw2 cL CB c o s � c o s � dr �!
The pre s sure drop acro s s the rotor i s :

where CH i s the head l o s s coe f f i c i ent . I t i s the d i men s i onl e s s measure of the
amount of energy a fluid parcel l o s e s as it pas se s through the rotor . Not e
that the normal i z ing vel o c i t y i s vx instead of V 0 • Thi s i s because v i s the
axial component of the vel o c i t y , and the force produced by p i s in t �e axi a l
d i re c t i on . Only the axial component s of both force and vel o c i t y are under
con s i dera t i on here . The incremental thru s t due to thi s pres sure drop i s :

dT= 6 pr c o s 2� dr d e •

The two equa t i on s for dT can now be equated :

24
Cancel i ng l i ke t erms we get :

Norma l i z ing by V0 and RT ' and us ing the relat i on for the rotor s o l i d i ty, we
have :

The head l o s s coeff i c i ent i s a funct ion of a . S ince i t i s a mea sure of the
energy l o s t by the f l ow, i t can be f ound by taking the d i f ference in the
energy of the f l ow far ahead of the rotor and far beh i nd i t . Suf f i c i en t l y far
away from the rotor the pres sure perturbat i on o f the rotor wi l l be i n s i gn i f i­
cant and a l l of the energy perturbat i on wi l l be kinet i c . The normal i zed vel oc­
i ty far upwind i s 1 . 0 ; far downwind i t i s 1 - 2a . Thus, for C H we have :

CH = 1 - ( 1 - 2a)2 = 4a ( l - a ) •

Thi s i s the c l a s s i ca l resul t . Note that according t o the above equat i on,
value s of CH cannot exceed 1 . 0 . To do s o would imply that more energy i s
being removed from the f l ow than i t pos s e s se s . I n pract i c e, however, values
o f C greater than one are observed a s shown in F i gure 3-3 ( H i bb s and Radkey
H
1983} . The extra energy comes from turbulent mixing o f the wake with the
outer f l ow . An approxima t e relat i on between C H and a for a greater than 0 . 9
is:

cH = 0 . 88 9 - o . 444a + l . Ssa 2 •

The var i ab l e s W and � are func t i ons of ! a l ong wi th C I n add i t i on, c 1 i s a

P
•

func t i on o f the s ec t i on angl e o f a t tack, whi ch i s a unc t ion o f � ' and hence
!• The vari able ! thus appea r s on both s id e s o f the equa t i on for CH . To
s olve for ! thi s equat i on mus t be s o l ved i tera t i vel y .

3.4 CIRCUMFERENTIAL FORCE EQUATION

The c i rcumferent ial interference factor a' i s f ound by equat ing the bl ade
torque to the angular momentum added to the a i r . The. t orque produced by a
b l ade e lement mus t equal the angular momentum . The torque generated by a
blade el ement o . f iength dr sweepi ng out a sector o f width d e i s :

blade incremental t orque = j pw2 B c r Ct s i n � c o s � dr �!

25
 STR- 2 7 3 2

0 N ACA TN 221 - 9 = 4
2.0 0 NACA TN 2 2 1 - 9 = 2
1:::. R S M 8 8 5 - uv
A RSM 8 8 5 - cv

1.6

Head Loss
Coefficient, 1.2
C GLAU£RT'S CHA R.
H CURVE

0.8
MOMEN TUM
THEOR Y

0. 4

0 0. 2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Axial Interference Factor, !

Figure 3-3. Relationships between ! and c8 , Theory and Experiment

26
The mas s f l ow through the s e c t i on o f the rotor swept by the blade i s :

ma s s f l ow = p v i r c o s $ dr d e •

The increment in cro s s vel o c i t y i s :

cro s s vel o c i ty i ncrement = 2 a ' Q r c o s $ •

Mul t i plying the s e two t erms toge ther and by the radi u s of the e lement , we get
the amount o f angular momentum added t o the f l ui d :

angular momentum = 2a ' Qr 3 c o s 3 w v i p dr d e •

Equat ing thi s t o the t orque g i ven above , we have :

2a ' nr 3 c o s 3 $ v i p dr d e = i pw2 Bcr c1 s in � c o s $ dr �!

Cancel ing out l ike t erms :

Normal i z ing by RT and V , and u s ing the rela t i on for X :

0

4na ' R2 X V i = t w2 BC C1 s in � •

The s o l i d i ty a can now be included , a s wel l a s the rel a t i on s in � = V i / W :

W a c1
a' =
4X R

Again , thi s equa t i on mus t be s o l ved i t erat i vely and the i t erat i on s mus t be
done i n con j unct ion wi th the. equa t i on for a .

3. 5 TIP LOSS CORRECTION

The ba s i c analys i s pres ented above does not t ake i n t o account the aerodynam i c
l o s s e s c a u s e d b y vort i ce s shed from t h e t ip s of f i n i t e blade s . A tip loss
correct i on i s requi red becaus e there i s a f in i t e number o f b l ades o f f in i t e

27
 STR- 2 7 32

t ip chord � whi l e blade el ement theory imp l i e s an inf i n i t e number of vani shing­
ly sma l l bl ade s . Tip l o s s correc t ion i s important because t i p l o s s e s can
cause a decrea s e in torque and , hence , power out put from the bl ade . Thus , i t
i s neces s ary t o examine the proper t i e s of t i p l o s s and how i t can b e mode l ed .

The s t andard s t r i p theory , a s descri bed , as sumes tha t the f l ow through each
annulus i s uni form . In fac t , each blade shed s a di s crete vortex near the
tip. The effect o f thi s hel i cal vortex i s t o produce an induced f low f i e l d
that i s n o t uni form, but var i e s around the annulus , wi th a per iod related t o
the number o f blade s . Thi s cau s e s an increa s e i n both the axi al and c i rcum­
feren t i a l interference factors in the v i c in i ty of the blade t i p . Thi s cau s e s
a decrease in s e c t i on angle o f at tack , as wel l a s a decrease i n the c i rcum­
feren t i al component o f the l i f t force , resul t ing in decreas e d t o rque . The
effect i s grea t e s t for bl ade e l ement s near the t i p , and decrea s e s for inner
el ement s . The e f fect i s al s o sma l l er i f the hel i cal wake formed by the vor­
t i c e s i s t i ghter , whi ch occurs when the t i p speed rat i o i s increa sed . Thi s
would al s o be the case i f the number o f bl ade s i s increased , caus ing the f l ow
more near l y t o approach bl ade annulus theory .

A good approxima t i on t o the t i p l o s s i s g iven by the Prand t l model ( Gl auert

193 5 ) . Thi s model i s a c l o s e approxima t i on t o the actual l o s s factor . The
formula s used are s i mp l e and have been used with good succe s s . The Prand t l
t i p l o s s factor , F T , i s :

2
FT = arc c o s ( e -f ) ,
'If

where

B RT - R
2
f = '
RT s in cl> T

and RT i s the radius of the t i p whi l e B i s the number of b l ade s .

In the expres s i on for f , the factor , RT s in cj> T ' can be approximated by R

s i n / cp , whi ch i s more eas i ly computed .

I f the blade t erminates before reaching the axi s , then there wi l l be a hub
l o s s factor , F H , s imi l ar to t he t i p l o s s factor . The equat ion for F H wi l l be
the s ame as for FT , but f i s now :

B
2
f =

where RH i s the radius o f the hub . The total l o s s factor , F , i s s impl y the
product of F T and F H ' or

28
The l o s s factor can now be appl i ed to the equa t i on s for ! and � · The f l ow
vel o c i ty component s through the annulus averaged around the annulus are l e s s
by the factor F . An examina t i on o f the equa t i on for F reveal s that F ha s a
value approaching 1 . 0 far f rom the t i p , decreas ing t o zero a t the t i p .
Because the average f low ve l o c i ty ( again , averaged around the annulus ) de ter­
mines the rate of momentum t rans fer to the a i r , the equat ions for a and a '
should be mod i f i ed by us ing aF and a ' F i n p l ac e o f ! and � ·

The t i p l o s s factor i s al s o . useful in the po s t - s t a l l data synthe s i za t i on

rout ine given above . I n that rout ine the blade l i f t and drag coe f f i c i en t s are
func t i ons o f the a spect rat i o . The a s pe c t rat i o determines how f l ow around
the blade t i p s affec t s the overal l blade characteri s t c s . However , on a wind
turbine the f l ow around the t i p s i s a funct i on of the number o f b l ades and the
t i p speed rat i o . The actual a s pect rat i o of the bl ade i s not u s ed t o f ind t i p
loss . The t i p l o s s factor g ives the mangni t ude of the f l ow about the t i p . I t
can be related to the a spect rat i o a s fol l ows .

One int erpreta t i on of the t i p l o s s fact o r i s that i t i s the amount of l i f t

l o s t ; that i s :

where c i s the actual l i f t coef f i c i ent , and c

1 1
i s the l i f t coeff i c i ent tha t
would b e obtained i f there were n o t ip l o s s . A % imi l ar rel a t i on s h i p hol d s for
f in i t e a s pect rat i o wing s a s g i ven by the wel l -known resul t from wind theory
for wings o f moderate-t o-hi gh a s pect rat i o (AR > 2 ) :

l C1
-::-l-+---:2:-'1/r"':'AR-=- = -
cL-
o

Equat ing the s e two relat i onshi p s ,

l
= l + 2/AR '
F

and solving for the a spect rat i o

2F
AR=
1 - F

g i ve s an equa t ion for an apparent a s pe c t rat i o a s a func t ion o f F .

Thi s apparent a s pect rat i o i s u s ed d irec t l y in the po s t - s t a l l data synthe s i za­

t ion routine s .

29
 STR- 2 7 3 2

Once the values of - a and a ' have been f ound , the local thru s t and t orque
coe f f i c i ent s can be cal culated . Af ter algebra i c man i pul at i on , the local
thru s t coef f i c i ent CT l i s

cT l = w2 a( CL c o s $ + Co s i n $ ) ,

and the local torque coeff i c i ent C q l i s :

C q l = w2 aR ( CL s i n $ = Co c o s $ ) / c o s W •

The l ocal power coe f f i c i ent i s equal t o the local t orque coef f i c i ent t ime s the
t i p s peed ra t i o .

The total thru s t , t orque , and power coeff i c i ent s are then found by integrat ing
the l ocal value s over all s tat i on s . Note that all coe f f i c i ent s are norma l i zed
by the hub height mean vel oc i ty �nd � he pro j ec t ed area . The proj ec t ed area o f
the ent i re rotor t. s equal t o nRT c o s •

30
 STR-2H2

SECTION 4.0

TEST CASES

The e f fect of the nonuni form f l ows and dynam i c s t a l l was t e s ted on s everal
t e s t c a s e s us ing the new code . Thes e t e s t c a s e s c.over the four types o f
nonun i form f l ows , as wel l as combina t i on of tho s e f l ows . E i ght c a s e s were
con s i dered . They are

• Uni form f l ow

• Wind shear , one s eventh power law

• Tower shadow

• Wind shear and t ower s hadow combined

• Yaw error , 20°

• Wind shear , t ower shadow , and yaw error combined

• Turbulence , inten s i ty of 20% and a frequency o f two cyc l e s per revolut i on

• Turbulence , inten s i ty of 20% and a frequency o f three cyc l e s per revo lu­
t i on .

Each o f thes e c a s e s was run both wi th and wi thout the effec t s o f dynami c s t a l l
( except , o f cour s e , the uni form f l ow case ) .

I t was des i rable t o sub j e c t two d i ff erent turbines t o the s e cas e s . In s e l e c t ­

ing which two turbines t o con s i der , s everal fac t o r s had t o b e examined .
F i r s t , t e s t data should be ava i l able on the turbine power output . Suf f i c i ent
informat i on should be ava i l able s o that the shaft power out put can be det er­
mined , as norma l l y only the e l e c t r i cal power output i s mea sured . The computer
code pred i c t s s haft power . The turbines con s i dered should have a downwind
rotor s o that t ower s hadow wi l l have an ef fec t on the turbine . F i nal l y , there
should be s ome conf i gura t i onal d i f ference between the two turbines con s i dered .

The two turbi ne s selected are the Mod 0 i n the a i l eron control conf i gura t i on ,
and the Enert ech 44/ 2 5 . For the Mod 0 , data o f d i rect s haft power mea sure­
men t s are ava i l able for d i rect compari son with the computer pred i c t i on s . It
opera t e s i n the downwind con f i gurat i on and i s thus subject t o t ower shadow .
In addi t i on , i t has a t ower hei ght that i s sma l l with respect to the rotor
d i ame t er , thus making it subject to a l arger wind var i a t i on over the rotor due
to wind s hear . The Mod 0 uses an untwi s ted , t apered blade wi th a NACA 23024
airfoi l . The rotor i s t eetered for l oad rel i ef . PROP does not take tee t er
into con s i derat i on , thu s resul t ing in some i naccurac i e s . I t wa s hoped that
the analys i s o f thi s turbine would help evaluate the magni tude of tho s e inac­
curac i e s .

31
 STR- 2 7 3 2

The second turbine con s i dered , the Enertech 44/ 25 , has three blades and a
r i g i d hub . The r i g i d hub of thi s turbine a l l ows for d i rect compar i son between
the computer pred i c t i on and the mea sured power curve without the effec t s o f
tee t er . The Enertech rotor operat e s downwind and i n the tower shadow. The
hub i s qui te h i gh in compari son t o the rotor d i ameter , s o the e f f e c t s o f wind
shear should not be very apparent .

The blades o f the Enert ech have a sma l l amount of twi s t and taper . The a i r­
f o i l i s a 44 s e r i e s NACA s e c t i o n , with a thickne s s of 24% near the roo t ,
tapering t o 1 2% a t the t i p . At the three-quarter rad ius s tat i on the blade
thi ckne s s i s 1 8% . When the rotor was analyzed , the a i r f o i l sect i on thi ckne s s
change was not accounted for , and the data for the 1 8%-thi ck a i rf o i l were u s ed
in order t o have the resul t s o f the pred i c t i on comparabl e t o previ ous work
( Tangler 1 9 8 3 ) . Tes t data on the Enertech have been taken a t Rocky F l at s .
The s e data g i ve the electrical power output o f the turbine a s a func t i on o f
wind s peed . Data on the e f fi c i ency o f the power train al low for the determin­
at i on of the s haft power devel oped by the rotor . Tabl e 4-1 g i ve s the power
curve for the Enertech wi th the blades set at a p i t ch s e t t ing of 0° at the
tip.

4. 1 TEST CASE RESULTS

A few remarks can be made that general l y cover a l l the t e s t c a s e s con s i der­
ed . F i rs t , the nonuni form f l ows made almo s t no d i f f erence in the turbine
performance . Peak power output was almo s t always decreas ed by the pres ence o f
nonuni form f l ow , but only b y a few percent . Dynami c s t a l l had an even smal ler
effec t . I n many cases the dynam i c s ta l l resul t s are virtual l y ind i s t ingui sh­
able from the nonuni form f l ow re sul t s . What effect dynami c s ta l l had was
almo s t always negat i ve : rotor power was reduced .

4. 2 MOD 0 TEST CASES

The f i r s t t e s t case for the Mod 0 i s the uni form f l ow case . F i gure 4- 1 shows
the resul t s for thi s case at the des i gn p i t ch ang l e and des i gn ±2° . Al s o
shown are the exper imental dat a . Agreement between the experimental data and
theory i s good up t o 9 m/ s . Between 9 and 1 3 m/ s , the theore t i cal curve l i e s
s l i ghtly above the experimental curve by a maximum o f 5 kW . Above that s peed
the experiment a l data begin t o d i verge to hi gher power l evel s than
pred i c t ed . Overal l , agreement i s good , the d i f ference s being equivalent t o
l e s s than 1° o f pitch at any g i ven wind s peed .

I t should be ment i oned that the c l o sene s s of the agreement i s , i n part , due t o
the maximum l i f t coeff i c i ent u s ed i n the input dat a . The 23024 a i rf o i l ha s a
maxi mum C L o f 1 . 2 at the Reynol d s number o f the Mod 0 blade . However ,
observat i on o f the actual blade used in the s e t e s t s by the author indi cated
that there was · a sma l l amount o f aft camber on the a i l eron s e c t i on of the
blade . Thus , i t was felt that increas ing C L max t o 1 . 4 was j u s t i f i ed . I f a
value o f 1 . 2 i s u sed , PROP wi l l underpred i c t the experimental data by about
15 kW .

32
 STR-273 2

55�1 �-�
Table 4-1 . Power Curve for the
Enertech 44/25

Wind E l e c t r i cal Power Sha f t

Speed Power Train Power
(m/s ) ( kW ) E f f i c i ency ( kW )

5 1 . 25 0 . 30 4.2

6 3.5 0 . 64 5.5

7 8.8 0 . 79 11.1

8 13 . 0 0 . 79 16 . 5

9 17.5 o.77 22 . 7

10 20 . 5 0 . 72 28 . 5

11 22 . 3 0 . 68 32 . 8

12 24 0 . 65 36 . 9

13 25 0 . 64 39 . 1

14 25 . 5 0 . 63 40 . 5

15 26 0 . 62 41 .9

A s econd con s iderat i on i s the rotor rate o f rotat i on used i n f ind ing power
output from the coef f i c i ent data found by PROP . In the s tal l regi on the
power i s approximately proport i onal t o the cube of the rotor rotat i o n
rat e . Thu s , pred i c t i on accuracy i s increa s ed i f the rot a t i on rate a t ful l
power i s used ; that i s , the s l i p o f the induc t i on generator i s accounted
for . For the Mod 0 , the s l i p a t ful l power i s 3% .

A ful l l i s t ing o f the i nput data used for the Mod 0 and Enertech turbines i s
g i ven in the example runs shown in Appendix C .

The next c a s e i s the Mod 0 in wind shear . The re sul t s for t h i s c a s e are
shown i n F igure 4-2 . The uni form f l ow case i s shown a l ong wi th the nonun i ­
form f l ow c a s e and the dynam i c s t a l l cas e . The three curve s are e s s ent i a l l y
i dent i cal . Nei ther nonuni form f l ow nor dynami c s ta l l have much o f an effect
on the turbine performance . It i s i n s t ruc t i ve to examine thi s c a s e more
c l o se l y to see why the s e resul t s are obtained .

F i gure 4-3 s hows the t ime hi s tory of l i f t and drag coef f i c i ent s o f a bl ade
el ement l ocated at 0 . 7 5 radiu s . The rotor was opera t ing a t a t i p s peed of
4 . 2 , whi ch resul t s in thi s element moving in and out o f s ta l l . The f i gure
shows the t ime hi s tory of the nonun i form f l ow case wi th and wi thout dynami c
s t al l . For mo s t o f the cyc l e , the curve s are i dent i cal . They s eparate a s

33
 STR- 2 7 3 2

1 S el . el el el ....-
-
::-
::
..:
-.
:-
-;:
--

Experimental Data: 0 0

l el el . el el el

Rotor
Power
kW

S eJ . el el eJ

eJ . el el
8 . el el . s . em l el . el el l S . el el 2 el . el el
Velocity, m eters per second

Figure 4-1. Mod 0 Performance in Uniform Flow, Compari son to

Experimental Data

34
 Nonuniform Flow

Nonuniform Flow
l el el . el el el With Dynamic Stall

Rotor .
Power
kW

S el . el el el

S . el el l el . el el 1 5 . el el 2 el . el el
Velocity, m eters per second

Figure 4-2. Mod 0 Performance wi th Wind , Shear

35
 STR-2 7 32

1 . 6 �--------------------------���--����----------�
C With Dynamic s all
L �
l. 4

1.2 CL Without Dynamic Stall/

l. 0

0.6

C With Dynamic Stall

D
. 1
0. 4

0.2

C Without Dynamic Stall

D

T HETA

Figure 4-3. Lift and Drag Coefficent Time Hi stories for the Mod 0
Turbine Blade at R/R = 0 . 75 and a Tip Speed Ratio of 4.2,
both with and wi thout the Effec ts of Dynamic Stal l

36
the b l ade enters the s ta l l reg ion at about a e angl e o f 1 5 ° . Note tha t the
dynamic s ta l l l i f t coef f i c i ent curve does indeed show s ome increa s e i n l i f t ,
whi ch should generate extra power . The drag coeff i c i ent a l s o shows an
increa s e , decreas ing the power output . The s e two effec t s t end t o . cancel
each other , resul t ing i n almo s t no net change i n the power out put . The
hys tere s i s loop for thi s .cas e i s shown in F i gure 4-4 .

I t would appear from the s e resul t s tha a sma l l change i n the dynam i c s t a l l
model may cause a large change i n the resul t s . The effect s o f the l i ft
coef f i c i ent increa s e would no l onger balance the effec t s o f the drag coef f i­
c i ent increa s e . To t e s t thi s i dea , a s en s i t ivi ty run was made i n whi ch the
increa s e in the drag coeff i c i ent was e l iminated . Thi s shows the s en s i t i v i t y
o f maj o r change s in the mode l .

F i gure 4-5 s hows the power curve pred i c t i on with the modi fed model . Al s o
shown i s the uni form f l ow resul t s and the nonuni form f l ow wi thout dynami c
s t a l l resul t s . The effect o f dynam i c s t a l l i s s t i l l smal l , addi ng only 5 kW
t o the peak power .

Al though dynamic s ta l l resul t s i n l i t t l e change in performance , i t doe s

resul t in s i gn i f i cant change s i n the cyc l i c load s a s s een by the bl ade . The
peak-to-peak variat i on in the l i f t coeff i c i ent i s nearly doubled . The peak­
t o-peak var i a t i on in the drag coef f i c i ent i s increased by a l arge fac t or .
I t would appear that dynami c s t a l l ha s an impa c t on bo th the f l atwi s e and
edgewi s e cyc l i c fat i gue l oads .

F i gure 4-6 s hows the resul t s for the t ower shadow case wi th the Mod 0 . The
t ower shadow was a s sumed t o have a t o t a l width o f 0 . 1 1 4 t ime s the rotor
rad i us , and a def i c i t o f 0 . 4 t ime s the und i s turbed f l ow vel o c i t y . Agai n ,
the effec t s o f the nonuni form f l ow a s dynami c s t a l l are very sma l l . When
wind shear and t ower shadow are comb i ned , the turbine performs a s shown i n
F i gure 4-7 . The decrea s e in peak power caused by the two nonuni form f l ows
combined i s l arger than e i ther s hown . I n fac t , the def i c i t appea r s t o be
approxima t e ly equal t o the def i c i t caused by each o f the nonuni form f l ows
added together .

The c a s e wi th a 20 ° yaw er.r or i s shown in F i gure 4-8 . The resul t s s how that
yaw error does not reduce peak power output , but shi f t s i t to a h i gher wind
s peed . I n fac t , the ent i re power curve has been s tret ched t o h i gher wind
speeds . Agai n , dynamic s t a l l has almo s t no effec t . F i gure 4-9 shows the
resul t s of shear , shadow , and yaw error comb i ned . The s ame s tretching of
the power curve to higher wind s peeds i s apparent . However , the e f f ec t s of
the o ther nonuni form f l ows do not appear to be very grea t . The effec t s of
each nonuni form f l ow are not add i ng i n a l inear fashion .

F i gures 4-10 and 4- 1 1 s how the effec t s of two cyc l e s per revolut i on and
three cycl e s per revolut i on turbu l ence . Turbulence has the l arge s t effect
on peak power of all the nonuni form f lows . At h i gh wind s peed s , turbulence
increas e s the power output . The resul t i s that the curve i s flattened .
F i gure 4-8 , s howing the yaw error case , shows a s imi l ar resul t . The power
curve with the nonun i form f l ow i s somewhat f l a t t ened . As operat i on off axi s
i s a l ikely resul t o f operat i on i n turbulenc e , i t would appear that turbu­
l ence can f l a t ten the power curve through s everal mean s .

37
 STR- 2 7 32

l. 6

1.4 1-
CL �
2
1. ._.

l. � 1- .

�. 6 ._.

o
.4 ._. .

�.2 -

I .....,�.
�. 0o!------:s-:-------:!: ...,-
l Io=-------:
l =------:
s
to-------:
2:A= 2s:

Alpha

Figure 4-4. Lift and Drag Coefficient Hystere s i s Loops for the Mod 0
Turbine Blade at R/R = 0 . 75 and a Tip Speed Rat io of 4. 2
0

38
 STR- 2 7 3 2

55�1

Uniform Flow

Nonuniform Flow
W ith Dynamic Stall

Rotor
Power
kW

S eJ . eJ eJ eJ

l eJ . eJ eJ l S . eJ eJ 2 eJ .
Velocity, m eters per second

Fi gure 4-5. Mod 0 Performance wi th Wind Shear and Tower Shadow,

Drag Rise during Dynamic Stall not Included

39
 STR-2 732

Uniform Flow

Nonuniform Flow
With Dynamic Stall

. Rotor
Power
kW

5 . �� 15. �� 2�. ��
Velocity, m eters per S t!Cond

Figure 4-6 . Mod 0 Performance with Tower Shadow

40
 STR-2732

Uniform Flow

Nonuniform Flow
. With Dynamic Stall

Rotor
Powe r
kW

5 (j . (j (j (j

S . (j (j l (j . (j (j 1 5 . (j (j 2 (j . (j (j
Velocity, m eters per second

Figure 4-7 . Mod 0 Performance with Wind Shear and Tower Shadow

41
 STR- 2 7 3 2

1 5CL. � ClfJ -r---

--,
--

Uniform Flow

Nonuniform Flow
W ith Dynamic Stall
1 CJ CJ . CJ CJ CJ

Rotor
Power
kW

S CJ . CJ CJ CJ

S . CJ CJ 1 Cl . CJ CJ 1 5 . CJ CJ 2 CJ . CJ CJ
Velocity, meters per second

Figure 4-8. Mod 0 Performance with 20° Yaw Error

42
 STR-27 32

1 5 el . el el el

Uniform Flow

Nonuniform Flow _ _,_

Nonuniform Flow
W ith Dynamic Stall

Rotor
Power
kW

S el . el el el

S . el el 1 5 . el el 2 el . el el
Velocity, m eters per: second

Figure 4-9 . Mod 0 Performance with Wind Shear , Tower Shadow,

and Yaw Error

43
 STR-2 7 3 2

Nonuniform Flow
W ith Dynamic Stall

Rotor
Power
kW

5 . em H� . � � 1 5 . �� 2�. ��
Velocity , m eters ,per second

Figure 4- 10. Mod 0 Performance with Two Cyc les per

Revolut ion Turbulence

44
 STR- 2 7 3 2

1 5 CJ . CJ CJ CJ

Uniform Flow

Nonuniform Flow

Nonuniform Flow
W ith Dynam ic Stall

Rotor
Power
kW

5 CJ . CJ CI CJ

S . CJ CJ 1 CJ . CJ CJ 1 5 . CJ CJ 2 CJ . CJ CJ

Velocity, m eters per second

Figure 4-1 1. Mod 0 Performance with Three Cycles

,
per Revolut ion Turbulence

45
 STR-2 7 3 2

4.3 ENERTECH TEST CASES

The uni form f l ow c a s e i s shown in Figure 4- 1 2 , along wi th the t e s t dat a .

The t e s t data l i e very c l o s e to the pred i c t i on at 2° t i p p i tch angl e . I t i s
po s s ible that thi s d i fference may be due to the a i rfo i l used by Enertech ,
whi ch has a dropped leading edge and i s thus not a true NACA 44XX s e r i e s
a i rfoi l . Thi s mod i f i cat i on can b e expect ed t o resul t in a n increas e in the
max imum l i f t coef f i c i ent . The effect o f thi s increas e in l i f t coef f i c i ent
is s imi lar to the e f fect o f an increas e in the p i t ch angle ; more power in
high wind s . However , thi s does show qui te graphi cally the d i f f i culty in ·

pred i c t ing peak power .

The case wi th wind shear showed no d i fference in performance from the uni ­
form f l ow case . Thi s c a s e i s not shown . The case with t ower shadow i s shown
in F i gure 4-1 3 . For the Enertec h , the t ower wake was a s sumed to have a
total width o f 0 . 1 73 rotor radi i , and a maximum defi c i t of 0 . 8 3 t imes the
local und i s turbed flow. Again , the ef fec t s of nonun i form f l ow or dynam i c
s tall are minor . The s e ef fec t s are mainly seen at wind speed s below peak
power , in con t ra s t to the Mod 0 where the effec t s were greate s t near peak
power . Thi s i s mo s t l ikely due to the lower t i p s peed rat i o s of the Ener­
tech at peak power ( 2 . 7 for the Enertech versus 3 . 7 for the Mod 0 ) .

The case with both wind shear and t ower s hadow ha s almo s t the same perfor­
mance as the case with t ower shadow alone , and hence i s not shown .

F i gure 4- 14 shows the performance pred i c t i on for the Enertech wi th a 20° yaw
error . The s ame t rend of the curve be ing " s t ret ched" t o higher wind s peed s
i s s een , a s i t wa s with the Mod 0 . In add i t i on , the tendency for the power
curve to f l a t ten out at high wind speeds i s qui te apparent .

F i gure s 4- 1 5 and 4- 1 6 show the two turbulence c a s e s : two cyc l e s per revolu­
t i on and three cyc l e s per revolu t i o n . The turbulence tend s to reduce the
peak power and f l a t t en the power curve , a s was s een before . Dynamic s tal l
ha s a s omewhat more than negl i g ible effect on performance at wind s peeds
just below the rated wind speed .

The l a s t cas e , wind shear , tower shadow, and yaw error , i s shown in
Figure 4-1 7 . Thi s case bears a s t rong resemblance to the case wi th yaw
error onl y . The only no table a spect i s that the peak power s eems t o be
increased s l i gh t l y by the nonuni form f l ows .

46
 STR- 2 7 3 2

0 Tip Pitch Angle _

Experimental Data At
Tip Pitch An_gle of 0° : 0

Rotor
Power
kW

S . el el 1 el . el el 1 5 . el el
·
Velocity , m eters per second

Figure 4-12. Enertecb 44/25 Performance , Uniform Flow

47
 STR-2 7 3 2

4 eJ . eJ [j eJ

Uniform Flow

Nonuniform Flow

Rotor
Power Nonuniform Flow
kW With Dynamic Stall

2 eJ . eJ [j eJ

l eJ . eJ [j eJ

Velocity, m eters per second

Figure 4-13. Enertech 44/25 Performance with Tower Shadow

48
 STR- 2 7 3 2

4 eJ . eJ eJ eJ

Uniform Flow

3 eJ . eJ eJ eJ
Nonuniform Flow

Rotor
Power
kW

2 eJ . CJ CJ CJ
Nonuniform Flow
With D ynamic Stall

l el . CJ CJ CJ

eJ CJ CJ J-.. .�- _J
· S . �e�e�=-·
-- -=-:s=-
.�eJeJ
=---- -1-:: �eJ
CJ . CJ--- s . CJ
1- _CJ
___ 2 eJ . e� e�
Velocity, meters per second

Figure 4-14 . Enertech 44/25 Performance wi th 20° Yaw Error

49
 STR- 2 7 3 2

�
Rotor
Power
kW nunllorm Flow
With Dynamic Stall

5 . CJ(� 1 5 . ��
Velocity, m eters per second

F i gure 4-15 . Enertech 44/25 Performance in Two �ycles per

Revolution Turbulence

50
4 Cl . CJ CJ CJ

Uniform Flow

3 Cl . CJ CJ CJ Nonuniform Flow

Rotor
Power
.....__
kW · Nonuniform Flow
W ith Dynamic Stall

2 Cl . CJ CJ CJ

l el . CJ CJ CJ

S . CJ CJ l el . CJ CJ l S . CJ CJ 2 Cl . CJ CJ
Velocity , meters per second

Figure 4-16 . Enertech 44/ 25 Performance in Three Cycles per

Revolut ion Turbulence

51
 STR-2 7 3 2

4 CJ . CJ CJ CJ

Uniform Flow

Nonuniform Flow
3 CJ . CJ CJ CJ

Rotor
Power
kW

Nonuniform Flow
W ith Dynamic Sta ll
2 CJ . CJ CJ CJ

l ('j . ('j eJ ('j

1 5 . ('j ('j
Velocity, m eters pe r second

Figure 4-1 7 . Enertech 44/25 Performance with Wind Shear, Tower

Shadow, and 20° Yaw Error

52
 STR-2 7 3 2

SECTION 5 . 0

CONCLUSIONS

A mod i f i ed ver s i on of the rotor analy s i s program PROP ha s been devel oped .
Thi s new code i ncorporat e s s everal i mprovemen t s . The rotor geome t ry can be
des c r i bed a t arbi trary rad i a l po int s , i n s tead of at 1 0 equal ly s pa c ed
point s . The rotor d i s c can be d i v i ded into an arbi t rary number of rad i a l and
c i rcumferent i a l s tat i on s for analy s i s purpo s e s . The turbine performance can
be analyzed under the influence of f our d i f fernt typ e s of nonuni form f l o w :
wind shear , t ower shadow , turbul ence , and o ff-ax i s f l ow . The effec t s o f
dynami c s t al l , a s determined b y the MIT model , can b e included . The program
out put s the d imen s i onl e s s turbine performanc e as wel l as d i men s i onal value s .

The new c omputer code wa s exerc i sed on two turbi ne s , the Mod 0 wi th a i l eron­
contro l l ed b l ad e s and the Enert ech 4 4 / 2 5 . Each o f the s e turb i ne s wa s examined
under s even cond i t i on s of nonuni form f l ow i nvolving var i ous comb i na t i on s of
the four bas i c nonun i formi t ie s both wi th and wi thout the e f fec t s o f dynami c
s ta l l inc luded .

The resul t s showed tha t the nonuni fo rm f l ows cau sed about a 2% change in the
peak power pred i c t i on in mo s t c a s e s . Both increas e s and decrea s e s in peak
powe r s were predi cted for d i fferen t c a s e s . Dynami c s t a l l caused even l e s s o f
a change in performance , and general ly that change was t oward l ower perfor­
mance . Det a i l ed analy s i s o f the resul t s s howed that the l i f t r i s e a s s o c i ated
wi th dynami c s ta l l caused a performance i ncrea s e , but the drag r i s e caused a
performance l o s s . Thes e two e f f ec t s t end t o canc e l . A sens i t ivi ty run was
conducted i n whi ch the drag r i s e wa s e l iminated . Thi s gave a performance
increas e o f about 5% . Thi s i s a f i r s t order change to the dynami c s t a l l
method and thus a s igni f i cant perturba t i on , consequen t l y i t ind i ca t e s the
maximum theoret i cal performance change expected from dynami c s t al l .

The nonuni form f l ow c a s e s that cau s ed the great e s t change s were the turbulence
and yaw error case s . For both t he s e nonuni form f l ows the power output i s
reduced for wind speeds bel ow rat ed , peak power i s e i ther reduced or un­
changed , and power output in h i gh winds i s increa s ed . The net resul t i s that
the power curve is shi f t ed in a way that makes i t resembl e the exper i mental
curve s more c l os e l y , al though the peak power output pred i c t i on i s s t i l l l o w ;
that i s , bel ow that experimen t a l l y measured .

I t i s concluded that dynami c s t a l l ha s l i t t l e s i gn i f i cant effect on the per­

formance of hor i zontal axi s wind turbine s . Mo s t s t r i p theory model s underpre­
d i c t the peak power output o f turbi ne s , but thi s d i sc repancy does not appear
t o be due t o not taking dynam i c s t a l l into account . It now appear s that the
di s crepancy betwen theory and experiment may be due t o other e f f ec t s that have
not been i nc orporated in the PROP mode l . Some l ikely effect s are : rad i a l
f l ow caus ing delay in b l ade s tal l and creat ing aerodynami c performance di f fer­
ent from dynami c s t al l ; aeroela s t i c twi s t of the blades due t o aerodynam i c
loads caus ing the rotor twi s t geomet ry t o vary from the nominal s e t t ings ; and
improperly model ed a i r f o i l characteri s t i c s in the s t a l l reg i on . Other p o s t ­
stal l routine s , l i ke tho s e g i ven b y V i terna and Corr i gan ( 19 8 1 ) , may be an
improvement in thi s area .

53
 STR-2 7 3 2

An add i t i onal conc l u s i on i s that dynami c s t a l l increa s e s the cyc l i c loads ,

bot h f latwi s e and edgewi s e s een by the blade s . Thi s may be an important
c on s i dera t i on i n the fat i gue ana l y s i s of the blade .

54
 STR-2 7 3 2

SECTION 6 . 0

REFERENCES

Gangwani , S . T . , 1 98 1 , "Pred i c t ion of Dynami c S t a l l and Uns t eady Air l oads for
Rotor B l ades , " Proceedings o f the 37th Amer i c an Hel i copter S o c iety Annua l
Forum.

G l auert , H . , 1 9 3 5 , "Ai rplane Propel l er s , " i n Aerodynam i c Theory , W . F . Durand ,

ed . , Vol . , I V , Divi s i on L , Chapter VI I , Sec t i on 4 , Berl i n : Jul i u s
Spr i nger , pp . 1 69-36 0 .

Hibbs , B . , and R . L . Radkey , 1 98 3 , Calculat ing Rotor Performanc e with the

Revi sed "PROP" Code , RFP-35 0 8 , UC-60 , February .

McCro skey , w. J . , 198 1 , "Dynami c S t a l l on Advanced Air f o i l s Sec t i on s , " Journa l

of the Ameri can Hel i copter S o c ie ty , Vol . 26 , July!

McCro s key , W . J . , 1982 , "Un s t eady Airfo i l s , " Annual Revi ew o f F l u i d Mechan i c s ,
Vol . 14 .

McCroskey , W . J . , 1983 , An Experimental S t udy of Dynami c S t a l l on Advanced

Airfoi l Sect ions , Volume 2 : Pres sure and Force Dat a , NASA-TM-84245-Vol-2 .

Nol l , R . B . , and N . D . Ham, 1983 , Study of Dynami c S t a l l a s i t Affec t s Smal l

Wind Energy Sys t em De s ign , Aero s pace Sys t ems , Inc . report prepared for
Rockwel l Interna t i onal Corporat i on .

Rogers , J . P . , 1984 , "Appl i c a t i on o f an Analyt i c Stal l Model t o Time H i s t ory

and E i genvalue Analys i s o f Rotor B l ades , " Journal of the Ameri can
He l i copter Soc i ety, January .

Tangler , J . L . , 1983 , "As s e s sment of Blade-Element /Momentum Ana lys i s for

Hori zontal Axi s Wind Turbine s , " pres en t ed at W i nd Workshop VI .

Tang l er , J . L . , and C . O s t owar i , 1 984 , "Hori zonta l Axi s W i nd Turbine Po s t ­

S t a l l Airf o i l Characteri s t i c s Synthe s i za t i on , " DOE / NASA HAWT Worksho p ,
May .

V i terna , L . A . , and R . D . Corri gan , 1 98 1 , "F ixed P i t ch Rot o r Performance of

Large Hori zontal Axi s Wind Turbine s , " presented a t the DOE /NASA Workshop
on Large Hori zontal Axi s Wind Turbi ne s , Clevel and , Ohi o , July .

55
 STR- 2 7 3 2

APPENDIX A

NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE

The NUPROP computer program i s de s i gned to handl e bo th wind turbines and pro­
peller rotor s . I t should be noted that the s tandard def i n i t i on of power coef­
f i c i ent for propel l ers is not the same a s the one used for wind turbines . For
propel lers , the power coef f i c i ent i s found by normal i z ing power by pn 3 D 3 ,
where p i s the den s i ty , n i s the rate of rotat i on in cyc l e s per s e 5 ond , and D
i s the d i ameter . For wind turbine s , the normal i z i ng factor i s pV 0 nR2 •

In prope l l er nomenc lature , both power coeff i c i ent def i n i t i ons are used , and
both are l o o s e l y cal led the power coef f i c i ent . However , the wind turbine
defin i t i on i s norma l l yy g i ven the variable name P , and the prope l l er def in i ­
c
t i on i s g i ven the vari able name C • The s e are the convent ions used in the
NUPROP code , and we d i s t ingu i sh be� ween them by call ing P the power coef f i ­
c
c i ent and C p the coef f i c i ent o f power .

Below i s a l i s t o f the defini t ion s u s ed in the NUPROP code .

Coef f i c i ent o f power : C p = P / ( pn 3 D5 ) = 2 nCQ

Coe f f i c i ent of torque : CQ = Q / ( pn 3 D 5 )

Coeff i c i ent o f thru s t : C T = T/ ( pn 2 D4 )

D i ameter : D = 2 R

Advanc e rat i o : J = V/n D = n /X

Rotat ion rate , cyc l e s per s econd : n

Power : P = t p V! nR2 P c = pn 3D5 c p

Power coeff i c i ent : P c = P / ( 1 / 2 pV ! nR2 ) = 8C p / ( nJ 3 )

Torque : Q = t pV! nR3 Qc = pn 2 D5 cQ

2
Torque coeff i c i ent : Qc = Q / ( 1 / 2 p V0 nR3 )

Radius : R

T = '2 p V0 nR 2 T c = n 2D4 c T
1 2
Thrus t :

Thrus t coe f f i c i ent : Tc = T/ ( 1 / 2 pV ! nR 2 ) = 8 C T / ( nJ 2 )

Free s t ream vel oc i t y : vo

T i p s peed rat i o : X = ri.R/V = n / J

Den s i ty : p

Rotat i on rate , med ians ( second ) : n = 2 nn

56
 STR-2 7 3 2

APPENDIX B

USER ' S GUIDE FOR THE PROGRAM PROP

The mod i f i ed ver s i on of the PROP computer code , cal l ed NUPROP , i s wri t ten a s
an intera c t i ve program . The programming l anguage is FORTRAN . When run ,
NUPROP d i s pl ays a menu of 1 2 commands . Af ter each command i s completed , the
menu i s agai n d i splayed . Each of the menu command s i s expla ined below .

• Command 1 -- Radi u s of Each S t a t i on

In NUPROP , the blade chord , twi s t , and a i r f o i l s e c t i on data can be def ined at
arbi t rary radial s ta t i on s . Values at int ermedi a t e po i n t s are formed a s
requi red . Thi s command i s u s ed t o define the rai da l po s i t ion of each
s tat i on . The program a sks for the number of s t at i on s , and then the norma l i zed
rad i u s o f each s ta i on . The number o f s t ai on s should be between 2 and 20 . The
radi a l values should be in the range zero to one , wi th the f i r s t value be ing
near the hub ( and usual ly a t the inner end of the blade ) , and the l a s t point
near the t i p ( usually wi th a value o f one ) .

• Command 2 -- Ai rfoi l Sec t i on Data Input

Thi s command al lows the airfo i l l i f t and drag charac t er i s t i c s to be defined at

each s ta t i on . At each s t a i on the u s er i s a sked whi ch input mode i s to be used
t o def ine t he data . The po s s ib l e modes are :

Mode - 1 : I nput the data from a d i s c f i l e . The user wi l l be a s ked for the
f i l e name .

Mode 0 : Keyboard i nput .

Mode 1 t o 20 : Copy the a i r fo i l s ec t i on data from Stat i on 1 t o 2 0 . Thi s

mode i s us eful when the blade has the s ame a i r f o i l along i t s ent i re s pan .
The f i r s t s t a t i on i s input u s ing e i t her Mode - 1 or Mode 0 , and then the
Stat i on 1 data are dupl i cated at a l l o ther s ta t i on s by us ing Mode 1 .

The input format for the s ec t i on data used for Mod e s - 1 and 0 i s a s f o l l ows :

The f i r s t value input i s the number o f point s used t o def i ne the l i ft

coef f i c i ent curve . Thi s i s f o l l owed by angl e o f a t t ack and l i f t coef f i c i ent
value s , one set per l ine . The l owe s t angle should be ent ered f i r s t . Af ter
the appropr iate number of data p o i n t s have been entered , the number of po i n t s
used t o def i ne the drag coef f i c i ent curve i s entered . The angl e o f a t t ack and
drag coeff i c i ent values are then entered in a manner s imi l ar t o the l i f t
coe f f i c i ent value s . Af ter the appropriate number of data e l emen t s have been
input , the program wi l l move on to the next s t a t i on .

For Mode - 1 the above data are conta i ned i n a d i s c f i l e . For Mode 0 they are
entered from the keyboard in res pons e to quer i e s .

57
 STR- 2 7 3 2

• Command 3 - - Rotor Charac t er i s t i c s

The user i s queri ed f o r the f o l lowing informat i on : Number of blade s , cone

ang l e , and hub radius .

The cone angl e i s in degree s , and the hub radius i s normal i zed and usually s e t
t o the radi u s of Stat i on 1 , a s def ined by Command 1 .

The t i p and hub l o s s model s t o be used are asked for . Currently only the
Prand t l model or no l o s s model are ava i labl e .

• Command 4 - - Blade Chord and Twi s t

The user i s queri ed f o r the chord and twi s t a t each s t at i on a s def ined by
Command 1 . The chord i s norma l i zed by the blade l ength and the twi s t i s in
degrees , po s i t ive being leading edge into the wind .

• Command 5 -- Real Rotor Dat a

Thi s command prov i de s out put g 1v1ng dimen s i onal value s for the rotor
performance . The rotor radi u s ( in meter s ) , rate of rot a t i on ( in RPM ) , and
fluid den s i ty ( in k i lograms per cub i c meter ) mus t be input .

• Command 6 - - Analys i s Parameters

Thi s command al lows the u ser t o define the number of rad ial and
c i rcumferent i al element s to be analyzed , and some o ther analy s i s parameters .

The user i s f ir s t queried for the radi u s range over whi ch t o analyze and the
number of radial elemen t s to analyze . Norma l l y the radi u s range should be
from the hub to the t i p . Other value s are a l s o useful , for i s olat ing a
port i on o f the rotor for detai l ed analys i s , or rotor des i gn work . The number
o f radi a l e l emen t s can have any value , but exper i ence ha s shown that 1 0 to 2 0
e l emen t s work be s t . Note that the number and po s i t i on of the analys i s
e l ement s need not have any rel a t i onship t o the number and po s i t i on of the
radi a l s ta t i on as def ined by Command 1 .

Next the user i s queried for the number of blade rotat i on s t o analyze over and
the number .of circumferen t i a l e lement s to con s i der . The values to u s e for
the s e two parameters are highly dependent on the nonuni form f l ows that are

58
 STR- 2 7 3 2

being inc luded in the analys i s ( see Command 7 ) . The t able be low cove r s mo s t o f
the case s .

Number Number of C i rcum-

Cas e
o f Rotat i o n s f erent ial El emen t s

Uni f orm f l ow 1 1

Wind s hear o.s 5

Tower s hadow o.s 50

Yaw error 1 10

Turbulence 1 / 2 cyc l e* 10

Dynami c s t a l l 1 or more 1 0 0 o r more

*Example : for turbulence wi th a frequency o f three

cyc l e s per revolut i on , it would only be nec e s s ary
to anal yze over 1 / 6 of a revolut ion .

Next the user i s prompted for whether o.r not t o suppres s the swi rl term . This
shoul d be answered wi th a "Y" or " N " . The swi r l term i s suppres sed when a
s y s t em that includes s t ator vanes or counter-ro t a t ing rotors i s analyzed .

The user i s then prompted for whether or not t o analyze the rotor a s a
prope l l er , requ ir i ng answer " Y " or " N " . Analyz ing the rotor as a prope l l er
changes the s i gn of the ang l e o f at tack , the interference factor s , the t orque ,
power , and thru s t .

La s t ly , the user i s a s ked whether or not t o include the effec t s o f dynami c

s t al l . Answer " Y " or " N " i s requ i red .

• Command 7 -- Nonuni form F l ow Input

With thi s command the user may def ine the parame t e r s of the f our nonuni form
f l ows con s i dered by NUPROP . For wind s hear , the user i s prompted for the
shear exponent and the hub he i ght divided by the rotor rad ius . For t ower
shadow , the user i s que r i ed for the wake width and def i c i t . The width i s
def ined a s ful l width d i v i ded by the rotor rad i u s . For turbul enc e , the u s er
i s asked for the turbul ence frequency d i vi ded by the rotor ro tat i on frequency ,
and the turbulence inten s i ty a s the peak variat ion o f the wind speed d i v i ded
by the free s tream f l ow s peed . For yaw error , the u s er i s queried for the yaw
error of the rotor in degree s .

59
 STR-2 7 3 2

• Command 8 -- Rotor Analys i s

Thi s command resul t s i n the rotor , a s def ined by the above commands , t o be
analyzed .

The user i s f i r s t queri ed for the c o l l e c t ive pi tch angles ( de l t a bet a ) over
whi ch to analyze . Then the program a sks whether or not to di s p l ay the
analys i s resul t s for each blade e lement . Answer " Y" or "N " . Answering " Y "
can resul t in an enormous amount o f output . Next the user i s a s ked whether t o
increment the var iabl e X , the t i p s peed rat i o , or J , the advance rat i o f o r
each analys i s point . An answer o f " X" or " J " i s requi red . Then the u s e r i s
a s ked for the range o f X ( or J ) value s over which t o analyze .

Fina l l y , t he user wi l l be a s ked where the output should g o . Usua l ly thi s wi l l

b e a d i sc f i l e . However , the out put can b e s ent t o the terminal o r printer i f
the proper devi c e name i s given . The se names are , o f cour s e , sys tem
dependent .

The analy s i s output f i r s t cons i s t s of a l i s t ing of all the input parame t er s .

Then t he analys i s s tart s with the f i r s t col lect ive p i t ch ang l e and the f i r s t X
o r J value s pec i f ied . The X or J value i s then incremented between each
analys i s unt i l the maximum s pec i f ied value is reached . The c o l l e c t ive p i t ch
ang l e i s then incremented and the requi red X or J values are again analyzed .
Thi s con t i nue s unt i l a l l o f the c o l l ec t i ve p i t ch ang l e s are examined .

• Command 9 -- Change Blade Chord or Twi s t at One Stat ion

Thi s command allows the blade chord and /or twi s t angl e to be changed at any
one s ta t i on . General ly thi s command i s u sed for rotor de s i gn s tud i e s .

t Command 1 0 - - Augmentat ion Input

W i th thi s c ommand , the effec t s of a duct or shroud on rotor performance can be

included . The f l ow vel o c i ty through the rotor i s

60
 STR- 2 7 3 2

Norma l ly f o r free rotors e have a value o f 1 . 0 . For the s e c a s e s ,

m and Ma
thi s command need not be us�d . Some value s for C m and Ma i n var i ous ca s e s
are g i ven below . o

Cas e em Ma

Free rotor ( de faul t ) 1 1

Rotor in cyl indri cal duc t 1 2

Rotor in a p i pe 1 0

Free rotor with a l arge c enter body * 1

Rotor in a noncyl i ndri cal duc t �'r *

*Thes e values mus t be det ermined from poten t i a l f l ow

theory ba s ed on the s pec i f i c geometry .

• Command 1 1 -- Header I nput

Thi s command al l ows the user to i nput a run header . Thi s header i s printed
out when the rotor i s analyzed .

• Command 1 2 -- Exi t ; Termina t e s NUPROP

Out put

If blade el ement data are reque s t ed , then the program wi l l output the
f o l l owing informat i on :

For each c o l l ec t i ve p i t ch ang l e , advance rat i o , blade el ement , and

c ircumferen t i a l s tat i on , the value s of the axial vel o c i ty component , ! '
n
a,
�' �' C L , c 0 , P c 1 , Q c 1 , C p 1 , c T 1 and are output .

61
 STR-2 7 32

For a c omplete rotor :

For each feather angle and advance rat i o , the value s o f X , P , T , Q ,

c c C
T Cw ' J , C ' C T , n , Fm , V0 , P , T are output . No te that the l a s t three
P
value s are dimen s i onal . T cw i s the thru s t coef f i c i ent ba s ed on
int egrat i on of the invi s c i d port i on of the wake . Genera l l y , it i s only
useful for duc ted props . Fm is the prope l l er f i gure o f meri t .

Program Li s t ing

A l i s t ing o f the NUPROP program follows .

62
 STR- 2 7 3 2

APPENDIX C

EXAMPLE OF RUN OF THE PROP CODE

Thi s appendi x contains two s ampl e runs o f the PROP code . One run i s for the
Mod 0 turbine opera t i ng in wind shear . The s e c ond i s for the Enertech
operat ing i n uni form f l ow . The runs show typical output from the program , a s
wel l as the input data used to anal yze the two turbi ne s .

63
 P R D G P A !"·: f'� U P P O P
C AV P R O P P R O C R A M t N O N P L O T T : N G V E R S I O N
D I M E N S I ON AL ( 50 . 2 0 l , CL ( 5 0 , 2 0 l , AD ( 50 ! 2 0 I , CD ! S 0 , 2 0 l
r J ME N S I O N C H I 2 0 l , T W ( 2 0 l , P V ! 1 2 l ! C M O I 2 0 l , G M A I 2 0 ;
� I M ENS ! CN NPL ( 2 0 l , NPD t 2 0 l , RSTAT ! 2 0 l
I NT E G E R V A R , P V S < 1 2 > , V A ( 2 )
D I M E N S I O N V M I N ! 2 : , V M AX I 2 ) , V T I C ! 2 l , F N ( 8 l , HE A D ER ( 3 0 l , D AT ! 2 l , T I M ( 3 l
C OM M O N X , P C , T C , QC , TC W . A � , C P , C T , E T A , F M , VELO , PW R , THF
C 0 M M J N / F� / � R C O D E
C O � M O � / D Y N A M / MO D E DY , I DF L G
E0U I VALENCE ( PV I l l , X l

1. •' E 'T .• T •' F f•1 t .• \l t •' F' � ,� •' /

•' I l •

: A T A C M O , C M A , C Q P , U S � AP , H H , W E XP , Y AW / 4 8 * 1 • 0 , 2 * 0 • /
D � T A � O D � , NS E C , L T I P , M O DED Y 1 L H U B , H U B , C O NE , B L R O T / 3 * 1 , 2 * 0 , 2 f 0 , , 1 , /
�ATA R l , R2 , NANAL / O , , 1 . , 1 0 /
ii ... - ,. .
uH I H

D A T P. f\J S T iZI T , F.: S T AT / 1 0 1 , 0 5 1 , 1 5 1 , 2 5 1 , :3 5 , . 4 5 , , 5 5 , , £. 5 , . ? 5 , , 8 5 , . 9 5 , 1 0 * 1 .

DATA E R C OD E / - 9 9 9 9 9 . /
C C 0 1'WI ,L\N D I NP U T
� TYPE ! 0 0 0
l OOC FORMAT ! ' 1 R A D I US OF EACH STA T I ON ' /
+ 2 A I RF O I L S E C T : ON D A TA I NP U T ' /
..
+ 8 R O T O R C H A R A C T E R I ST I C S ' /
+ ·4 BLADE CHORD AND T� J ST ' /
+ 5 REAL RO TOR S I Z E , SPEED ' /
..

+ 6 A N A L Y S I S PARAMETERS ' /
'

+ 7 N O N UN I FORM FL O W I N P U T ' /
..

+ 21 A NA L I ZE T H E ? O T OR ' /
+ 5) C H A N G E C HO R D OR T W I ST AT ONE S T AT I ON ' !
+ ' 10 A U G M E N TA T I ON JATA I N P UT ' /
+ 1 1 HEt.I DER 1 1\!P U T ·· !
'
+ 12 EX l T · I /
+ ·· $ C OM�� A ND ? .
··
l
ACCEPT * ' 1 2
G O T 0 ! 5 0 , 1 Q 0 , 2 0 0 , 8 0 0 , 5 0 0 , 82 0 , 84 0 , 6 0 0 , 4 0 0 , 4 l 0 , 4 3 0 , 9 9 3 l , ! 2
c
C 3 T A T I O N R AD I US [ � PUT
50 TYPE 1 0 0 1
1 00 1 FORMAT ! ' $NUMBER OF S T A T ! ON S ? ' I
A C C EP T * t NSTAT
DO 6 0 I = 1 , N�3 T A T
TYPE 1 0 0 2 , l
l 002 F O R M A T I · �>F D R S T P1 T I Cl N # ' , E{ , ' R A D I US ?
··
l
EO ACCEPT * , RSTAT ( I )
GOT05
c
C E L E M E N T C HA R A C TE R I ST I C I NPUT I CL, CD )
1 00 TYPE 1 0 0 3
1 008 FORMAT ! ' S E C T I ON D A TA I NPUT S O U R C ES � ' / /
1 ' - 1 D lSC F l LE lf'-JP U T ·· /
1 ' 0 K E Y B OA R D I N ?UT ' /
1 ' 1 -1 0 C OPY FROM S E C T I ON 1 - 1 0 ' / )
DO 1 1 0 l = l , N S T PI T
: 10 C A LL SEC T ON t i , NP L . A L , C L , N F D , A D , C D l
. GO T 05

C R O T O R C H A R A C TER T S T J C ! NP U 7
200 TYPE 1 0 0 4

64
1 004 FORMAT ( ' N U M B E R O F B L AD E S , C ON E ANGLE , HUB �AD I US? '$)
A C C E P T • , B N , C O NE , HUB
C O P = C O S I C ON E / DR )
S l P = S 1 N ( C ON E / D F: l
220 TYPE 1 0 28
TYPE 1 0 2 9
1 0 28 F O R M A T ! ' L O S S M O DEL S · ! ' 0 : NONE ' / ' 1 : ?RANDTL ' I
� 0 29 F O R M A T ( ' T I P LOSS MO D E L , H UB LOSS MODEL? '$)
A C C E P T * · L T J P , L H UB
i F ! LT I P · L T . O , OR . LT I ? . G T . l , QR , L H UB . � T . O . OR . L H UB . G T , 1 l GO T 0 2 2 0
GOT05
c
C I NPUT S T A T I O N C H O R D , T W I S T
200 D O 8 1 0 I = l , N S TAT
TYPE 1 0 1 ! .• I , :t�ST A T ( J: l
:l (i J. :l F' OF!f'1f.>.'T' I ' FCIF! ST A T l D N ·· , I .:t . ·· AT R A D I U S! ·· , F' -4 . 2 . · C HO R D � n.l l S T "? · �: i
ASCE PT • , CH ( ! l , TWD
TY.' I l > = T W D i D R
3: 0 C O NT I N U E
GOT05
c
C �NALYS I S P AR AM E T E R S
3:0 TYPE 1 0 1 7
1 0 17 F O R M AT ! ' $ R A D I US R A N G E TO A N A L I ZE : I NN E R , O U T ER , I OF ELEMENTS? ' )
A C C E P T * t R l , R 2 , N A N AL
TYPE 1 0 5 :::1
: 0 58 F O R M A T ( ' B LA D E R O T A T : O N S TO A VER A G E
1 , N U M B E R OF' A N N U L A � ST A T I O N S ? ' $ )
A C C E P T * ; BLRO T , N SF. C
TYPE 1 0 26
: 0 26 F OR M A T ( ' S UP P R E S SW I R L T E R M ? ' $ )
A C C E P T 1 0 2 3 , !"lC M
� 028 F O RM A T I A 2 l
U S E f-1 ? = 1 .
I F I MC M . E Q , l HY l US E A P = O .
MOD E = 1
T Y P E 1 o :3 ()
1 0 30 F O R M A T ! ' A N ALYZE A S PROP? '$)
A C C EP T 1 0 2 :3 , f'1 C M
I F I MCM . E Q , l HY l M O DE= - 1
!•1DDED'l' = O
TYPE 1 0 8 1
1 081 FORMAT ! ' $ I NCLUDE D Y NAM I C STALL EFFE CTS? ' )
ACCEPT 1 0 2:3 , f'1 C M
I F I M C M . EQ , ' Y ' > M ODED Y = l
GOT05
c
C \I O N U N I F O R M F L OWS
3 .!1 (l TYPE 1 0 52
1 o ::;2 F O R M A T ! ' $ W I ND E XP O N E NT , HUB H E I GH T / R OT O R RAD I US ? ' )
A C C E P T * t WEX? t HH
. TY P E 1 0 0 8
1 008 FORMAT ! ' $T O W ER WAK E W I D TH , D EF I C I T? ' )
A C C E P T • , WW I D T H , W D EF
TYPE 1 0 0 9
1 00S F O R M A T ! ' ST URBULANC E � FREQUENC Y / ROTOR ROTAT I ON F�EQJENCY? ' )
{o\ C C E P T * I F T U R B
T't P E 1 0 1 6
i 0 j F., F ORMA T ( ' S T U R B U L A N C E I NT EN S I T Y ? ' }
,t, C C E P T * t T U F!E: I

65
: 0 ;7 FORMAT : ' S Y A W ERROR , �EGREE S ? ' I
A C C E P T * , · o::;w

C � H A � G � S T A T I O N C Y D RD . T W I S T
400 TYPE 1 0 1 3
1013 �oRMAT ! ' $STAT I ON TO CHANGE? ' )

T Y P E 1 C: 1 �1. 1 C H ( I I
:. C; i ..:: F O R M A T \ ' !t.· D LD C H O R D · , ?' 7 , ..: , ' f\l E I,� C H ORD? .. )

Tr'" P E 1 e: 1 s , r �rD
. ;··, i r=; F O RM � T ( ' $ O L D T W I S T ' , ? ? . 4 ,

I NP U T
1 = 1 t N S T AT
'T Y P E l. 0 ! .£, , I
F O R �1;1 7 ( ·· FOP S T A T l OW , 1 :;.: , ' CMO , �1 f-i ? . '$ )
.

AC C E P T * t C M O ( I l , CMA ! I >
G C! T C) 5
r
·-:

C ··n : .l\.D !::? I NPUT

4EO T Y P E 1 0 38
1 0 35 F O R M AT ! ' $R U N HEA�E P � ' I
ACCEPT 1 0 4 1 , H E AD : R

GOT05
c
C P E A L ? O T O R D I M E N S I ON S
500 TYPE 1 0 0 7
1 0 07 F O R M A T ( ' $ R O T O R RAD I US IM) , R A TE OF R OT A T I O N C RPM ) ? ' )
ACCEPT * 1 R A D I US , R P M
T''!' P E 1 0 1 0
:010 F O R M A T ( ' $ D E N S I TY I KG / M �*3 l ? ' I
A C CEPT * , RHO
GOT05
c
C � N A L Y Z E P R OP ! ! !
C S E T R l I I F N EEDED > , GET D E L T A R A D I U S
600 l F ( R l . L T . HU B ) R l = HUB
D R A D = I R2 - R 1 ) / NA N A L
TY'PE 1 0 2)2
1 0 S2 FORMAT ! ' DELTA BETA A N G LES � I N I T I AL , F I NAL , I N C �EME NT? '$)
ACCEPT • , FS , F F , FD
T''i' P E 1 0 1 -=�
:019 FORMAT ! ' SHOW ELEMENT DATA? '$)
f1,C C EPT 1 0 2 :3 , 1 S
TYPE 1 0 25
1 0 25 FORMAT ( ' I N C RE M E NT X OR J ? '$)
ACCEPT 1 0 2:3 , I N C \!
TYPE 1 0 2 0 , I r\l C \1
:. 0 2 C· F O R f1A T \ A 3 , ·· S T f.'1 PT :· E f'J J , I NC R E !'1E N T ? ·· $. )
A C C EPT * t XJS , XJ E , DXJ

1 0 S5 F O R M A T ! ' $O U T P U T TO ! TT : t LS : , DR F I LE N A ME ! ? ' l

66
 f.\ C C E P T � 0 1 2., F f,!
101? FORMAT I 8 A 4 l
O P E N I U N I T = l O , N AM E = FN l
c
C :l U'T i? �JT l-·I E A D E R
59 0 C A L L D A T E I DA T I
C A L L T ! ME I T I !Y! )
\..-!-R I T E ! 1 0 , 1 0 5 1 > r·! E A D E :;.� , D 1:\ 7 , T l f"1 1 F.: N , C O N E , H U F.i
:. o ::: � F O R M A T ( 1 0 :X: , ·· A E POV I POf'·4 M Ei\l'� R O T O R A fl.! f.:i l Y S I S P P O G F i1f'l ' l
+ 1 8X 1
...

B t1 F.� T D , H I �:: :c:s 1 =� s �r ' 1 1 : x 1 :;:: o p,.,u /

.
+
·· .

,!l,f\]{1 L Y' E; l s P F.: R F O P1•1ED ON ! :·� �\ ·4 I 1 A 1 •' AT t :7-• p, : . / /

+ ·· R O T O R G E CH'1E T F!'r' ·· / /
.•

+ ' N U M B E R D F BLA�E 3 : . , T 2 0 , F 4 . 0 , I C O N E A N G L : . D : G R E E S t ' , T4 5 1 F 6 . 1 /

� · HUB R A : l US � ' , 7 2 0 , �6 . 8 / l
I..J P ! T E ( 1 0 ' l () 2 8 �·
�.t?. I TE ( 1 0 1 :! O L () l LT :: P ! LHU:E:
:: o : . c
. FOF( f'1 A T 1 T r P L :J t::�:> :-.w JEL � I r 8 I ··
' ·· HUEl t.o s: s r·1 D D EL � • , 1 :7� :·
W R ! TE 1 1 0 , 1 0 8 9 l NS E C , B � F OT , � AN A L , R l , R2
l O �S F O R M A T ( / ' A N ALYS I S ? A R A METERS ' / /
.,. I 4 , ' C I R C IJM F E RE N T A L STAT l O N S A N A L I Z E D O V E R ·· , F 5 . 1 .• ·· R O T A T I ON S ' /
+ I 3 , ' E L E M E N T S A NA L I ZED O V E R A RAD I US R A N G E F R O M ' , F 5 . 8
.
... , •' T O . I F5 . 3 )
I F I MO D E . E Q , j ) W R I TE 1 1 0 , 1 0 8 3 )
I F U•1 0 D E . N E . l I WR I T E ( 1 0 , 1 0 3 4 1
1 0 88 F OR MA T ! R O T O R A N A L YZED A S W I N D TIJRB I NE ' )
I

:. o :�� ·!. ::- o R M A T < ·· ROTOR A r\J AL·t z E D A s ? R O P E L L·E R , '

! F I U S E A P . E G L 0 , l WR I T:::< 1 0 , 1 0 2 7 )
: 0 27 F O R M A T ( ' SW I R L T!RM SUPP R E S S E D ' )
I F I M O DE . NE . 1 > G O T 0 6 1 5
r F ( M O DE D Y . E G! , 1 ) Y.Ji-1 J TE ( :l 0 , �. 0 ·42 )
1 0 �2 FORMAT ! ' D Y NAM I C S T ALL E F F E C TS I NC L UDED ' )
W R I TE i l O , 1 0 5 4 l WE X P , H H , W W I DTH , W D E F , T U R B I , Y A W , F 7 1JRB
1 0 54 FORMAT ( / ' N O N UN I FO�M FLOWS ' / /
+ ' W I ND E X P O N E N T � ' , T25 , F 6 . 8 , ' H U B HE I G H T / RA D I US : ' , T5 5 , F 6 . 8 /
+ '' T O W E R W A K E W I DT :-J ; · , T2 5 , F 6 . :3 , · W A K E D EF I C ! T' � ' , T'5 5 , F 6 . :3 /
+ ' T U R B UL A N C E I N 7 E N S I TY � ' T2 5 , F 6 . 3 ,
+ ' Y A W E R R O R , D E G R EE S : ' , T5 5 , F6 . 3 /
+ ' T U R B U L A N C E FRE QUEN C Y / R O T O R R O T A T I O N F R EQUE � C Y : ' , T55 , F6 . 3 l
E· I. 3 W R I TE ( 1 0 t l. () 0 5 ) R A IH u s ' R P M I R H O
l 0 05 FORMAT ( / ' D I MENS I ONAL VALCES ' / /
+ ' R O T O R R A D I US � · , T 2 5 : F 9 . 1 , ' M ' /
+ ' R O T OR RATE OF R O T A T I ON ; ' , T 25 , F 9 . 2 , I R PM ' /
+ '' D E N S I TY' : I ' T25 , F 9 . :3 , ' KG / M * * 3 ' )
\.>JR I TE ( 1 0 , 1 0 4 3 l
1 0�8 F O R M AT ! / ' B L A D E S T A T I ON D A T A ' / ' S T A T I O N R A D I US C HORD TW I S T '
1 t .• c f"i 0 M ,!l, I )
DO 6 2 0 I :::i , N S T A T
T W D = TW < I l * D R
620 W R I TE ( 1 0 , 1 0 47 ) I , R S T A T < I l , C H C I l , T W D , C M O ( I ) , C M A < I )
l 0 -47 FORMAT < I 6 , 5F9 . 4 )
D O 6 3 0 I = 1 , NSTAT
WR I TE ( 1 0 , 1 048 l J
1 048 F O R M A T ( / ' A I RF O I L S E C T I ON D A TA F OR S T AT I ON ' , 1 8 / ' ALPHA CL ' ,
1 ' ALPHA CD ' >
N = M A X O I NP L I J ) , NP D ( I l )
D O E. 3 0 J = l , N
WR I TE ( 1 0 , 1 0 4 9 ) A L ( J , 1 ) I C L ( J , I ) I A D < J , I ) I C D \ J , 1 )
1 049 F O R M A T ( 2F 9 . 4 , 5 X , 2F 9 . 4 l
6 :3 0 C ONT I NUE
c

67
C �·';' A P T i,;_i I T l-1 F : R ::;T F EP. 'l' HEP A f\i G L E
-r
� FLR = F L / DR
c
C F ! RST X l OR J l V A LUE
XJ =XJS
I !=' ( I S . f\J E , l. ;..n· ) J,.,i p � 7'E t. 1 0 ; l. 0 :::: 1 )
: RESET I NT E G R A T E D V A L U E S

- T Y E r r R S T X OR J VA LUE

I F l ! N C V . E Q , l HJ l X = P I / XJ
I ? ( I S , EQ , Hf'!' ) l�P I T E ( 1 0 , 1 0 :3 6 ) F L , X
): :. .• t
� O R M A T ! / ' B L A D E ELEMENT D A T A F O R D E L T A
1 F6 l 2/ ' R /RO THETA VEL A f.\ f'J c
CL CD DPC DTC
E T P. ·· )
LODFTHPU A L L P.{\ D I A L E L E f'i E N T S
71 � D O 7 8 0 I = l , N A N AL
C R A D I U S OF T H I S S E C T I O N
P =DRAD* I I - . 5 l +R 1
C : H ORD , TW I S T , AUGMENTAT I ON OF TH I S SECT I ON
C HU = A L O O K I C H , R S T A T , R , N S TA T l
l F ! C HU . E Q , E R C O D E ) G O T 09 9 0
T W U = A L O O K ! TW 1 R S T A T 1 R 1 N S T A T )
C M O U = A L OOK I C M O , R S T A T 1 R , N S T A T l
C M A U = A L O O K C C M A , R S T AT , R , N S T A T l
C RESET SE C T I ON D A T A S U B R O U T I NE
I DF L G = 1
C AL L S E C DA T ! C H U , R , R S T A T , NS T A T , A N G , O . , F ,
1 NP L , A L , C L , N P D , A D , C D , C L U , C D D l
C F I RS T GUESS FOR A, A PR I ME
A 1 =0 .

C S O L I D I T \'
S L = B N * C HU / I P ! * C O P * R * 2 • )
C LOOP T H R U A L L A N NU L A R E L E M E N T S
D O 7 8 0 N S :: l , N S E C
T H E T A = 36 0 . * B L R O T * I NS - , 5 l / N S E C
1 DF L G = 2
C N O N UN I FORM F L O W
C AL L N U F L < VX , VC , V R , X , R , T H E T A , HH , W E X P , W W ! D T H , W D E ? , F T U RB , T U RB I , Y A W )
C RE S E T A , A PR I ME STEP V AL U E S
,'1 1< = 0 . 0
APY = O . O
C START OF I TER A T I O N LOOP
C L O C A L A U G M E N T A T I ON
73 0 C M= CM O U - CMAU*A l
C LOCAL FLbW V E L O C I T I E S
V I = VX * C M * C OP + V R • S I P
VJ = ( l . +AP l ) * R *X+VC
W = S QR T I V l * * 2 + V J • • 2 1
C J r,J F L O\J.,I AN G L E
P = 1 , 57
I F I V J . N E . O , l P = A T A N2 1 V I , V J '
I F C AB S ( P I . LT , 1 E - 5 ) P = 1 E - 5
CO=COS I P )
S l =S I N C P I
68
C A N G L E OF A T T A C K
A =P - TWU - FLP
A N G = A * D R * f"I O D E
C T I P AND HUB LOSSES
FT= 1 .
I F n...T I P . E G.1. 1 > F T :::P R A N D < B N , 1. • , R , s.r l
F" H = 1 I
I F I L H UB . E Q , l , AN D . H UB . N E . O . l F H = P R A N D I BN , R , H U B , S i l
F =FT * FH
C C L, P, �JD c r)
C A L L S E C DAT I C H U , R , R S T A T 1 NS T AT , A N G , T H E T A , F ,
1 N PL , A L , C L , NP D , A D , C D , C L U , C D D l
C L L :::C L U * M O D E
C F I ND A2
DC H = SL * W � W * C LL * C O / I V X * * 2 )
I F I D C H . L T . , 9 6 l A2 = 1 . 5 � . 5 * S Q RT i l . - D C H ) 1 / F
I F ! D C H , G E , . 9 6 l A 2 = 1 . 1 4 8 + SQRT I . 0 2 3 0 - . 6 4 2 * 1 • 88 9 - D C H l ) l / F
C F I ND A PR I ME 2
A P 2 = S L * C LL * W * U S E A P / ( 4 , * F * X * R l
C F I N� NEW A l , A P l F O R N E XT I T E R A T I O N
C AL L A I T ER I A 1 , A2 , A K l
C A L L A I TE R I A P 1 , A P 2 , A P K l
79 0 l F I A B S I A K l . G T , . O O O l . OR . A B S I AP K l . G T , , O O O l l G O TO 780
C L O O P O V ER , C OM P U T E S T U F F
C L O C A L V .O, L U E S
P H I = P * DR
T C L = SL * W * W * I C L L * C O + C DD * S I ) * M O D E
Q C L = S L * W * W * R * MO D E t C C � L � S I - C D D * C O l / C OP
PC L =: X * Q C L
TCLW= 4 , * A 1 * C M * F * MODE
A l = A l * MODE
A P 1 = A P HH'1 0 D E
C TL = T C L * P I 8 8 / I X * X )
C PL = PC L * P l 48 / I X * X * X >
ETA = O ,
I F I P C L , NE , O . l ET A = A B S I T C L / PC L )
I F I ET A . CT . l . l ET A = l , / E T A
C . I NT E G R A T E D V A L U E S
T C W = T C W+ T C L W * D R AD * 2 • * R / NS E C
T C = T C + T C L * D R AD * 2 • * R / NS E C
Q C = QC + Q C L * DR A D * 2 • * R / N S E C
I F I I S . EQ , l H Y l WR I TE i l O , 1 0 24 l R , T H E T A , V X , A 1 , AP 1 , P H I , AN G 1 C LU ,
.
1 CDD , PCL , 7 C L , QCL , CP L , C T L , ETA
1 0 24 FORMAT I F8 . 4 , F 8 , 2 , 3F 8 . 4 , 2 F 8 . 2 , 8 F S . 4 >
C T E L L S E C T I O N D A T A R O U T I NE T O A D V A N C E T O N E W S T A T I O N
I DFLG = 3
C AL L S E C D A T I C HU , R , R S TA T , N S T A T 1 AN G , T H E T A , F 1
1 NP L , A L , C L , N P D , A D , C D , C LU , C D D l
780 C ONT I NUE
C DONE W I T H ALL S T A T I ON S
P C = GC* X
C T = T C *P I 38 / ( X *X >
C P = P C * P l 48 / I X * X * X )
AJ =P I / X
C D I M E N S I ON A L S T UFF
P WR = C P * R H O * RPM * * 3 * RA D I U S * * 5 * 1 , 4 8 1 4 8E - 7
T HR = C T * R H O * RP M * * 2 * R A D I US * * 4 * 4 , 4 4 4 4 44E - 6
V EL O = AJ * R P M * RA D l US / 8 0 ,
ET A = O .
I F I P C , NE , Q , > ET A = AB S I TC / P C l

69
 I F ( ETA . GT , l ) ETA= l , / ETA
Ff'i = 0 '

J .F ( I E . E Q , 1 H \' ) ',...JPI T E \ 1 0 , 1 0 2 1 >

FORMAT ! / ' D BETA X PC TC Gl C T C !t,l J
CP CT ETA Ff''i

, T C vJ , A,..lt C F· , C T , E T {-1 , Ff'1 ,. V E L D

i,,iR I T E \ 1 0 , 1. (l 2 2 ) F L 1 X ; ?• C , T C , Q C P 11J R , !' i-IR
.•

� 0 22 F O ? M A T i ! X , F5 , 1 , F S . 2 , 4 F 9 . 4 � F7 , 3 1 2 F i 0 . 5 , 2F B . 4 , F 7 . 2 , 2 F i 0 . 4 l
\. J = X J + D >: .J
! F I X J , LE , X J E i G O TO 710
�· L = F L + F :)
I � ! F L . L E . F F . A ND , FD . G T , O . > G O TO 705
C L O E: E ( !..J f'J I T ::: 1 0 )

c:
c

SUB R O U T I NE S E C T ON C I , NP L , A L , C L , N P D , A D , C D l
C READ I N SEC T I ON DATA
D I M E N S I ON AL < 50 , 2 0 l 1 CL I 5 0 1 2 0 1 , AD I 50 , 2 0 l , CD I 5 0 , 2 0 l
D I MENS I ON NP L I 2 0 l , NP D I 2 0 1 , F N I 3 )
C SEE WHERE TO GET THE DATA
TYPE 1 0 0 2 , l
FORMAT ! ' FOR STAT I ON ' , I 4 ' DATA S O UR C E ? '$)
ACCEPT * ' ,J
I F I J . G T , O ) G0T0 1 2 0
I F ( J , EQ , - 1 ) GOT020 0
C K EY I N PUT , GET # OF CL P O I NT S
1 60 TYPE 1 0 0 3
1 009 FORMAT ! ' NUMBER O F PO I NTS IN C L C UR V E ? '$)
A C CEPT * 1 NPL 1 l )
C G ET THE ALPHA , C L P O I NTS
D O 1 3 0 J = l , NP L C i l
TYPE 1 004, J
1 0 04 F O R M A T ( ' P O I N T ·· , I 4 , ·· ALPHA , C L? '$)
1 30 A C C EP T * t A L I J , I l , C L I J , I I
1 005 F O R M AT I 3F 1 5 . 0 1
T''I"PE 1 0 07
C THE CD C UR V E
1 007 FORMAT ! ' NUMBER O F PO I NTS IN CD CURVE? '$)
A C C E P T * , NPD i l )
DO 1 40 J = l , NP D ! I >
T'Y P E 1 0 0 8 , ,J
:1 0 0 2 F O R f"l A T < ·· PO INT ·' , I 4 t ' ALPHA , CD? ·' $ )
1 40 A C C E P T * ' AD < J t l ) , C D < J , I >
C GO AND SET THE REST TO ZERO
GOT0230
c
C D U P L I C A TE FROM A N O THER S T A T I ON
1 20 DO 1 5 0 N = 1 , 5 0
AL ( N , I ) = AL ( N , J l
C L ( f\l , I l = C L < N , .J )
A D (T\1 ' I ) = A D ( N I J )
1 50 CD ( N , I l =CI H N, J )
N PL \ I l = N P L ( J )
N PD ( I ) = N P D < J l
R E T U R f\1

70
c
C R E AD I N D AT A F I LE
200
F O R M A t ! ' A I RF O I L
TYPE 1 0 0 9
1 009 SE CT I ON DATA F I LE NAME? ' $ )
A CCEPT l O O O , FN
1 000 F O R M A T I 3A 4 l
O P E N ! U N I T = 9 , T Y P E = ' O LD ' , N AM E = F N , E R R = 2 0 0 l
R E AD I 9 , * > NP L I I )
DO 210 J = l , N PL i l )
:::-1 o r;;: E A D ( 9 , * i AL c ...1 , r l , c L < ,J , 1 ,
R E A D i 9 , * ) NP D I I l
DO 220 J = l , NP D C i l
2 :2 0 I C D ( ...T , I )
R E A D i 9 , * ) AD ( ,J , I )
C L O S E I UN I T = 9 )
C SET T H E R E S T TO Z E R O
220 D O 2 4 0 J = NPD I ! ) + 1 , 5 0
AD ( J I I ) = 0 .
240 CD ( J , l ) =0 ,
DO 2 5 0 J = N PL C I > + 1 , 5 0
AL ( J , I > = O ,
25 0 CL ( J , I I = 0 ,
R ETUPN
END
c
c
C F' R AN D T L T I P L O S S M O D E L
F U NC T I ON P R A N D < B , R l , R2 t S I I
F = E XP i - A BS I B * < R 1 - R2 l / C R 2 * S I * 2 ) ) )
P R A N D = 1 . - . 6 36 6 2 * A T A N I F / SQ RT I 1 , - F * F ) )
RETURN
END
c
C I TE R A T I ON R O U T I NE
S U B R O U T I N E A I TE R I A 1 , A2 , A K l
I F I AK , E Q , O , l AK = . 5 * 1 A 2 - A 1 )
I F < AB S I A 1 + A K � A2 > . GT , A B S C A t - A K - A2 l l AK = - A K * • 5
I F I A B S < A l + A K - A 2 l . G T . AB S C A 1 + A K * · 5 - A2 l ) AK = A K * , 5
A ! =A l +AK
RETURN
END
c
C NON U N I F O R M FLOWS
c
S U B R O U T I NE NUFL i VX , V C , VR , X , R , T H E TA , H H , W E XP , W W I D T H , W D E F , F T , T I , Y l
D A T A D R , F' I / 57 . 2 9 5 8 , 8 , 1 4 1 5 9 /
XBL = R * S I N < T H ETA / D R l
YB L = R * C O S I TH E T A / DR >
C �J I N D S H E A R
V = ( l . + YB L / HH > * * WEXP
C T OWER S H A D O W
I F C AB S < XBL I . GT . WW I D T H / 2 • • 0 R , YB L . GT , O . I G OT0 1 0
V = V * I 1 . - W D E F * I C O S C XB L * P I / WW I DT H l l * * 2 >
C TUJ�BIJLAN C E
10 V = V * C l . + T I * C O S I T H E T A * FT / D R l l
C OFF AX I S F L O W
VX = V * C O S C Y / DR >
VC = V * S I N I Y / DR l * C O S C TH E T A / DR >
VR = V * S I N I Y / DR ) * S I N I T H E T A / D R l
R ET U R N
END

71
C SEC T I ON DAT� ! DYNAM ! C S TALL
S U B R O U T I NE S E C D AT I C . R , R S , N S , A N G , T H , F , N P L , A L , C L , NPD ,
l A D , C D , C L U , C D U :1
D I M E N S I ON AL ( 5 0 1 2 0 1 1 C L 1 5 0 , 2 0 l , A D I 5 0 , 2 0 1 . C D I 5 0 , 2 0 1
D I ME N S I O N NPL I ? O I , NP D I 2 0 1 1 RS I 2 0 l
C OMMON / ER / E R C O D E
C OMMON / D Y N A M / M O D E D Y , I DF L C
DATA GAMMA , DR / 6 0 . , 57 . 29 5 8 /
c c- T o 1 s , 1 o o , s 1 o > r D F L G
C R E SE 7 THE R O U T I NE
5 MODESV = 5
C F I ND S T A T I C STALL ANGLE
A f\J C: = O ,
F =: 1 ,
C ALL S D ! R , RS , N S , A N G , F , NP L , A L , C L , N P D , AD , C D , C L U , C DU >
1 0 C LLST = C L U
A N G =: A f\l G + , 5'
C ALL S D I R , RS , N S , A N G , F , N PL , AL , C L , N P D , A D , C D , C LU , C DU >
I F I C L U - , 0 2 5 . G T . C L LST I G O T 0 1 0
A f\J G Ei S = A f\l G .. I '5
C L S S = C LL ST
RETURN
C SET NON - DYNAM I C D A T A , S E E WH I C H M O DE
1 00 CALL S D t R , R S , N S , A N G, F , N P L , AL , C L , NPD , A D , C D , C L U , C D U l
I F I M O D E DY . NE . l l RE T U R N
M O DE = M O D E S V
S I = S I N I A N G / DR I
G O TO I 1 1 0 , 2 0 0 , 3 0 0 , 4 0 0 , 5 0 0 1 M O D E S V
c
C MODE 1 ; S I MPLE A T T A C HED FLOW
1 1 0 I F I AN G . L E . AN G S S , O R . A N G . LE . A N G L S T , O R , A N G L S T . G T . A N G S S > R E T U R N
MODE = 2
c
C f'1 0 D E 2; DYLAM I C PRE - STALL
200 I F I ANG . GT . ANGSS > GOT02 1 0
C NO D 'r" N A M I C S T A L L
M O DE = l
RETURN
210 D A DT = I A N G - AN G L S T I / C T H - TH L S T l
C D Y NA M I C , BUT A T T A C H E D
A N GD S = A N G S S + G A M M A * S QR T I A M AX l i PA DT * C / 2 , / R , O , l )
I F I AN G . G T . A N G D S I G O T 0 2 2 0
CLU=CLSS+ , 1 * 1 ANG - ANGSS J
l� ETURN
220 MODE = 3
C START O F V O R T E X R O L LOFF
CLU = C L S S + . l * C AN G - AN G S S l
THD S = T H
D C L = AM I N 1 1 2 . , 4 0 , * DA D T * C / R )
C LM AX = A M A X 1 1 C L U , C LS S + DC L l
c
C M O DE 3 ; V O R T E X R O L L OFF M O D E
300 I F ( ( T H - T H D S l • R I C / DR . G T . l , l GO T 0 3 1 0
C I N I TA L V O R T E X R O L L O F F
C LU � A M I N l i C L M A X , C L S S + . l * I AN G - A N G S S l l
CDU=CLU*SI
RETURN
310 I F ! I TH - THDS l * R / C / D R . G T . 2 l G O T 0 3 3 0
C F I NA L VORTEX ROLLOFF
C LU = C L �1 A X

72
 C DU = C !...U * S l
RETURN
83 0 MODE=4
C STALLED
TH O = T H
c
C L I FT D E C A Y M O D E
400 E X P T = E XP ! ! TH O - TH I * 2 * R / C / D R I
I F I E X P T . LT . O . O l l GO T 05 0 0
C STALLED
C LU = < C L M A X - C L U > * E X P T + C L U
C D U = ! C LM A X * S l - C DU l * EX P T + C DU
RETURN
c
C F LOW R E A T T A C H E D
5 0 1) MODE= 1
RETURN
C SAVE LAST MODE , ANCLE AND . THETA
510 MODE S V = M O D E
ANCLS T = Af\J G
T HL S T = TH
RETURN
END
c
c
C SECT I ON DATA , I NT E R P O L A T E BETWEEN 2 S T A T I ON S
S U B R O U T I N E S D I R , R S , N S , A NG , F , NPL , A L , C L , N PD , A D , C D , C L U , C DU )
D I ME N S I ON A L C 5 0 , 2 0 1 , CL ( 5 0 , 2 0 l , AD < S 0 , 20 1 , C D I 5 0 , 2 0 )
D I ME N S I ON N PL I 2 0 > , NP D I 2 0 ) , R8 1 2 0 1
C OM M O N / ER / ER C O D E
C F I ND S T A T I O N S W E A R E BETWEEN
DO 1 0 I 2 = 2 , N S
I F C R , L T . R S I I 2 > > GO T 0 2 0
10 C ON T I N U E
20 I 1 = I2- 1
C AL L G E T SE C I I 1 , ANG , F , NPL , A L , C L , N PD , A D , C D , C L 1 , C D 1 >
C AL L G E T S E C I I 2 , A NG , F , NPL , AL , C L , N PD , A D , CD , C L 2 , C D2 l
F 1 = 1 RS I I 2 > - R l / I RS I I 2 > - RS I I 1 > l
F 2 = < R - RS I I 1 ) ) / C R S I ! 2 1 - RS I I 1 ) )
C L U = C L 1 * t 1 + C L2� F 2
C D U = C D 1 *F l + C D2*F2:
RETURN
END
c
C SE C T I ON D A T A S U B R O U T I NE , V I T E R N A M O D E L M O D I F I ED BY TANGLER
c
S U B R O U T I NE G E T S E C C I , AN G , F , NPL , A L , C L , NP D , A D , C D , C LU , C D D l
D I ME N S I O N A L I 5 0 , 2 0 > , C L I 5 0 , 2 0 l , AD I 5 0 , 2 0 l , C D C 5 0 , 2 0 1
D I ME N S I ON NPL I 2 0 l , NP D 1 2 0 > , C D DS I 4 ) , A C D D S I 4 )
D A T A C DD S , A C D DS / 1 5 . , 2 0 . , 25 . , 27 . 5 , . 1 , . 1 7 5 , . 275 , . 3 5 8 /
C O M M O N / ER / ER C O D E
DATA T C , DR / . 1 5 , 57 . 2958 /
C LU = A P O LT < I , AN G ; A L , C L , N PL I I l l
C D D = AP O LT I I , A N G , A D , C D , NP D I I l I
I F I C D D . NE . E R C O DE . A ND � C L U . N E . E R C O D E I R E T U R N
C F I ND AR
AR= 1 7
I F I F . GE • • 8 9 5 l G O T0 1 0
AR=2*F / 1 1 - F l
10 C D M A X = 1 1 . + . 0 6 5 * AR l / 1 . 9 + T C l
C MAX ANGLES FOR C L A N D C D IN TABLE
A S D = AD i NPD I I l , I l / D R
A SL = A L ( NPL ( I i , I ) / DP
A =: A N C: / D R
:E:2 :: I C D I !'J P D I J ) , . I l - C D I'1 PlX * S i r\! I A S D l ) / C O S C A S D l
A 2 = ( CL < NP L ( I l , I > - C D M A X * S I N I A S L > * C O S I A S L l l * S I N I AS L l / C O S I A S L l * * 2
c C: l_

c �-· .U
�. ·-.

I F I C D D , NE , E R C O D E ) R E T U R N
C D D = A L O O K I C D D S , A C D D S , A NG , 4 )
c: C I)
l F I C D D . E Q , E R C O D E > C D D = C D M AX * S I N I A > + B 2 * C O S I A l
F: E T U R f\1
E f'·J D
c
: I NTERPOLA T I ON R O U T J NE
F U N C T ! ON A P O L T I I 1 A N G 1 A t C 1 NM l
D I MENS I ON A I 50 , 20 ) , C ( 50 , 20 )
C OMMON / ER / ERC ODE
APO L T = ER C O D E
I F I AN G . L T . A I 1 1 I l . OR , AN G . GT , A I NM , l l l R E T U R N
N= 1
50 N = N -r· 1
I F I A I N , I l , LT . ANG l GOT050
A P O L T = C I N - 1 , I ) + I C ( N , I ) - C I f\l - 1 , I I I 1!· I A N G - A I N - 1 , I ) ) I •: A I N , ! l - A I N - 1 , I )
F.: E T U R N
E f\! D
c
F UN C T I O N A L O OK I F , X , X O , N l
C F U N C T I ON T O F I N D V A L U E O F FIX) AT X=XO
D I ME N S I ON F I N > , X C N I
C OM M O N / E R / ER C O D E
I F I E R C OD E . E Q . O , I ER C O D E = - 9 9 9 9 9 ,
N N = f\J - 1
DO 1 0 I = 1 I [\)f\l
X l =X I I >
X2=X I I + l I
D l = A E:S I X l - X O I
D2=ABS I X2 - X O l
D O = AB S I X l - X2 l
I F I D 1 , L E . D O . AN D , D2 . L E . D O l GO T 0 1 0 0
l. O C ON T I NUE
C X NOT FOUND I N RANGE
A L O O I:: = E R C O D E
R E :'f i..J R f\l
C CA L C ULA T E V A L UE O F ' F C X O l
1 00 I F I X2 . NE . X 1 l GO T 0 1 1 0
ALOOK = , 5 * 1 F I I l + F I I + 1 l l
RETURN
1 10 FAC = I X O - X l l / I X2 - X l l
ALOOK = F I I > + FAC * I F < I + l ) - F ( I ) I
RETURN
EI\ID

74
 AEROVI RONMENT ROTOR ANALYS I S PROGRAM
FAP.T D , H I BBS 1 984

MO� 0 I N W I ND SHEAR

ANALYS I S PERFORMED ON l l �JUL-84 AT l 7 : 27 t l 7

ROTOR GEOMETRJ'

�·UJ: 0 , 0'52
�MFEP. OF BLADES : 2, CONE qNGLE, DEGREES 3 , 00
P.AD I US:

LOSS NODELS
0 : NONE

.I
l : PRAN:JTL
T I P LOSS MODEL: HUB LOSS MODEL:

�NI\LYS I S PARAMETERS

�
1 '3 EI.01ENTS ANALIZED OVER A RAil IUS RANGE FROM O , 052 TO
C J RCUMFEF!ENTAL STAT I O�S A�ALI ZED OVER 0 . 5 POTAT I O�S
� , 000
POTOP. ANALYZED AS W I NDTUR B ! NE

NOfJ UN I FORM FLOWS

l.I U�D EXPONErrr: 0 .: 1 -4:3 J.i!JB HE ICHTIRADIUS 1 0 . 974

TU?.BIJLAtJCE I NTENS ITY:

TQ\.IEFf' WAY.E W I DTHt 0 . 000 WAt:E DEF I C I T : o . ooo
0, O IJ O YAW ERROP., DECREES: o . ooo
TUP.BULANCE FF!EQUENCY/F!OTOP ROTAT I ON FREQUENCY : o . ooo '
I
11 D I MENS I ONAL VALUES

P.AD IUS:
F!llTOP. RATE OF
F.'OTt'P. 19.5 M

1 . 220 J<C/111113
ROTAT I ON : 20 . 1;0 RPM
DEtJS JTY:

STAT ! ON PAD I US
E:L/\DE . STAT I ON DATA
CHORD Tlrl l ST CMO MA

0 . 2085
I Q . OS2 l 0 . 0297 o . oooo t . 0000 t . oooo

? • • 0000
2 0 . 0782 o . oooo t . 0000 t . oooo
0 . 4072 () , 0782 o . oooo t . oooo

O . Q l\ 00
4 !' . �267 0 . 0657 0 . 000(.1 t . oooo 1 . 00(10

O , I)QI)O • • 0000
5 0 . 67 1 7 0 . 06 1 2 1 . 0000 J . 0000
6 IJ , (;;-23 0 .!.' 6 1 6 J . (.1000

8
1) . 9759 (1 . 03.o!2 o . oooo
�
t . 0000 J . 0000
1 . 01)00 o . oooo o . oooo J , OOIJO t . 0000

I
CL 1:\�.PIN
A l P.F"O J I. SECT I ON DATA FOR STAT I ON

·· 4 . : i)OO
1.\LPHA CD
- 4 . 0(!()� - 0 . �000 (l . ooes

4 . :J i)0 0
C . O'iOO !) , 1 000 1) , 1)1) 0 {\ 0 . 0082
-� . OI'O 'J
e. . oooo
1) . 4400 0 . 0095
1) . 820() J3 , Q !J O O !) . 0 1 23

1 � . 000'> J , 40Cil 1_ 2 . •)O Q O

1 2 . 0 fi C O t . 1 300 J. O , (lOQO o . o t sz

1 :- . oooo 1 4 . 90!)�
0 . •:1 202

� . oooo o . o oo o
1 . 2001) (.1 , ()2'50
I "7 . 'NOO

:
:> . 1}520

A J PF" O H . SEC T l ON IIATA roP STAT I 0111 2

 ALPHI\ CL 1\LPHI\ CD
- L , i){l(\0 - 0 . 8000 ·· 4 . O Q OO 0 . 0085
o . OO B2
Q , 44!JO . 0000
0 . <)000 o . 1 0 00 o . oooo
4 . 0000 4 0 . 0095
8 - 0 0 00
0. 0 1 52
0 . 8200 B - 00 0 0 0 . 0 1 23

I · 4000
J :;:' . O(l()(l t . 1 20 0 1 0 . 0000
1 5 . 0000 1 :2 . 0 (} 0 0 0 . ()202

F" . o o o o
1 7 . 1) 0 0 0 t . 2000 1 4 . 0000 0 . 0250
() , 0 0 0 (1 o . oooo 0 . 0520

A J P.F"O I L SECT I Q!\1 DATA tOP STAT t ON 8

ALPHA CL lll.PHA CD
-4- 0000 - 0 . 30 0 0 - 4 • 00 0 0 0 . 0085

0 . 4400
c. oooo o . t ooo o . oooo o . oos2

0 . 8200
4. 0 !' 0 0 4 . 0000 0 . 0095
�- . OOl\0 9 . 90 0 0 O dH 23
.t � . 0 0 0 0
1 '5 - 00 0 !) 1 2 . 00 0 0
t . 1 '30 0 I 0 - 0 1) 00 0 . 0 1 52

, ;· . Q(l()Q I · 2001) 1 4 . :101)0

J , 4QOO 0 . 0202
0 . 0250
C , Q (l 0 0 o . oooo 1 7 . 0000 0 . 0520

ll l F:F" O J L SECT I ON DATA FOP. STAT I ON 4

·· 4 . JQOO
·t:..PH'-'1 CL <lLPHI\ CD

:; , () (1 0 0
- • - . 1) 0 0 0 - 0 . 3000 o . oos5
(1 . 0 00 0
0 . 4400 4.
o . t ooo 0 . 0082
.t , 000()
f. , ()() :) O
00 00 o . oo95

, � . 000')
0 . 8200 9 . i>ooo :> . 0 1 2"3

I :2 . !) 0 0 0 0 . 0 2 02
1 . 1 300 1 0 . 0000 0 . 0 1 '52
1 !5 . "00') (. 4000
1 4 - 000 0
--..1 :: . voao
1 7 . 0 !> 0 :1 1 . 20 0 0 o . o.zso
t : , i)(lQO
0\
o . oooo 0 . 0520

A J PFO I L SECTION DATA FOP STAT I ON '5

ALPHA CL ALPHA CD
- 4 . 0000 - 0 . 3000 - 4 . 0000 o . ooss

!) . 4400 4 . 0 0 0 ()
o . oooo o . t ooo o . oooo 0 . 0082
.!. , (\!)00 0 . 0095
6 . 1)(100 0 . 8200 s . oooo 0 . 0 1 23
J £ , 000{•
1 5 . 00 0 0
1 . 1 ?00 1 0 . 0000 o . o t s2
1 . 4l\OO 1 2 . 0 00 0 0 . 02 0 2
1 7 . 000() 1 . 20 0 0 1 4 . 0 () 00 0 . 0250
o . oooo o . oooo 1 7 . 00 0 0 0 . 0520

FOP..
[ I)
A l PFO I L SECTJ O N DATA STATI OtJ G
ALPHA CL "l.PHA
- 4 . 0 0 (• 0
o.
- 4 . 0()00 - 0 . 3000 o . ooss

o . o ogs
o . oooo 1 000 o . oooo 0 . 0082

� . 0 1)00
.t , OOO(l (.1 , 4 4 0 0 4 . 0 0 00
s . oooo o . e2oo 0 . 0 1 2"?

1 . 40 0 0
1 2 . 0000 I · 1 300 1 0 . 0000 o . o 1 s2
1 5 . 00 0 0 1 2 . 00 0 0 0 . 0202

1 ;- . oooo
1 7 . {1 0 {1 0 I . 20 0 0 J A . QOO'J o . o2so
o . oooo o . oooo 0 . 05 2 0

A t PFO i l SECT I !:IN DATA Ff>P. STAT l OtJ 7

ALPHA CL ll:LPI-!A CII
- d , (l !) () (l - 0 , "3000 4 . ('1:•0 0 o . 0(•3':

4 . OOC·Q
o . oooo O . I OO Q {l . OQOO '.) . 00!32

f?. , OOOO
') , 440() 4 , () (1 0 0 0 . 0('95
0 - 8200 3 . 0')�10 0 . 0 1 2?
 1 2 . 000() 1 . 1 800 1 0 . 0000 0 . 0 1 52
1 5 . 0 0 •) 0 1 . 4000 1 2 . 0000 (.\ . 0202
1 7 . 0000 1 . 2000 J 4 , 0000 0 . 0250
o . oooo o . oooo 1 7 . 0000 0 � 0520

A I RFO I L SEC T I ON DATA FOP. STAT I ON 8

ALPHA CL ALPHA CD
- 4 . 0000 - 0 . 8000 - 4 . 0000 0 . 0085
o . o oo o 0 . 1 000 o . oooo o . 0082
4 , 0000 0 . 4400 ..t , oooo 0 . 0095
8 . 0000 0 . 8200 8 . 00 0 0 0 . 0 1 23
1 2 . 0000 1 . 1 :300 1 o . oooo o . o t s:z
1 5 . 0000 ' 1 . 4000 1 2 . 0000 o . o2o2
1 7 . 0000 1 . 2000 1 4 . 0000 0 · 0250
o . oooo o . oooo 1 7 . 0000 0 . 0520

X J
0 . 2 1 27
THP., t, NT
o . 0 1 ·3'5
D BETA PC TC QC TCW CP CT ETA FM VEL., M I S P•.JP , nl

() , O 1 2 . 57 1) . 3�<.18 t . t o;:·a 3 . 2'5 9 . €-7 1 5

o.o 15.71 0 . 97 l l 0 . 929 1 0 . 20() o . oooG7 0 · 0 1 525 0 . 2 1 90 2 . 2496 :z . es :z . 97E-7 5 . 074!?
o . s<�76 O o 0282 0 . 8627 o . zs o 0 . 002 1 7 0 . 02080 0 . 4 1 74 !;;. 92 1 E

o . s722 ·;:.') . 0450 1 0 . 7 '5 78

o. o 1 0 . 47 0 . 40 1 4 0 . 7'5'55 o . 038.3 0 . 7723 0 . :300 0 . 00426 0 , (12670 . 0 . 53 1 8 o . S 1 8o 4 . 0:.? 1 /?- . 95�6 s . 8e ? l

'5 . 36 1 2 . 48'54
o. o 8 . 98 O • ..tOOG 0 . 1)446 O o 6843 o . "3'50 0 . 00674 0 . 03234 0 . 5959 0 . 6879 4 . 69

!) . 65 1 '2
o.o 7 . 85 0 . :3779 Q . '5973 0 . 048 1 o . 6o5o O o :40 0 0 . 0(19'50 0 . 037'53 0 . 6325 0 . 6 1 08 4 2 . �(·5 1

1 5 . 4597
o. o 6 . 98 0 . 3459 0 . 53 1 2 o . o 495 0 . 5348 o . -'150 0 . 0 1 238 0 . 04224 0 . 55�6 6 . 08 35. 1 4 1 8 J 4 . 0S£5

� h l' l () . 4 24 1 8(1 • .? 1
o.o 6 . 28 0 . 3 1 09 0 . 47 36 0 . 049'5 0 . 47;3'5 0 . 500 o . o l '5 26 0 . 046'50 0 . 6'564 o . S242 6 . 69 ; :- . 'l8 4 d

5 . 24 () . 4 3 46 s . o::t
Q, O 0 . :2759 0 . 0483 0 . 4205 o . sso 0 . 0 1 80;3 () . 05038 0 . !;507 o . � o o4 7' . 25 19 J 6 , 7S00

1 8 . 92� 1
17.91 16
0 . 0 '5689
o.o 0 . 2425 O o 3808 0 . 0463 0 . 3739 0 . 600 0 . 020'57 O . OS28" () . 68(;7 9 1 . 6 1 '5 1

!) . 4;:"2'5
o.o 4 . 83 ' 0. 2 1 1 1 0 . ?4:29 0 . 0437 O o 3329 0 . 650 0 . 02277 0 . 6 1 57 () , 47'56 8 . 70 1 9 1 . <!'259

o • .t768
o. o 4 . 49 o . 1 822 0 . 3099 0 . 0405 0 . 297 1 0 . 7(10 0 . 0:<'454 0 . ()5954 0 . 5879 9 . 37 1 09 . 3394 1 9 . 8.d Z J

2 t . 2g 1 s
o. o 4. 19 0 . 1 560 0 . 2808 0 . 0372 0 . 26::!4 0 . 7'50 0 . 02585 0 . 06202 0 . 55'57 1 0 . 04 l i S . 1 46 8 20 . !; 336

0 . 0 303 0 . 48 4 2 l J , £18
o.o 3 . 93 o . t n5 0 . 2546 o . 0337 O o 2369 o . soo 0 . 02664 0 . 0641)() 0 . '5204 0 . 4848 10.71 1 1 8 . 6868

0 . 06 7 27 () , 4487 0 . '5 1 24
o.o 3 . 70 o. 1 1 2 1 0 . 23 1 5 o . :z u s o . sso 0 . 0'27(13 0 . 06569 Q , d969 1 2 (l , .cl2-t2 2 1 . 85•H>

() , ()
o. o 3 . 49 0 . 0949 0 . 2 1 1 '5 0 . 0272 O o 1 899 0 . 900 0 . 027 1 7 1 2 . 05 1 2 1 . ')240 ::? 2 . Ec798

23' "327" �-1

3.31 o . oao 1 o . 1 938 0 . 0242 0 . 1 706 0 . 9'5 0 o . o2697 O o 06869 0 . 4 1 33 () , 5:?26 1 2 . 72 1 20 . 1 657 22 . �545

2'3 . g.tg;-
o.o 8. 1 4 0 . 0679 0. 1 785 0 . 02 1 6 o . 1 537 t ;ooo 0 . 02668 () . (170 1 2 0 . 3805 o ; ss5z 1 3 . 39 1 1 S . SS52

() , 1 4 , 73 £.4 , 4£1)3
o. o 2 . 99 () . 0580 o. t 6S6 O o 0 1 94 0 . 1 39 1 · 1 . 050 0 . 02637 0 . 0 7 1 68 0 . 3503 o . SB08 1 4 . 06 1 1 7 , 457 1

f , I SO
o.o 2 .-a6 O o 0499 1 '345 0 . 0 1 7'5 o . 1 264 • • 1 00 0 . 02607 0 . 07240 o • .3229 0 . 608!; 1 1 6 . 1 436

I . 200 2':' . ��;- 1

o.o 2 . 73 0 . 0431 0. 1 448 . o . 0 1 58 0 . 1 1 '33 0 . 02574 0 . 0 75 1 8 0 . 2977 0 . 6390 1 5 . 4 (1 1 1 4 . E 67 1 25 . 0 l 2 d

2 . '5 1 0 . () 328 I , '2'50

o. o 2 . 52 0 . 0375 o. 1 864 0 . 0 1 43 o . t o56 0 . 02'544 () . 07 7 1 2 0 . 2749 () . 67 1 6 1 6 . 07 1 1 :3 . 3-·IG I

27 . 06 2 ?
o.o 0. 1 290 0. 0131 0 . 0969 0 . 025 1 6 0 . 079 1 7 0 . 2542 0 . 7065 1 6 . 74 l l 2 . 07 1 7 25 . '3400

() . 2 1 9 1
o.o 2 . 42 !) . 0289 o. 1 226 o . o 1 2o 0 . 0893 · · �0 0 () . 02492 0 . 08 1 34 0 . 2357 0 . 7427 17 . 41 1 1 1 . ()2;:"9

2 . 24 () , I o . s t 9"'
o.o 2 . 3.3 0 . 0256 O. I I G9 o.ouo 0 . 0827 1 . 850 0 . 0247'5 (1 . 08.370 0 . 7805 1 8 . 08 1 1 0 . 27 1 7 2� . �4'31=3

29 . 5�7'2
o.o 0 . 0229 1 20 o . o t o2 0 . 0769 1 . 4 00 0 . 02452 o . os6 H ! 0 . 20 4 1 1 8 . 75 1 1)9 . 6 9 7 7 28 . 6:- l t
o.o 2. 1 7 O o 020'5 o . 1 o7s 0 . 009'5 o . o7 1 G 1 . 450 0 . 024'54 0 . 08878 0 . 1 906 0 . 8602 1 9 . 42 l t\9 . 300!'\
o.o 2 . 09 0 . 0 1 84 o . 1 o3s 0 . 0088 O . OG67 1 . 500 0 . 0244 1 o . o� t ..s:; 0 . 1 780 0 . 90.36 2 0 . 08 1 08 . 73'5'5 30 . 4 1 '5 1
 AEP.OVI RONMENT R
OTOR ANAVI'S I S PROGRAM
BART D. H I BBS 1 984

ENERTECH 4 4 / 25 IN UNI FOP.�1 FLOW

ANALYS I S PERFORMED ON 26-JUL-84 AT 1 5 : 1 8 : 37

P.OTOR GEOMETRY

MJ�IE:ER OF BLADES: 3, CONE ANGLE, DEGREES 5 . 00

HUB RAD I US : 0 . 1 00

LOSS MODELS
0: NONE
1 : PRANDTL
T I P LOSS MODEL : HUB LOSS MODEL : 0

ANALYS I S PARAMETERS

IS ELEMENTS ANAL I ZE D OVER A RAD I US RANGE FROM 0 . 1 00 TO t . OOO

I C I RCUMFEPENTAL STATI ONS ANAL I ZED OVER 1 , 0 ROTAT I ONS

ROTOR ANALYZED AS W JNDTURB J NE

NON UN IFORM FLOWS

W I ND EXPONENT: 0 • 000 HUB •lEl CHT /RAD I US : 3 . 640

TOWER WAKE W I DTH: 0 . 000 WAKE DEF I C I T t o . ooo
TUF!BULANCE I NTENS I T"J' : 0 , 000 YAW ERROR, DEGREES : o . ooo
TURBULANCE FREQUENCY / ROTOR ROTAT I ON FREQUENCY : o . ooo
-...!
CX> D I MENSI ONAL VALUES

ROTOR RAD I U S : 6.7 M

ROTOR RATE OF ROTAT I ON : 5 3 . 00 RPM
DENS J T"t : 1 . 220 I< G / M H 3

CMO MA
BLADE STAT I ON DATA
STAT I ON RAD I US CHORD TWIST
I o. 1 000 0 . 0666 s . oooo 1 . 0000 1 . oooo
2 0 . 6360 0 . 0909 2 o 9800 J , 0000 1 . 0000
3 1 . oooo 0 . 0758 o . oooo 1 . 0000 1 . 0000

A I RFO I L SEC T I ON DATA FOP STAT I ON I

ALPHA CL ALPHA CD
- 4 . 0000 o . oooo - 4 . 0000 0 . 0 1 30
6 . oooo 1 . oooo 4 . 0000 0 . 0 1 30
e . oooo 1 . 1 500 6 . 0000 0 . 0 1 70

t . 3500
1 0 . 0000 l . 2500 a . oooo 0 . 0220
1 2 . 0000 1 0 . 0000 0 . 0270
1 4 . 0000 l . 4200 1 2 . 0000 0 . 04"30
1 6 . 0000 1 . 4200 1 4 . 0000 o . o5eo
o . oooo o . oooo 1 6 . 0000 0 . 0820

A I RFO IL SECTION DATA FOP STAT I ON 2

ALPHA CL ALPHA CD
- 4 . 0000 o . oooo - 4 . 0000 0 . 0 1 30
6 . 0000 l . 0000 4 . 0000 0 . 0 1 30
a . oooo 1 . 1 500 6 . 0000 0 . 0 1 70
1 0 . 0000 1 . 2500 a . oooo 0 . 0220
 4 . 27 1 3
4 • .• 9 46 4 8 () . 54'5 1 5 1 �7
o.o 4 . 49 0 . 3887 0 . 7202 0 . 0866 0 . 6467 0 . 700 0 . 05236 0 . J:::l8S9 0 . 539-9 0 . 786 1 8 . 29 1 9 . 1 2 23

4 . 7396
o. o 0 . 36 1 5 0 . 61; :3 1 0 . 0863 0 . 5903 0 . 750 0 . 05989 o. 1 0 . 7469 a . 89 2 1 . 87 1 4 4.

0 . 7 0 25
o.o 3 . 93 0 . 332 1 0.61 19 0 . 0846 0 . '5394 o . 8o o O . OG677 o . 1 '537-9 0 . '5427 0 . 7207 9 . 48 2 4 . 3821:;

o . s22 1 () . 5220 1 1 89
o.o 3 . 70 0 . 3022 o . s649 0 . 08 1 8 0 . 4 9 30 0 . 850 0 . 07 288 o . 1 6028 0 . 5 :350 1 0 . 07 �G . t; l 6 � 4 . 9399
o.o 3 . 49 0 . 2726 0 . 0781 0 . 4503 0 . 900 0 . 07803 0 . 1 6609 0 . 69 2 1 1 0 . 66 28 . 49':'4 5.
o.o 3 . ::u 0 . 2428 0 . 4832 o . o;-::;:.4 o . •1 1 1 0 0 . 950 0 . 08 1 74 o. 1 7 1 25 0 . 502·1 0 . 69 1 8 1 1 . 26 29 . 8'504 '5 . 2780

31 . 1 410 5 . 54 0 1
o.o 3. 1 4 o. 2 1 40 0 · 4•177 0 . 068 1 0 . 3750 1 . 0 00 0 . 08403 0 . 1 75 8 1 0 . 4780 0 . 7000 1 1 . 85 3Q . 6869 5 . 4 1 86

o . :3852 1 3 . 0 ?-
o. o 2 . 99 · o . 1 876 o . 4 t 52 0 . 0627 0 . 3420 1 . 050 0 . 08527 0 . 1 7975 0 . 45 1 8 0 . 7 1 :3 1 1 2 . 44

3 1 , I :?- I P.
o.o 2 . 86 0 . 1 637 0 . 0573 0 . 31 17 I . 1 00 0 . 08555 o . 1 8303 0 . 4249 0 . 7303 ;:l l . 2 4 1 •1 5 . 64 1 0

J -4 . 2 2 3 0 . 9;"9:3 5 . 8 1 (9
o.o 2 . 73 0 . 1 430 0 . 3580 0 . 0523 0 . 2844 I . I SO 0 . 08538 o . 1 8'593 0 . 3993 0 . 7492 13.63 '5 . 7?04
o.o 2 . 62 0 . 1 250 o . 333 B 0 . 0478 0 . 2600 1 . 200 0 . 08483 o . 1 8877 o . :3745 0 . 77 1 4

o . 294 0 0. ?0 . 5 1 24
o. o 2.51 0. 1 101 0 . 3 1 30 0 . 04:38 o . 2389 I , 2'50 0 . ()8445 o . 1 9205 () . 35 1 8 0 . 79'52 14.81 .=-.o . 84 1 6 5.9191

O o 27G 7
o. o 2 . 42 0 . 0968 0 . 0401 0 . 2200 1 . 300 0 . 083'5'5 1 9'509 0 . 3294 0 . 8229 1 5 . 40 6 . 0 1 28

1 . 400
o.o 2 . 33 o . o851 0 . 0366 0 . 2027 l o 3'50 0 . 08226 o . 1 9806 0 . 3076 0 . 8550 1 6 . 00 30 . 0 407 6 . 1 0 •1 5

29 . 4 0 4 8
o.o 2 . 24 0 . 0754 0 . 26 1 7 0 · 0336 o. 1 87 4 0 . 08 1 28 0 . 20 1 46 0 . 2982 0 . 8877 1 6 . 59 29 . 61 H 4 6 . 2092

{lo 254 1 23 , ! 94?.

o. o 2. (7 0 . 0673 o . 2487 o . oa 1 o o . 1 74 0 l . 4'50 o . o9os2 0 . 20'538 0 . 2704 0 . 9223 1 7 . !3 6 . 3299
o.o 2 . 09 0 . 0603 0 · 2374 0 . 0288 o. 1620 1 . 5oo 0 . 07994 0 . 20 9 7 2 0 . 9586 1 7 . 77 6 . 46,?;-

l o 0 352
o.o 2 . 03 0 . 0'544 0 · 2273 0 . 0268 o. 1514 t . 550 0 . 07956 0 . 2 1 448 0 . 2393 0 . 9962 1 8 . 37 29 . 0536 6 . 6 1 0 •1
o.o 1 . 96 0 . 0493 o. ; 2 1 84 0 . 025 1 o. i419 1 . 600 0 . ()7 93 1 0 . 2 1 960 0 . 2257 1 8 . 96 28. 9649 6 . 7682

(
o. o I . 90 0 . 0449 0 . 2 1 05 0 . 02:36 o . t 3 34 1 . 65 0 0 . 07922 0 . 22506 o . 2 1 :33 1 . 0754 1 9 . 55 28 . 9 294 6 . 936•1
o.o 1 . 85 0 . 04 1 1 0 . 2034 0 . 0222 0 . 1 256 1 . 700 0 . 07926 0 . 2:3086 0 . 20 1 9 1 . 1 67 20. 1 4 28 . 9 4 37 7. 1 151

D BETA X PC TC QC TCW J CP CT ETA FM VEL, M I S PI-IR, KW THP., t:NT

2. 0 15.71 -0.6010 1 . 2885 - 0 . 0383 0 . 8020 0 . 200 - 0 . 0 0 1 89 0 . 02024 0 . 4664 - 1 . 2 1 68 2 . 37 - 0 . 6996 0 . 6238

1 0 . 47 O o l 79 6 0 . 03879 o . I E037 3 . 2006

:z . o 1 2 . 57 - 0 . 06 4 1 1 . 1 823 - 0 . 005 1 0 ; 8935 O o 250 - 0 . 00039 0 . 02902 0 . 0542- 1 0 . 0297 2 . 96 ··0 . . 436 0 . 89 •1 3

0 . 35 0
2.0 1 · 0974 0 . 0 1 72 0 . 9275 o . 3oo 0 . 00 1 90 3 . 55 0 . 69'54 1 . 1 95 4
0
0 . 9 04 6
2.0 8 . 98 0 . 3069 • .• 0294 0 . 0342 0 . 9276 0.0 517 0 . 04952 0 . 298 1 1 .7016 4. !5 1 . 8869 1 . 5262

0 . 8669
2.0 7 . 85 0 . 3793 0 . 97 1 7 0 . 0483 0 . 400 0 . 00953 0 . 06 1 0'5 0 . 3903 1 . 2627 4 . 74 3 . 48 1 3 t . B3 1 7

2 . 6 4 48
2.0 6 . 98 0 . 4236 o . 92 1 8 0 . 0607 0 . 450 o . o 1 s 16 0 . 07330 0 . 4595 1 . 0447 5 . 33 5 . 5356 2 . 2593
2. 0 6 . 28 0 . 4458 0 . 874 1 0 . 07 1 0 0 . 8 1 80 0 . 500 0 . 0 2 1 88 0 . 0858 1 0. 5101 0 . 9 1 65 5 . 92 7 . 9922
2. 0 5. 7 1 0 . 4482 o . 8236 0 . 0785 0 . 7663 o . 550 0 . 02928 0 . 09784 0 . 544 1 0 . 8339 6 . 52 1 0 . 6934 :3 . 0 1 5'5

7 . 70
2.0 5 . 24 0 . 4377 o . 7734 0 . 0836 o . 7 H9 0 . 600 0 . 037 1 3 0 . 1 0934 0 . 5659 0 . 7770 7. t l 1 3 . 5582 3 . 3699

8 . 29 1 9 . 5 248
2. 0 4 . 93 0 . 4 1 94 o . 7232 0 . 0869 0 . 6636 o . 6so o . o4a23 o . 1 1 999 o . S800 0 . 7:332 u ; . s 1 sa 3 . 69 8 1

!9
2.0 4 . 49 0 . 3969 0 . 6735 0 . 0884 0 . 6 1 30 0 . 700 0 . 05346 o. 1 2960 0 . 5893 0 . 6963 3 . 9 9 ·1':>

0 . 6 437
2.0 4. 0 . 37 1 7 o . 6262 0 . 0887 0 . 5649 o . 75o 0 . 06 1 59 o . 1 38:32 0 . 5937 0 . 6664 8 . 89 22 · 4 9 1 1 ., . :!630
2. 0 3 . 93 0 . 3445 0 · 58 1 5 0 . 0877 0 . 5 1 93 0 . 900 0 . 06926 o . 1 46 1 5 0 . 5924 9 . 48 25 · 29.30 4 . 50 4 5
2.0 3 . 70 0 . 3 1 74 o . 5409 0 . 0859 0 . 4790 0 . 850 0 . 07655 0 . 1 5348 0 . 5868 0 . 6267 1 0 . 07 27 . 95 5 1 4 . 7 :;10•1

32 . '5 1 65 s . 1 <1•18
2. 0 3 . 49 0 . 29 l l 0 . 50 4 4 0 . 0834 0 . 44 1 7 O o 900 0 . 08334 o . 1 6 04:3 0 . 5772 0 . 6 1 52 1 0 . 66 3 0 . 434 2 4. 9 4 ·1;-

I . 000 5 . :3 t 1-1
2.0 3. 31 0 . 2645 0 . 4701 0 . 0800 0 . 4068 0 . 9 50 0 . 01:�904 o. 1 6660 0 . 5626 0 . 6094 I I . 26
2.0 3. 1 4 O o 2<n2 o. 4.388 0 . 076 1 0 . 3747 0 . 09393 o. 1 723:3 0 . '5 4 50 0 . 6077 1 1 . 85 34 . 3025
2. 0 2 . 99 0 . 2 1 47 0.4101 0 . 07 1 8 0 . 3451 1 . oso 0 . 09 7 6 1 o. 1 7757 0 . 52:35 o . 6 1 1 7" 1 2 . 44 3� · 6452 5 . 4 728
2. 0 2 . 86 0. 1915 o . :3836 0 . 067 1 0 . 3 1 75 1 . 1 oo o . 1 0 0 1. 1 o . 1 8226 0 . 4993 0 . 620 1 1 :3 . 03 36 . 560 3 5 . 6 1 74

5 . 8'5 08
2.0 2 . 73 0 . 1 704 0 . 3588 0 . 0624 0 . 29 1 9 1 . 1 50 0 . 1 0 1 76 o . 1 86 3 4 0 . 4749 o . &:307 1 3 . 63 :;.l7 . 1 6 3·1 5 . 7431

·::c7 . 5353 5 . 9 5 49
2.0 2 . 62 o. 151o o . :3:::C57 0 . 0577 0 . 268 1 r . 2o o 0 . 1 0250 o . 1 89 8 3 0 . 449:3 0 . 6439 1 4 . 22 3:" . 43 1 6

J , 300 0 . 40 1 7
2. 0 2.51 0 . 1 340 o . 3 1 49 0 . 0'533 0 . 2466 1 . 2'50 0 . 1 0278 0 . 1 932 1 O o 4256 0 . 6593 14 . 81

37 . <1 -139
2. 0 2 . 42 0 . 1 1 89 o . 296 t 0 . 0492 0 . 2272 0 . 1 026 1 o . 1 96 '5 1 0 . 6774 1 5 . 40 .3 7 . ·f(29 6 . 0'566

0 . 26 4 6
2.0 2 . 33 o . t o6 1 0 . 2796 0 . 0456 0 . 2 1 02 t . �o 0 . 1 025::_1 0 . 200 1 0 0 . 3796 0 . 6965 1 6 . 00 6 . 1 67 1

0 . 0390
:z . o 2 . 24 0 . 0950 0 . 0423 0 . 1 947 1 . 400 o, I 02:34 0 . 20363 o. :3590 0 . 7 1 64 1 6 . '59 3? . 37 37 (; , 2760

:36 . 6 9 2'3 6 . 486 1

2. 0 2. (7 0 . 0846 0 . 2504 o . 1 803 1 . 4'50 O . t 0 1 25 0 . 20673 0 . 337 8 0 . 7 4 07 17 . 1s 31:; . 9775 6 . 37 1 6

2275 0 9995
2.0 2 . 09 0 . 0758 0 . 2'382 0 . 0362 o . 1 677 1 . 500 0 . 1 0047 0 . 2 1 04'5 0 . 3 1 83 0 . 7667 1 / . 7;"

l o 60t' () . 2 1 9 33 0 . 28 39
2. 0 :z . o3 0 . 06 8 3 0. o . 0337 o . 1 565 1 . 550 0. 0 . 2 1 467 0 . 3004 0 . 79 4 0 1 8 . 37 31; . 50 1 6 6 . 6 1 63

0 . 9'520
2. 0 1 . 96 0 . 06 1 9 o . 2 1 82 0 . 03 1 6 o . t 4G4 0 . 09964 0 . 822'5 1 8 . 96 3S . 3896 (; . :"5?9

0 7 . 0P.36
2.0 1 . 90 0 . 0564 0 . 2099 0 . 0296 o . 1 37 4 t . sso 0 . 09954 0 . 22440 ;) . 2688 1 9 . 55 36 . �·524 6.9161
2. 1 . 85 0 . 05 1 6 0 . 2025 0 . 0279 o. 1 294 1 . 700 0 . 09962 o . 2298'3 0 . 2550 0 . 882'5 20 . 1 4 36 . 3796
 1 2 . 0000 J. 3500 1 0 . 0000 o . 0270
1 4 . 0000 1. 4200 1 2 . 0000 0 . 0430
1 6 . 0000 1 . 4200 1 4 . 00 0 0 0 . 0580
o . oooo o. oooo 1 6 . 0000 0 . 0820

A I P.FO I L SEC T I ON DATA FOR STAT I ON 3

ALPHA CL ALPHA CD
- 4 . 0000 o . oooo - 4 . 0000 0 . 0 1 30
6 . 0000 l o OOOO 4 . 0000 0 . 0 1 30
8 . oooo 1 . 1 500 6 . 0000 o . o 1 70
· t o . oooo 1 . 2500 s . oooo 0 . 0220
1 2 . 0000 1 . 3500 1 0 . 0000 0 . 0270
J 4 , 0000 1 . 4200 1 2 . 0000 0 . 0430
1 6 . 0000 1 . 4200 1 4 . 00 0 0 o . o580
o . oooo o . oooo 1 6 . 0 0 00 0 . 0820

D BETA X PC TC QC TCW J CP CT ETA FM VEL, M I S F'WP , Y. W TllP., I<NT

-2.0 15.71 - 1 . 4497 2 . 2702 - 0 . 0923 - 0 . 7586 0 . 200 - 0 . 00455 0 . 0:3566 0 . 6386 - t . 1 797 2 . 37 - 1 . 6632 1 . 099 1
- 2 . 0 1 2 . 57 - 0 . 5 1 78 1 . 87 0 4 - 0 . 04 1 2 0 . 0323 0 . 25 0 - 0 . 003 1 8 0 . 0459 1 0 . 2768 - 2 . 470 1 2 . 96 - 1 . ! 6 03 I , ·1 1 49
-2. 0 1 0 . 47 - 0 . 0853 1 . 6064 - 0 . 0081 0 . 4577 0 . 30 0 - 0 . 00090 0 . 05678 o . o53 1 - t 1 . 9308 3 . 55 - 0 . 33 0 � 1 . 7 4 99

' · 2647 4 , 74 2 . 324 1

-2. 0 8 . 98 0 . 1 34 2 l o 4 1 2.of o . o t 50 0 . 6828 o . a5o o . oo226 0 . 06795 0 . 0950 6 . 2546 4 . 15 0 . 825 1 2 . 0 9 42
B
·1 . 1 698
-2. 0 7 . 85 0 . 2532 0 . 0322 o . 79 7 O o 400 0 . 00636 0 . 07946 0 . 2002 2 . 8084 2 . 449 1

o. :3349 3. 1
-2. 0 6 . 98 0. 3191 t . 1 47 0 0 . 0457 0 . 8483 0 . 4'50 0 . 0 1 142 0 . 09 1 2 1 0 . 2782 l . 92'50 5 . 3:3 2.81 13
-2. 0 6 . 28 0 . 35 1 9 1 . 0507 0 . 0560 o . 8574 0 . 500 0 . 0 1 727 0 . 1 03 1 '5 1 . 5?02 5 . 92 6 . 3(183 <9
1
9
7, I I
-2. 0 5.71 0 . 3696 0 . 9685 0 . 06 4 7 0 . 8389 0 . 55 0 0 . 024 1 5 o . 1 1 505 0 . 38 1 6 t . 2894 6 . '52 8.81 2 3 . 5460

0 4 1 28 4 . 22£:7
-2. 0 5 . 24 0 . 3797 0 . 89 4 4 0 . 0725 0 . 7990 0 . 600 0 . 03220 o. 1 26 4 4 0 . 4245 1 . 1 1 39 1 1 . 7£:0'5 3 . 8970
-2 . 0 4 . 83 O o 3828 0 . 8265 0 . 0792 0 . 7:381 0 . 6'50 0. o . 1 37 1 4 o . 4631 0 . 98 1 6 ( . 70 1 5 . 0753
-2. 0 4 . 49 0 . 3667 0 . 7583 0 . 08 1 7 0 . 67 1 6 0 . 700 0 . 04940 o . 1 459 1 0 . 4837 0 . 9002 8 . 29 1 8 . 0405 4 . 4970

4 . 92 25
-2.0 4. 19 0 . 3394 0 . 6943 0 . 08 1 0 0 . 6094 0 . 750 0 . 05622 o . 1 5:337 0. 4888 0 . 8'523 8 . 89 20 . '5 329 ..1 . 72GB
-2. 0 3 . 93 0 . 3084 0 . 6355 0. 0785 0 . 5523 o . 8oo 0 . 06200 Oo l 59 7 J 0. 4852 0 . 82 1 4 9 . 48 22 . 6 ·1 2 0
-2. o 3 . 70 o . 274S 0 . 58 1 6 0. 0744 0 . 4993 0 . 85 0 0 . 06628 o. 1 65 0 1 0. 4726 0 . 8069 1 0 . 07 2 4 . 2057 5 . 0858
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-2. o 3 . 49 0 . 2404 0 . 5332 0. 0689 0 . 45 1 4 0 . 900 o. 0£:88:3 o. 1 696 1 0. 4509 0 . 8098 1 0 . 66 2'5 . 1 343 5 . 227�
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-2.0 3. 1 4 0 . 1 779 o . 4493 0. 0566 0 . 3684 J . ooo 0 . 06985 o. 1 76 4 4 0 . 3959 0 . 8466 1 1 . 85 25 . 5088 5 . 4380

0 . 34 1 9
-2. 0 2 o 99 o . 1 525 0 . 4 1 88 0. 05 1 0 0 . 3334 J , 0'50 0 . 06 9 8 1 0. 1 79 \ 6 0 . 3684 1 2 . 44 5 . 52 1 8

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 Document Control
Page
, 1 . SERI Report No. , 2. NTIS Accession No. 3. Recipient's Accession No.

S F R T /STR - ?1 7 - ? 7 '?. ?
4 . Title and Subtitle
5.
P
u ����ou��ye 1 986
HAWT P e rf orma n c e w i th Dyn am i c S ta l l
6.

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Rept. No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

Aero V i ronm e n t I n c . 4R07 1 0
8 2 5 Myr t l e A v e n u e 1 1 . Contract (C) or Grant (G) No.
Monrov i a , C A 9 1 0 1 6 (C) P F948 4 7 J R
(G)

1 2. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Covered
S o l a r E n e rgy R e s e a rc h I n s t i t u t e
T e ch n i ca l Reoo r t
1 6 1 7 C o l e B o u l eva rd
1 4.
G o l d e n , C o l o r a d o 80401
1 5 . Supplementary Notes

Techn i ca l Mon i to r : J i m Tangl e r

16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)

n th i s report we c a l c u l a te d t h e e ffects o f fl ow no n u n i fo rm i t i e s ( wi nd s h ea r , towe r

�a ke , yaw , a n d l a r g e - s ea l & t u r b u l e n c e ) o n t h e p e r fo rma n ce o f a h o r i z o n t a l a x i s wi nd
u r b i n e , a c co u nt i n g fo r dynami c s t a l l . W e mod i f i ed the PROP p ro gram to i nco rporate ·
nd compa r e t h e s e e f fec t s wi t h t h e u n i fo rm fl o w ca s e . T h e M I T m o d e l , wh i c h pred i c t t
ynam i c l i ft co e f fi c i e n t s s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e s t a t j c ma x i mum va l u es a nd
' n c l u d e s a c r u d e mo d e l o f t h e v o rtex ro l l - o ff p h e no�eno n , r e pres e n t e d dynam i c s ta l l .
�n a s s o c i a t e d m o d e l fo r d ra g wa s a l s o u s e d . The dynam i c s t a l l m o d e l wa s t e s t e d
g a i n s t e x p e r im e nta l d a ta fo r t h re e typ i ca l red u c ed fre q u e nc i e s . Good i n s ta nta neo u s
. o r r e l a t i o n wa s o bta i n e d . T h e e ffec t s o f no n u n i form i t i es wi th a n d w i thout t h e
jynam i c st a l l were c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e W e s t i n g h o u s e Mo d 0 a nd E ne r t e c h 44/25 t u r b i ne s
�o d e l i n g t h e dynam i c s ta l l h a d l i. t t l e e f fe c t o n performa n c e . Fu rth ermo r e , t h e per­
IFo rma n c e w i. t h no n u n i. fo rm fl ow d i ffered o n l y s l i gh t l y f r o m t h e u n i form fl ow c a s e . T h u 5
� h e now PROP mo d e l pro v i d e s a powe r f u l g e n e r a l c a pa b i l i ty to h a n d l e n o n u n i fo rm fl ows
'

1 7. Document Analysis
a. Desc ripto rs Ai.r Flow ; Airloils. ; Computer Codes ; Drag ; Turbine Blades · ;
Wind Turbines

b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms Dynamic Stall ; Horizontal Axis Wind Turb ines

c. U C Categories

60

1 8 . Availability Statement 1 9. No. of Pages

Na t i o n a l Tec h n i c a l I nf o rma t i o n S e rv i c e
90
U . S . Depa rtmen t o f Comme r c e
5285 P o r t Roya l Roa d
S p r i n g f i e l d , V i rg i n i a 2 2 1 6 1 20. Price

A05

Form No. 0069 (3·25·82)