BASIC GRAMMAR

SUMMARY OF FIRST IN BASIC GRAMMAR CLASS

RAHMA NURHALIZA
NIM: 221010600617

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LITERATURE
UNIVERSITAS PAMULANG

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover.........................................................................................................................i
Table Of Content......................................................................................................ii
I. MEET 1 Part of Speech: Nouns & Pronoun...................................................3
II. MEET 2 Part of Speech: Articles and Verbs...................................................4
III. MEET 3 Part of Speech: Adjectives and Adverbs..........................................5
IV. MEET 4 Part of Speech : Preposition & Conjuction......................................6
V. MEET 5 Quantifiers & Noun Phrase.............................................................6
VI. MEET 6 Adjective Phrase & Verb Phrase......................................................7
VII. MEET 7 Subject-Verb Agreement..................................................................8
VIII. MEET 8 Simple Present Tense & Present Progressive Tense........................9
IX. MEET 9 Simple Past Tense & Progressive Tense..........................................9
X. MEET 10 Present Perfect Tense & Present Progressive Tense....................10
XI. MEET 11 Past Perfect Tense & Simple Future Tense...................................11
XII. MEET 12 Modal Auxiliaries.........................................................................11
XIII. MEET 13 Imperative Sentence, Stating Preferences and Yes or No
Questions......................................................................................................13
XIV. MEET 14 W-H Questions.............................................................................14
Conclusion..............................................................................................................15
Biodata...................................................................................................................16

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 I. MEET 1
Part of Speech: Nouns & Pronoun

A. Nouns
A noun names ap person, place, thing, or idea.
a. Singular Noun.
Refers to one place, person, thing, or idea.
Example: boat, lion, monkey.
b. Plural Noun.
Refers to more than one place, thing, person or idea.
Example: barbies, horses, cats.
c. Common Noun.
Name non spesific places, people anda things.
Example: boy, animal, country.
d. Proper Noun.
Name a spesific place, person, or thing.
Example: emily, England, January.
e. Concrete Noun.
Refers to people or things that exist physically and can be perceived with one
of your sense.
Example: building, tree.
f. Abstract Noun.
Have no physical existence. They refers to ideas, emotions, concepts.
Example: fear, time, freedom.
g. Countable Noun.
Nouns that can be counted as separate units. They have a singular and plural
form.
Example: cup, bike, apples.
h. Uncoutable Noun.
Nouns can’t be counted as separate units. They only have a singular form.
Example: liquids, music, gas.
i. Compound Noun.
Two or more smaller words that create a noun.
Example: notebook, toothpaste.
j. Collective Noun.
Refers to a group of people, animals or things.
Example: audience, army, crowd.

B. Pronoun
A pronoun replaces the noun in the sentence.

a. Personal Pronoun.
Subject: I, you, they, we, he, she, it.

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 Object: me, him, her, us, it, you
b. Possesive Pronoun.
a) Show ownership of a noun.
Example: that is my car.
Can use: my, your, our, his, her, its, their.
b) Independent possesive pronouns.
Aren’t followed by another nouns mine, its, theirs, hers, his, ours. Yours.
Example: the cat is mine
c. Reflexive Pronoun.
Use when the subject and object of the sentence are the same (my self, yourself,
ourself, etc).
Example: I was introduced my self
d. Reciprocal Pronoun.
When two or more people are doing the same thin. (each other, one another).
Example: Sara and Bima are talking.
e. Relative Pronoun.
Connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun (who, whom, which where,
when, what, why
Example: I didn’t hear what you say.
f. Demonstrative Pronoun.
Used to point to the spesific noun being mentioned (this, these, those, that).
Example: these girl looks precious
g. Interrogative Pronoun.
Take a place of noun in a question who,whom, what, which, whose.
Example:
1. what time will you arrive?
2. Who is she talking to ?
h. Indefinite Pronoun.
Used to show unspecified people or object can be singular or plural
(everybody, somebody, all, anybody, something, few)
Example:
1. Everyone has arrived
2. Anybody can come to the event

II. MEET 2
Part of Speech: Articles and Verbs

A. Articles
An article comes before a noun in a sentence and sometimes shows if the noun
refers to a specific or general person, place or object.
Example:
a. General (a dog, a farm, an apple, an octopus)

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b. Specific (the dog, the farm, the apple, the octopus

B. Verbs
Verbs are words that show an action, occurrence, or state of being. A group of main
verb and helping verb in a sentence is called verb.
Example:
a. go, come. play, eat, sit, write, read, exist.
b. He has done his work.

III. MEET 3
Part of Speech: Adjectives and Adverbs

A. Adjectives
An adjective is a word used in add something to the meaning at a noun or a pronoun.
Example:
a. Size/Shape: tiny, long, oval.
b. Texture: prickly, smooth, leathery.
c. Odor/Taste: nutty, flowery, sour.
d. Appearance: bright, beautiful, faded.

B. Adverbs
An adverb tells how, how often, when or where. It can describe a verb, an adjective
or another adverb. The function of adverbs is to provide information about
condition, location, time, certainty, become modifiers of other adverbs and
adjectives, provide additional information for predictive expressions and change
the meaning of determiners, clauses, phrases and a sentence.
Example:
a. How: loudly, quickly.
b. How often: always, never.
c. When: before, soon.
d. Where: away, inside.

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 IV. MEET 4
Part of Speech : Preposition & Conjuction

A. Preposition
A preposition shows the relationship (such as direction, time or placement) between
a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence.
Example: about, across, after, around, before, between, into, through, to.

B. Conjunctions (Coordinating Conjunctions)

A conjunction joins two ideas or shows the relationship between two parts of a
sentence.
Example: and, because, but, so, though, or, until, while, unless.

V. MEET 5
Quantifiers & Noun Phrase

A. Quantifiers
Quantifiers are words that refer to quantities such as “some” or “all”. It tells for haw
many elements a given predicate is true.
In English, Quantifiers are used to express the quantities without giving an exact
number.
Example: all, some, many, none, few etc.
Sentence like : “Can I have some water?”
“Jack has many friends here.”
Types of Quantifiers:
a. Universal Quantifier.
b. Existential Quantifier.s

B. Noun Phrase
A group of words that work together to name and describe a person, place, thing,
and or idea.
Two structure:
a. Determiner + Noun
1. Articles (a, an, the)
a) A cat; An apple; The girl.
b) A cat stole a fish
2. Possessiveness (My-, Your-, His-, Rani’s-, etc).
a) My cats; Your apple; Rani’s car.

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 b) My cat stole a fish
b. Quantifiers (A little, much, many, some, any, each, etc).
1. Some cats; many cars; etc.
2. Some cats stole my fish.
c. Demonstrative (This, that, these, those)
1. This cat; Those cats
2. This cat stole my fish
d. Distributives (All, both, either, etc).
1. All cats; Both cars
2. All cats love sleeping
e. Number
1. Cardinal numbers: One; two; three; etc.
2. Ordinal number: First, second, third, etc.
a) One cat, two cats
b) First cat, second cat

f. Determiner + Adjective + Noun

1. Opinion/Quality (smart, beautiful, nice, etc.)
2. Size (big, small, etc).
3. Age (young, new, old, etc).
4. Shape (roun, square, etc).
5. Color (red, black, white, etc).
6. Origin (Japanese, Indonesian, etc).
7. Material (woden, metal, etc).
Example:
a) An angry cat
b) My beautiful Cat
= My beautiful cat runs after a mouse.

VI. MEET 6
Adjective Phrase & Verb Phrase

A. Adjective
An adjective phrase can be a single adjective or a group of words built around a
single adjective. Adjectives and adjective phrases function in two basic ways,
attributively pr predicatively. An attributive adjective (phrase) precedes the noun of
a noun phrase.
Example:
a. He has clever ideas.
b. It was a very big meal.
c. The students were really bored with the film.

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B. Verb Phrase
A group of words which has a main verb as its main word, it consists of a
helping/auxiliary verb and a main verb.
 Types of auxiliary verbs
a. Principal Auxiliaries:
To be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been)
1. To do (do, does, did)
2. To have (have, has, had, having).
(To form tense)
b. Modal Auxiliaries:
1. Will
2. Would
3. Can
4. Could
5. Shall
6. May
7. Might
8. Must
(Add meanings to the main verbs)
Example: The little boy has been rowing the boat for hours.
a) Has been = helping/aux verb
b) Rowing = main verb

VII. MEET 7
Subject-Verb Agreement

A. Subject Verb Agreement 1

Is a general rule of grammar that makes the subject and verb of a sentence match
each other. This adjustment is not limited to noun/pronoun and verb adjustments,
but also number/quantifiers and verbs.
Example:
a. Dara runs to the train station.
b. My brother and I are best friends, we always played together when we were
younger.
c. That child chooses to play alone, while the other children choose to play
together

B. Subject Verb Agreement 2

A regular present tense verb for the singular third person (she, he, it) includes
an “s”. However, irregular verbs will function differently.
Example:

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 a. I write.
b. You write.
c. Khanza writes.
d. We write.
e. They write.

VIII. MEET 8
Simple Present Tense & Present Progressive Tense

A. Simple Present Tense

Used to describe daily activites, activites that are performed repeatedly and facts.
a. (+) S + V1 + O
b. (-) S + Do/Does + not + V1 + O
c. (?) Do/Does + S + V1 + O ?
Example:
1. I, you, they, we, name, my... (PLURAL) : use do
2. She, He, Name, My..... (SINGULAR) : use does

B. Present Progressive Tense

(S + To Be + Verbing)
Present Progressive is used when we’re talking about an activity in progress right
now.
Use “ing” it’s present progressive, for example: “They are eating”.
a. If the verb ends with the letter “e”
b. Replace with “ing” instead.
For Example: “He is talking the dog inside”
Beside “always”, the words “forever” and “constantly” can also be used in the
present progressive to convey annoyance.
Example: “She is always/forever/contantly coming late!”

IX. MEET 9
Simple Past Tense & Progressive Tense

A. Simple Past Tense

This simpe pas tense is the opposite of the simple present tense, in which English
tenses have the function of describing an event that happened in the past.

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The English tenses formula used to form this simple past tense sentence is as
follows: subject + verb 2.
Signal words: yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1993, last Thursday, this morning, last
night.

B. Past Progressive Tense

The past progressive tense is used to demonstrate an action that was happening in
the past for a period of time in a particular context. The context can be a spesific
time or another action.

X. MEET 10
Present Perfect Tense & Present Progressive Tense

A. Present Perfect Tense

Is used to describe activities that started in the past but whose effects are still
being felt today.
a. (+) S + Have/Has + V3 + O
b. (-) S + Have/Has + not + V3 + O
c. (?) Have/ Has + S + V3 + O
Adverb of time: just, already, recently, yet, since, for.

B. Present Perfect Progressive Tense

Is used to show an action/event that is happening at the time the conversation is in
progress. The English tenses formula used for the present perfect continuous
tense/present perfect progressive tense is as follows:
Subject + Has / Have + Been + Verb -ing
(Continuous Form)
Signal words: for the past 5 years, how long?, the whole week, since xx.

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 XI. MEET 11
Past Perfect Tense & Simple Future Tense

A. Past Perfect Tense

The sentence pattern used to express the sound of an event that always happened in
the past before another event occurred.
a. Function:
Events that have finished when other events are past events and even
past auxiliary clauses that use supporters before, after, when.
b. Example:
1. I had finished studying when you invited me to the party.
2. After I had finished studying, you invited me to the party.
3. I had finished studying before you invited me to the party.

B. Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is a tense that shows an event that has not yet started and will
occur in the future.
a. Formula:
1. Affirmative (+):
a) Subject + will/shall + V1 + object
b) Subject + to be + going to + V1
2. Negative (-):
a) Subject + will/shall + not + V1 + object
b) Subject + to be + not + going to + V1
3. Interrogative (?):
a) Will/shall + subject + V1 + object
b) To be + subject + going to + V1
b. Use:
1. Express an event that will occur in the future.
Example: They will be more to america next year.
2. Shows a desire and an unwillingness.
Example: I shall study tomorrow.
3. To make polite requests.
Example: Will you help me, please?

XII. MEET 12
Modal Auxiliaries

A. Basic Modal Auxiliary (Can, Will, May)

a. Model: Can
b. Use: Obility permission (informal) passibility.

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 c. Example: Can I take your pen?
d. Model: May
1. Use: Passibility permission (formal).
Example: Raffy may come to my home on Monday.
Model: Will
2. Use: Future action intention request promise.
Example: Will you please lend me this book.
Model: Shall
3. Use: Suggestion (only with I and we).
Example: Shall we go to the zoo.

B. Basic Modal Auxiliary Verb (Should, Shall, Must, Have To)

Auxiliary verb help the main verb to describe actiom. That action happened in the
past or is happening in the present or will happen in the future.
a. Should
1. Auxiliary verbs that express predictions, advice and obligation.
For Example:
2. Predictions: If mr.Farhan met mr.Rafa in the mall, they should talk about the
school.
3. Advice: The students should study hard if they want to pass the examination.
4. Obligation: If you found my phone, you should tell me.

b. Shall
1. Auxiliary verbs function confirms future emphasis .
2. “Shall” can be interpreted as ‘will’.
For Example:
3. Future emphasis: “Mr. Rizal shall come tomorrow.”

c. Must
1. Auxiliary verbs that express necessity and logical conclusion that events can
have happened, are happening and express a recurring event.
2. “Must” is defined by the word “definitely”
For Example:
3. Necessity: “you must be here by now!
Logical conclusion (event in the present): “Budi isn’t in her desk now, she
must be going somewhere.

4. Logical conlusion (event in the past): “I don’t see miss Ratna, she must
have left early.”

5. Logical conclusion (event that repeat): Danang is always look healty and
slim, he must exercise a lot.”

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 XIII. MEET 13
Imperative Sentence, Stating Preferences and
Yes or No Questions

A. Imperative Sentence
a. When we ask questions positively, we sometimes use imperative. In such uses,
we actually aim to offer the person to do something.
b. When the person in front of us makes such sentences, we need to answer him
as yes or no.
Example:
1. Shall we go out?
2. Shall we go to the cinema?
3. Shall we sleep?
4. Shall we not go to the cinema?
5. Shall we not eat dinner here?
6. Do not talk to me like that.
7. Do not make that sound
8. Do not walk fastly.

B. Starting
Stating preferences used to express something that we chose or like better than
anything. It could be a thing, an activity, or someone. We use prefer, like, and would
rather.
a. Prefer – to
Example: she prefer chocolate to cheese.
b. Like – better than
Example: rahma likes this game better than old game.
c. Would rather – than
Example: I would rather go cycling than go running.

C. Yes or No Questions
A yes or no question is a that has a very simple for answer.
For Example:
A: “Do you know where my phone?
B: ‘ No, I don’t see it”

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 XIV. MEET 14
W-H Questions

A. W-H Questions
a. Who = used to ask the subject
b. What = used to ask for the subject object + verb + object
c. Where = used to ask the place
d. When = used to ask time
e. Why = used to ask reason
f. Whom = used to ask person
g. Whose = used to ask whose.
1. Who & what : to ask the subject.
QW+V+O?
Example:
a) Who cooks noodle?
b) Who cooked fish?
c) Who will cook burger?
1) What eats a beef?
2) What ate a beef?
3) What will eat a beef?
2. Whom, where, when, why, what
QW + AUX + S + V + (O)?
Example:
a) Whom do you call?
b) Whom did you call?
c) Whom will you call?
d) Where do you eat a pizza?
e) When do you eat a pizza?
f) Why do you eat a pizza?

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 CONCLUSION

Grammar is made up of lots of little rules that work together to create

a language. Since there are so many rules, you can’t expect to
remember everything, especially not at once. No one can, not even
professional writers and editors, who typically have at least
three reference books and style manuals at their fingertips. Feel free
to come back and reference the material taught in this course as often
as you need.

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 BIODATA

Name : Rahma Nurhaliza

Date of Birth : October 10th 2003
Instagram : rahmanrhza
E-mail : [email protected]
Interest & Hobbies : Cat lovers, swimming, ride a bicycle
State of Residence : Tangerang

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