Solved exercises

Prepared by Mr. Rami version 2021

I would like to share with my students the seniors and
the previous graduates this book that has finally been
published after a long journey. It will surely help you
now and in your university studies later. Please
consider the course to be a gift for all my students who
I love and care for so much!!!

I would like to thank you for all the efforts, work, presentations that you are showing, in fact you are all
impressing me for that great rate of improvement. Your work this term is highly appreciated, we will
continue the same style of work just keep it up and drink 7up, never forget it’s you who will integrate
the level of success, find a technique to cancel all the stress around, substitute them with more
motivation and then find the area of the region where your success function and happiness meet, they
meet at 2 points, the lower limit will be our pride and the upper limit will be our memorable graduates.

Calculus Page 1 of 136

Contents:
 Subtopic 1.1 : The concept of limits 3
 Subtopic 1.2 : Computation of limits 3
 Subtopic 1.3 : Continuity and its consequences 8
 Subtopic 1.4 : Limits involving infinity , asymptotes 11
 Subtopic 2.1 : The derivative 14
 Subtopic 2.2 : Computation of derivatives the product rule 17
 Subtopic 2.3 : The product and the quotient rule 20
 Subtopic 2.4 : Chain rule 22
 Subtopic 2.5: Derivatives of trigonometric functions 25
 Subtopic 2.6: Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions 28
 Subtopic 2.7 : Implicit differentiation 31
 Subtopic 2.8 : Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions 33
 Subtopic 2.9 : Derivatives of hyperbolic functions 36
 Subtopic 2.10: Mean value theorem 39
 Subtopic 3.1 : Linear approximations and Newton’s method 42
 Subtopic 3.2 : L’hopital rule 45
 Subtopic 3.3 Maximum and minimum values 48
 Subtopic 3.4/3.5/3.6 : Graph sketching 51
 Subtopic 3.7 : Optimization 64
 Subtopic 3.8 : Related rates 70
 Subtopic 3.9 : Rates of changes in economics and science 75
 Subtopic 4.1 : Anti- Derivatives 78
 Subtopic 4.2: Sums and Sigma notation 81
 Subtopic 4.3: Area 82
 Subtopic 4.4: The definite integral 84
 Subtopic 4.5 : The fundamental theorem of calculus 88
 Subtopic 4.6: integration by substitution 92
 Subtopic 4.7:Numerical integration 100
 Subtopic 5.1 : Area between two curves 103
 Subtopic 5.2-5.3: Volume: slicing discs, washers and cylindrical shells 106
 Subtopic 5.4 : Arc Length and Surface Area 116
 Subtopic 5.5 : Projectile motion 118
 Subtopic 5.6 : Applications to physics and engineering 122
 Subtopic 6.1 : Review of formulas and techniques 125
 Subtopic 6.2 : integration by parts 129
 Subtopic 6.4 : integration of rational functions by using partial fractions 133

Calculus Page 2 of 136

 Subtopic 1.1 The Concept of Limits
Subtopic 1.2 computation of Limits

Question 1:
For the function graphed below, identify each limit or state that it does not exist.

1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −6
𝑥→−8−
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −6
𝑥→−8+
3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −6
𝑥→−8
4. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =does not exist
𝑥→−2
5. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥→6
6. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
𝑥→6
7. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = does not exist
𝑥→6

Question 2:
For the function graphed below, identify each limit or state that it does not exist.

1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −4
𝑥→−2−
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −4
𝑥→−2
3. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥→1
4. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→1
5. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = does not exist
𝑥→1
6. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 6
𝑥→4
7. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = does not exist
𝑥→4

Calculus Page 3 of 136

Question 3:
For the function graphed below, identify each limit or state that it does not exist.

1. Find lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −2

𝑥→−5
2. Find lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥→−1
3. Find lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→−1
4. Find lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑥→2

5. Identify all intervals on which the function is continuous.

[−6, −5) ∪ (−5, −1) ∪ (−1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

Note: also accept

[−6, −5) ∪ (−5, −1) ∪ (−1, 2) ∪ (2, 7]

Question 4:
For the function graphed below, identify each limit or state that it does not exist.

1. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥→1
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→−1−
3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→−1+
4. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→0
5. Identify all intervals on which the function is continuous.
[−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, 1) ∪ (1, ∞) or [−4, −1) ∪ (−1, 1) ∪ (1, 4)

Calculus Page 4 of 136

Question 5:
3𝑓(𝑥) 3(5) 15 3
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 . Find lim = = 25 = 5
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 (𝑔(𝑥)+1)2 (4+1)2

Question 6:
5[𝑓(𝑥)]2 5(−4)2 80
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −4 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 . Find lim 𝑔(𝑥)−1 = 3−1
= 2
= 40
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Question 7:
Evaluate each limit
1. lim 𝑥3 + 5𝑥 + 6 = (−1)3 + 5(−1) + 6 = 0
𝑥→−1

2. lim 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = (4)2 + 5(4) + 6 = 42

𝑥→4

𝑥2−9 (−3)2−9 0 2𝑥 2(−3)

3. lim = = 0 → lim = 2(−3)+5 = 6
𝑥→−3 𝑥2 +5𝑥+6 (−3)2+5(−3)+6 𝑥→−3 2𝑥+5

𝑥2 −1 (1)2−1 0 2𝑥 2(1) 1
4. lim 𝑥2+2𝑥−3 = = 0 → lim = 2(1)+2 = 2
𝑥→1 (1)2+2(1)−3 𝑥→1 2𝑥+2

2𝑥2 −𝑥−3 2(−1) 2−(−1) −3 0 4𝑥−1

5. lim = (−1) +1
= 0 → lim = 4(−1) − 1 = −5
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1 𝑥→−1 1

𝑥−25 25−25 0 1 1 1
6. lim = √25−5 = 0 → lim 1 = 1 = 1 = 10
𝑥→25 √𝑥−5 𝑥→25
2√ 𝑥 2√25 10

𝑥−1 1−1 0 1 1 1
7. lim √𝑥−1 = √1−1 = 0 → lim 1 = 1 = 1 =2
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
2√𝑥 2√1 2

(4+𝑥)2−16 (4+0) 2−16 0 2(4+𝑥)(1) 2(4+0)(1)

8. lim 4𝑥
= 4(0)
= 0 → lim 4
= 4
=2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

(3+𝑥)2−9 (3+0)2 −9 0 2(3+𝑥)(1) 2(3+0)(1)

9. lim 2𝑥
= 2(0)
= 0 → lim 2
= 2
=3
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

e𝑥 −1 e0 −1 1−1 0 1𝑒𝑥 1𝑒0 1

10. lim e2𝑥 −1 = e2(0)−1 = 1−1 = 0 → lim 2𝑒2𝑥 = 2𝑒2(0) = 2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

tan𝑥 tan0 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 1 1 1

11. lim = = 0 → lim = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0∙𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = (1)(1) = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 0 𝑥→0 1

8𝑥2 0 16𝑥 0 16 16
12. lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−1 = 0 → lim −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 → lim −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = −16
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0

|𝑥| 𝑥
13. lim+ 𝑥
= lim+ 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

|𝑥| −𝑥
14. lim− 𝑥
= lim+ = −1
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥

|𝑥|
15. lim = 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥→0 𝑥

16. lim+⟦𝑥⟧ = 0
𝑥→0

17. lim−⟦𝑥⟧ = −1
𝑥→0

Calculus Page 5 of 136

 18. lim⟦𝑥⟧ = 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥→0

1
19. lim+ 𝑥−2 = +∞
𝑥→2

𝑥
20. lim− 𝑥−2 = −∞
𝑥→2

1
21. lim − 𝑥+3 = −∞
𝑥→−3

𝑥
22. lim + 𝑥+3 = − ∞
𝑥→−3

⟦𝑥⟧
23. lim+ 𝑥
=0
𝑥→0

⟦𝑥⟧ −1 −1
24. lim− 𝑥
= lim− 𝑥
= 0− = +∞
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

1 1
25. lim+ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = lim+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 = +∞
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

1
26. lim + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = lim+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = + ∞
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥→(2) 𝑥→(2)

Question 8:
Find lim {𝑥 − 2 𝑥≤3
𝑥→3 −2𝑥 + 5 𝑥>3

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −2(3) + 5 = −1

𝑥→3+
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = (3) − 2 = 1
𝑥→3−

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = does not exist

𝑥→3

Question 9:
Find lim {−𝑥 + 19 𝑥<5
𝑥→5 3𝑥 − 1 𝑥≥5

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3(5) − 1 = 14

𝑥→5+

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −(5) + 19 = 14

𝑥→5−

lim𝑓(𝑥) = 14
𝑥→5
Question 10:
2
Find lim { 𝑥 − 2 𝑥<4
𝑥→3 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥≥4

lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = (3)2 − 2 = 7

𝑥→3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = (3)2 − 2 = 7
𝑥→3−

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 7
𝑥→3
Question 11:

Calculus Page 6 of 136

 2
Find lim { 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 < −1
𝑥→−1 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 ≥ −1

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim −(𝑥2 + 1) = 2

𝑥→−1− 𝑥→−1

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim −(3𝑥 + 1) = −2

𝑥→−1+ 𝑥→−1

lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist, since the one-sided limits are not equal in value.
𝑥→−1

Question 12:
4𝑥+cos3𝑥
Find lim 2𝑥
by using Sandwich theorem
𝑥→∞

4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
lim + lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
= 2 + lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
For lim 2𝑥 let us use Sandwich theorem
𝑥→∞
−1 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 ≤ 1
−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 1
≤ ≤
2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥
−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 1
lim ≤ lim ≤ lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
0 ≤ lim ≤0
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
Hence lim 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥→∞
4𝑥 + cos3𝑥
lim =2+0=2
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥

Question 13:
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Find lim 𝑥2 by using Sandwich theorem
𝑥→∞
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
lim 2 − lim 2
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 0 − lim 2
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
For lim 𝑥2 let us use Sandwich theorem
𝑥→∞
−1 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ≤ 1
−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
≤ 2 ≤ 2
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
lim 2 ≤ lim 2 ≤ lim 2
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
0 ≤ lim 2 ≤ 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
Hence lim 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥→∞
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
lim = 0−0 = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2

Subtopic 1.3 Continuity and its Consequences

Calculus Page 7 of 136
Question 1:
𝑥 2 +4𝑥−5
Given the function g(𝑥) = 𝑥 2−25 .
1. Find the interval on which the function f(𝑥) is continuous.
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 − 1
g(𝑥 ) = = =
𝑥 2 − 25 (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 − 5
𝑔 is continous on (−∞, −5) ∪ (−5,5) ∪ (5, ∞)

2. Determine whether the function has a removable or nonremovable discontinuity.

𝑥 = −5 is a removable discontinuity
𝑥 = 5 is a non removable discontinuity
g(𝑥 ) is discontinuous at 𝑥 = ±5
3. Find the vertical asymptotes of 𝑔
𝑥 = 5 is a vertical asymptote
4. Find the horizontal asymptotes of 𝑔
𝑦 = 1 is horizontal asymptote

Question 2:
𝑥−5
Given the function g(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −9𝑥+20 .
1. Find the interval on which the function f(𝑥) is continuous.
𝑥−5 (𝑥 − 5) 1
g(𝑥 ) = 2 = =
𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 20 (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 4) 𝑥 − 4
𝑔 is continous on (−∞, 4) ∪ (4,5) ∪ (5, ∞)

2. Determine whether the function has a removable or nonremovable discontinuity.

𝑥 = 5 is a removable discontinuity
𝑥 = 4 is a non removable discontinuity
g(𝑥 ) is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑥 = 4
3. Find the vertical asymptotes of 𝑔
𝑥 = 4 is a vertical asymptote
4. Find the horizontal asymptotes of 𝑔
𝑦 = 0 is horizontal asymptote

Question 3:
Find the intervals on which 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 − 9 Continuous?

𝑥2 − 9 ≥ 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) ≥ 0

𝑥 −∞ −3 3 +∞
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) + − +

𝑓 is continuous on∶ (−∞ , −3] ∪ [3, ∞)

Question 4:
Calculus Page 8 of 136
Find the intervals on which 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 − 16 Continuous?

𝑥2 − 16 ≥ 0
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4) ≥ 0

𝑥 −∞ −4 4 +∞
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4) + − +

𝑓 is continuous on∶ (−∞ , −4] ∪ [4, ∞)

Question 5:
3
Find the intervals on which 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √5 − 𝑥 Continuous?
𝑓 is continuous on∶ (−∞, ∞)

Question 6:
𝑥+1
Determine the intervals on which 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2+4 is continuous.
𝑓 is continuous on∶ (−∞, ∞)

Question 7:
For the function below, find each point of discontinuity of the function and identify the type of
discontinuity.
1
𝑥≤1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−1
𝑥3 − 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥>1

lim+ 𝑥3 − 2𝑥 + 5 = (1)3 − 2(1) + 5 = 4

𝑥→1
1 1
lim− = = −∞
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 1−1
𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 1 , it is called infinite discontinuity
3−𝑥 𝑥<2
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 2 𝑥=2 }
𝑥
𝑥 > 2
2

2
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 = 1
𝑥→2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2 = 1
𝑥→2−
𝑓 (2) = 2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(2)
𝑥→2
𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 2, it is called removable discontinuity

Question 8:
Calculus Page 9 of 136
Find the value of a that makes the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) continuous on the entire real number line.

𝑥2 − 4
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑥 − 2 , 𝑥<2
5𝑥 − 𝑎, 𝑥≥2

lim f(𝑥) = 5(2) − a = 10 − a

𝑥→2+

𝑥2−4 0 2𝑥
lim− f(𝑥) = lim− = 0 → lim− = 2(2) = 4
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 1

For 𝑓 (𝑥 ) to be continuous at 𝑥 = 2, lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and lim+𝑓 (𝑥 ) must be of equal value.

𝑥→2− 𝑥→2

Therefore 10 − a = 4 → a = 10 − 4 = 6

Question 9:
2
Find the value of 𝑎 so that the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑥 −2 1 𝑥 ≤ 3 is continuous
2𝑎𝑥 𝑥>3
2
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑎(3) = 18𝑎
𝑥→3
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = (3)2 − 1 = 8
𝑥→3
4
18𝑎 = 8 → 𝑎 = 9

Question 10:

Find the points of discontinuity and identify their type.

There are jump discontinuity at 𝑥 = −2 and at 𝑥 = 4 because lim + 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim − 𝑓(𝑥) and
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim− 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→4 𝑥→4
There is removable discontinuity at 𝑥 = 2 because lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(2)
𝑥→2
There is infinite discontinuity at 𝑥 = 0 because lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞
𝑥→0

Calculus Page 10 of 136

 Subtopic 1.4 Limits Involving Infinity, Asymptotes

Question 1:
𝑥−2
𝑥≤0
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 − 1
1
𝑥>0
𝑥2
Find the limits.
𝑥−2
1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑥−1 = 1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞

1 1
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim =∞=0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥2

𝑥−2 0−2
3. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑥−1 = 0−1 = 2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

1 1
4. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑥2 = 0 = +∞
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Question 2:

1
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 𝑥<0
−1 𝑥≥0
Find the limits.
1 1
1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = −∞ = 0−
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥

2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − 1
𝑥→∞

1 1
3. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑥 = 0− = −∞
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

4. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = −1
𝑥→0

Question 3:
Calculus Page 11 of 136
 1−𝑥
Find the vertical asymptotes of the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 −5𝑥−3 . Describe the end behavior to the left
and right of each vertical asymptote.
1
2𝑥2 − 5𝑥 − 3 = 0 → 𝑥 = − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3 Vertical asymptotes
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
lim+ 2 = lim+ = −∞
𝑥→3 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 3 𝑥→3 (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
lim− 2 = lim− =∞
𝑥→3 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 3 𝑥→3 (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
lim + 2 = lim+ = −∞
1 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 3 −1 (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→− 2 𝑥→ 2
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
lim − 2 = lim− =∞
1
𝑥→−2 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 3 −1
𝑥→ 2 (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)

Question 4:
2𝑥 2+1
Find all the vertical and horizontal asymptotes for the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = and for each side of each
𝑥 2−1
vertical asymptote determine whether 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞ or 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞.

2𝑥2 +1
lim =2
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥2−1

y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote
𝑥2 − 1 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±1 Vertical asymptote
2𝑥2+1
lim − = +∞
𝑥→−1 𝑥2 −1
2𝑥2+1
lim +2 = −∞
𝑥→−1 𝑥 −1
2𝑥2+1
lim− = −∞
𝑥→1 𝑥2−1
2𝑥2+1
lim+ 2 = +∞
𝑥→1 𝑥 −1

Question 5:
Evaluate each limit
2𝑥2−1
1. lim =0
𝑥→∞ 4𝑥3 −5𝑥−1

2𝑥4 +4𝑥+10
2. lim 4𝑥3+𝑥
=∞
𝑥→∞

2𝑥3+4 1
3. lim 4𝑥 3 +𝑥+4 =2
𝑥→∞

𝑥+1
4. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥2−𝑥−6

𝑥+1
lim = −∞
𝑥→3− 𝑥2 −𝑥−6

𝑥+1
lim+ 𝑥2 −𝑥−6
= +∞
𝑥→3

𝑥+1
lim Does not exist.
𝑥→3 𝑥2−𝑥−6

Question 6:

Calculus Page 12 of 136

 −2𝑥 2 +1
Find the slant (oblique) asymptote of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = .
𝑥−1
By synthetic division

1 −2 0 1
−2 −2
−2 −2 −1

Hence y = −2𝑥 − 2 is the slant asymptote

Question 7:
−3𝑥 2 +2
Find the slant (oblique) asymptote of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = .
𝑥−1

By synthetic division

1 −3 0 2
−3 −3
−3 −3 −1

Hence y = −3𝑥 − 3 is the slant asymptote

Question 8:
For the function f graphed below, which of the following
statement(s) is/are true?

I. 𝑓 has a horizontal asymptote at y = 2

II. 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1
III. lim f(𝑥) = 2
𝑥→−∞

A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
 D. I and III only
E. I, II and III

 𝑓 has a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 1

 𝑦 = 2 is horizontal asymptote
 𝑓 has an infinite discontinuity at 𝑥 = 1

Question 9
Use the intermediate value theorem to show that the following function
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 1 has a zero in the interval [0,1]
 𝑓 is continuous on [0,1]
 𝑓 (0) = −1
 𝑓 (1) = 9
The function has a zero in the interval [0,1]

Subtopic 2.1 Derivative

Calculus Page 13 of 136

Question 1:
Given the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 . Use the limit definition to find 𝑓′ (1)

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
lim ℎ
ℎ→0
 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ ) = 2(𝑥 + h )2 − 3(𝑥 + h ) + 1
= 2(𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ2 ) − 3𝑥 − 3ℎ + 1
= 2𝑥 2 + 4ℎ𝑥 + 2ℎ2 − 3𝑥 − 3ℎ + 1

2 2
 (2 𝑥2 + 4ℎ𝑥 + 2ℎ − 3𝑥 − 3ℎ + 1) − (2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 1) = 4ℎ𝑥 + 2ℎ − 3ℎ
4ℎ𝑥+2ℎ2 −3ℎ 4𝑥+2ℎ−3
 ℎ
= 1
= 4𝑥 + 2ℎ − 3
 lim(4𝑥 + 2ℎ − 3) = 4𝑥 + 2(0) − 3 = 4𝑥 − 3
ℎ→0
′
 𝑓 (1) = 4(1) − 3 = 1

Question 2:
Given the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 3 . Use the limit definition to find 𝑓′ (1)
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
lim ℎ
ℎ→0
 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 3(𝑥 + h)2 + 3 = 3(𝑥 + h)(𝑥 + h) + 3
= 3(𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ2 ) + 3
= 3 𝑥 2 + 6ℎ𝑥 + 3ℎ2 + 3

2 2
 (3 𝑥2 + 6ℎ𝑥 + 3ℎ + 3) − (3𝑥2 + 3) = 6ℎ𝑥 + 3ℎ
6ℎ𝑥+3ℎ2 6𝑥+3ℎ
 ℎ
= 1 = 6𝑥 + 3ℎ
 lim(6𝑥 + 3ℎ) = 6𝑥 + 3(0) = 6𝑥
ℎ→0
′
 𝑓 (1) = 6(1) = 6

Question 3:
2
Given the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+1. Use the limit definition to find 𝑓′(𝑥 )
2
 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑥+h+1

2 2 2(𝑥+1) −2(𝑥+ℎ+1) 2𝑥+2−2𝑥−2ℎ−2 −2ℎ

 𝑥+h+1
− 𝑥+1 = (𝑥+ℎ+1)(𝑥+1)
= (𝑥+ℎ+1)(𝑥+1)
= (𝑥+ℎ+1)(𝑥+1)

−2ℎ
−2ℎ −2
 (𝑥+ℎ+1)(𝑥+1)
ℎ
= ℎ(𝑥+ℎ+1)(𝑥+1) = (𝑥+ℎ+1)(𝑥+1)

−2 −2 −2
 lim ((𝑥+ℎ+1)(𝑥+1)) = (𝑥+0+1)(𝑥+1) =
ℎ→0 (𝑥+1)2

Question 4:
Calculus Page 14 of 136
 3
Given the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥−2 . Use the limit definition to find 𝑓′(𝑥 ).

3
 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑥+h−2

3 3 3(𝑥−2) −3(𝑥+ℎ−2) 3𝑥−6−3𝑥−3ℎ+6 −3ℎ

 𝑥+h−2
− 𝑥−2 = (𝑥+ℎ−2)(𝑥−2)
= (𝑥+ℎ−2)(𝑥−2)
= (𝑥+ℎ−2)(𝑥−2)

−3ℎ
−3ℎ −3
 (𝑥+ℎ−2)(𝑥−2)
ℎ
= ℎ(𝑥+ℎ−2)(𝑥−2) = (𝑥+ℎ−2)(𝑥−2)

−3 −3 −3
 lim ((𝑥+ℎ−2)(𝑥−2)) = (𝑥+0−2)(𝑥−2) =
ℎ→0 (𝑥−2)2

Question 5:
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
Is the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = { continuous/differentiable at 𝑥 = 0? Explain.
−𝑥, 𝑥≥0
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = − (0) = 0
𝑥→0

lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(0)2 − 0 = 0

𝑥→0

𝑓 (0) = − (0) = 0

𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0

4𝑥 − 1 𝑥<0
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = {
−1 𝑥>0

lim 𝑓′(𝑥) = − 1
𝑥→0+
lim 𝑓′(𝑥) = 4(0) − 1 = −1
𝑥→0−
𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 0

Question 6:
4 𝑥<2
Show that 𝑓(𝑥 ) = { is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 2 .
2𝑥 𝑥≥2
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(2) = 4
𝑥→2

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑥→2−

𝑓 (2) = 2(2) = 4
𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2
0 x<2
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = {
2 x>2

𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 2

Question 7:
Calculus Page 15 of 136
 6 𝑥<2
Show that 𝑓(𝑥 ) = { is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 2.
3𝑥 𝑥≥2
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3(2) = 6
𝑥→2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 6
𝑥→2−
𝑓 (2) = 3(2) = 6
𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2
0 x<2
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = {
3 x>2
𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 2
Question 8:
The function fails to be differentiable at 𝑥 = 0 . Tell whether the problem is a corner, a cusp, a
vertical tangent or a discontinuity.

−1
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑥≠0 discontinuity
1 𝑥=0
4
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 cusp

3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 2 = 𝑥 + |𝑥| + 2 corner

4. 𝑦 = 3 − 3√𝑥 vertical tangent

5. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2|𝑥 | − 1 corner

Subtopic 2.2 Computation of Derivatives: The Power Rule

Calculus Page 16 of 136
Question 1:
Find the derivative of each function
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝜋𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 𝜋

2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝜋
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 0

3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 3
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥3 + 6𝑥2 + 8𝑥 + 9

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 −7 + 2𝑥1/2 + 1
−1
𝑓′ (𝑥) = −49𝑥−8 + 𝑥 2
−49 1
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 8 + 1
𝑥
𝑥2
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+4
5. 𝑓(𝑥 = .
√𝑥
−1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4)
2
3 1 −1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2
2
1
′ 3 −1 −3
𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2
2
1
3 2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥2 − 1 −
3
2𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑥 2+5𝑥−1
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2
−2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 1)
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 5𝑥 −1 − 𝑥 −2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = −5𝑥−2 + 2𝑥−3
−5 2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 𝑥3

Question 2:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + Find 𝑓′′(𝑥)
√𝑥

−1
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
1 −3
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 10𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2
′′ 3 −5
𝑓 (𝑥) = 10 + 𝑥 2
4
′′ 3
𝑓 (𝑥) = 10 + 5
4𝑥2
3
𝑓′′ (𝑥) = 10 +
4√𝑥5

Question 3:

Calculus Page 17 of 136

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 9 − 𝑥 2 , find 𝑓′′′(−√5)

𝑓′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥
𝑓′′ (𝑥) = −2
𝑓′′′ (−√5) = −2

Question 4:
𝑥 4+2
Find the equation for the line tangent to the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 = −1
𝑥2
(−1)4+2
Step 1: 𝑦1 = =3
(−1)2
Step 2:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −2 (𝑥 4 + 2)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 −2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4𝑥−3
Step 3: 𝑚 = 2(−1) − 4(−1)−3 = 2
Step 4:
𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑦1
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 1 ) + 3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2 + 3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5

Question 5:
Find the equation for the line tangent to the curve 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 , 𝑥 = 1
Step 1: 𝑦1 = (1)2 − 2(1) + 2 = 1
Step 2:
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2
Step 3: 𝑚 = 2(1) − 2 = 0
Step 4:
𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑦1
𝑦 = 0(𝑥 − 1 ) + 1
𝑦=1
Question 6:
1 𝑥2
Find the equation for the line tangent to the curve 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + ,𝑥 = 1
2
1 (1)2 3
Step 1: 𝑦1 = (1)3 + =2
2
Step 2:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −3 + 2 𝑥 2
′
𝑓 (𝑥) = −3𝑥−4 + 𝑥
Step 3:
𝑚 = −3(1)−4 + (1) = −2
Step 4:
𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑦1
3
𝑦 = −2(𝑥 − 1) +
2
7
𝑦 = −2𝑥 +
2

Question 7:
Calculus Page 18 of 136
Find the points on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 20 where the tangent line is horizontal
Step 1: 𝑓′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥2 − 6𝑥 − 12 = 0
Step 2 : 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥 = −1
𝑥 = 2 → 𝑦 = 2(2)3 − 3(2)2 − 12(2) + 20 = 0
𝑥 = −1 → 𝑦 = 2(−1)3 − 3(−1)2 − 12(−1) + 20 = 27
𝐴(2,0), 𝐵(−1,27)
Question 8:
The function ℎ(𝑡) = 12𝑡 2 − 10𝑡 + 5 represents the height of an object.
Compute the velocity and acceleration at 𝑡 = 2. Is the object going up or down? Give a reason for your
answer.
𝑣 (𝑡) = 24𝑡 − 10
𝑣 (2) = 24(2) − 10 = 38
The object is going up, since the velocity has a positive value at 𝑡 = 2
𝑎(𝑡) = 24
𝑎(2) = 24
Question 9:
1
Determine the value(s) of 𝑥 for which the slope of the tangent line to 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 5 does not exist.
4
2 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = 5 𝑥 −5 = 4
5𝑥 5
Since 𝑓′ is defined for all real number except at 𝑥 = 0, the slope of the tangent line to 𝑓 does not exist
at 𝑥 = 0
Question 10:
When a rock falls from rest near the surface of the earth, the distance it covers during the first few
seconds is given by the equation: 𝑠 = 4.9𝑡 2
Find its velocity and acceleration
𝑣 (𝑡) = 9.8𝑡 Velocity is the derivative of the position function
𝑎(𝑡) = 9.8 Acceleration is the derivative of the velocity
Question 11:
Find the instantaneous rate of change of the position function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡+1
1. 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡 , 𝑡=2

𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡 −1 (𝑡 + 1)
𝑓 (𝑡) = 1 + 𝑡 −1
𝑓′ (𝑡) = −𝑡−2
−1
𝑓′ (2) = −(2)−2 =
4
2. 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 1 , 𝑡 = 2

𝑓′ (𝑡) = 3𝑡2
𝑓′ (2) = 3(2)2 = 12

Subtopic 2.3 the product and the quotient rule

Calculus Page 19 of 136
Question 1:
Find the derivative of each function
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 3 + 1)
Use the formula (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑣′𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑥 3 + 1 → 𝑣 ′ = 3𝑥 2
𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑣′𝑢
𝑓′(𝑥) = (2𝑥 )(𝑥 3 + 1) + (3𝑥 2 )(𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥4 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥4 + 3𝑥2
𝑓′(𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = (4𝑥 3 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)

Use the formula (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑣′𝑢
𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 + 3 → 𝑢′ = 12𝑥 2
𝑣 = 𝑥 − 1 → 𝑣′ = 1
𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑣′𝑢
𝑓′(𝑥) = (12𝑥 2 )(𝑥 − 1) + (1)(4𝑥 3 + 3)
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥3 − 12𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 + 3
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 16𝑥3 − 12𝑥2 + 3

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4−5𝑥

𝑢 ′ 𝑢′ 𝑣−𝑣′𝑢
Use the formula (𝑣) = 𝑣2
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 2
𝑣 = 4 − 5𝑥 → 𝑣 ′ = −5
2
′ (2𝑥 + 2)(4 − 5𝑥) − (−5)(𝑥 + 2𝑥)
𝑓 (𝑥) =
(4 − 5𝑥)2
8𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 8 − 10𝑥 + 5𝑥2 + 10𝑥 −5𝑥2 + 8𝑥 + 8
2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 2 = 2
(4 − 5𝑥) (4 − 5𝑥)

Question 2:
Suppose 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable functions of 𝑥, and that
𝑓(−2) = 4 , 𝑓′(−2) = 3 , 𝑔(−2) = −1 , and 𝑔′ (−2) = 5 .
𝑓(𝑥)
Find the equation of tangent line to the graph of ℎ(x) = 𝑔(𝑥) at 𝑥 = −2
𝑓(−2) 4
 𝑦1 = 𝑔(−2) = −1 = −4
𝑓′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)−𝑔′(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)
 ℎ′ (𝑥) =
(𝑔(𝑥))2
𝑓′ (−2)𝑔(−2)−𝑔′(−2)𝑓(−2) (3)(−1)−(5)(4)
 𝑚= = = −23
(𝑔(−2))2 (−1)2
 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑦1
𝑦 = −23(𝑥 + 2) − 4
𝑦 = −23𝑥 − 46 − 4
𝑦 = −23𝑥 − 50

Question 3:

Calculus Page 20 of 136

 Suppose 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable functions of 𝑥, and that
𝑓(−2) = 4 , 𝑓′(−2) = 3 , 𝑔(−2) = −1 , and 𝑔′ (−2) = 5 .
Find the equation of tangent line to the graph of ℎ(x) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥 ) at 𝑥 = −2

ℎ(−2) = 𝑓 (−2) ∙ 𝑔(−2)) = 4(−1) = −4

ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)
𝑚 = 𝑓 ′ (−2)𝑔(−2) + 𝑔′ (−2)𝑓(2)
m = 3(−1) + 5(4) = 17

𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑦1
𝑦 = 17(𝑥 + 2) − 4
𝑦 = 17𝑥 + 34 − 4
𝑦 = 17𝑥 + 30

Question 4:
𝑑𝑦
𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 + 1)2 ; What is the value of 𝑑𝑥 at 𝑥 = −1
𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 1 → 𝑣 ′ = 2𝑥
𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑣′𝑢
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (2𝑥)(𝑥2 + 1) + (2𝑥)(𝑥2 + 1)
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥3 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥3 + 2𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥3 + 4𝑥
𝑓′ (−1) = 4(−1)3 + 4(−1) = −8

Calculus Page 21 of 136

 Subtopic 2.4 Chain Rule
Composite functions Derivatives
ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓𝑜𝑔 )(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 ))
ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓′ (𝑔(𝑥)). 𝑔′(𝑥)
Question 1:
′
Given that ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) , 𝑓 (−1) = 4 , 𝑔(2) = −1 , 𝑔′ (2) = 3 . Find ℎ′(2)
ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓′ (𝑔(𝑥)). 𝑔′(𝑥) composite function derivative
′ ′
ℎ (2) = 𝑓 (𝑔(2)). 𝑔′(2)
ℎ′ (2) = 𝑓′ (−1). (3)
ℎ′ (2) = 4(3) = 12
Question 2:
Given that ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) , 𝑓′ (3) = −2 , 𝑔(1) = 3 , 𝑔′ (1) = 8 . Find ℎ′(1)
ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓′ (𝑔(𝑥)). 𝑔′(𝑥) composite function derivative
′ ′
ℎ (1) = 𝑓 (𝑔(1)). 𝑔′(1)
ℎ′ (1) = 𝑓′ (3). (8)
ℎ′ (1) = −2(8) = −16
Question 3:
1
Compare ℎ′ (10) for ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑓 (𝑥 )) , where 𝑓(10) = 40 , 𝑔′ (40) = 2 , 𝑓′ (10) = 80
ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′ (𝑓(𝑥)). 𝑓′(𝑥) composite function derivative
ℎ′ (10) = 𝑔′ (𝑓(10)). 𝑓′(10)
′
ℎ (10) = 𝑔′ (40). (80)
1
ℎ′ (10) = 2 (80) = 40

Parametric equations Derivatives

𝑑𝑦 𝑦′(𝑡)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥′(𝑡)

Question 4:
Using the curve defined by the parametric equations below:
𝑑𝑦
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 4 and 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 8𝑡 Find 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦′(𝑡) −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 8 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 8
= = = + = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 + 8𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑥′(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

Question 5:
Calculus Page 22 of 136
 𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3√𝑥
1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3
1 −2 1 1
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 3 𝑥 3 = 2 = 3
3𝑥3 3 √ 𝑥2
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (4𝑥 2 + 3)3

2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (3)(4𝑥2 + 3) (8𝑥)
2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 24𝑥 (4𝑥2 + 3)

3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (5𝑥 4 + 1)5

4 4
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (5) (5𝑥 + 1) (20𝑥3 )
4 4
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 100𝑥3 (5𝑥 + 1)
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 1)3
2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (3) (2𝑥3 − 𝑥 + 1) (6𝑥2 − 1)
2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (18𝑥2 − 3) (2𝑥3 − 𝑥 + 1)
5
5. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2+1

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5(𝑥 2 + 1)−1
−2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (−5)(𝑥2 + 1) (2𝑥)
−2
𝑓′ (𝑥) = −10𝑥(𝑥2 + 1)
−10𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 2
(𝑥 + 1)2

′ 𝑢′
6. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √2𝑥 − 3 (√𝑢 ) =
2 √𝑢

′ 2 1
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2√2𝑥−3 = √2𝑥−3

2𝑥−3
7. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2+5 )4

′ 2𝑥 − 3 3 (2)(𝑥2 + 5) − (2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥)

𝑓 (𝑥) = 4( 2 ) [ 2
]
𝑥 +5 (𝑥2 + 5)

′ 2𝑥 − 3 3 2𝑥2 + 10 − 4𝑥2 + 6𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 4( 2 ) [ ]
𝑥 +5 (𝑥2 + 5)2

′ 2𝑥 − 3 3 −2𝑥2 + 10 + 6𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 4( ) [ ]
𝑥2 + 5 (𝑥2 + 5)2

4(2𝑥 − 3)3 (−2𝑥2 + 10 + 6𝑥)

𝑓′ (𝑥) = 5
(𝑥2 + 5)

Calculus Page 23 of 136

 2𝑥−1
8. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2+4 )3
2𝑥−1 2 (2)(𝑥2+4)−(2𝑥)(2𝑥−1)
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 3(𝑥2+4 ) [ 2 ]
(𝑥2+4)
2𝑥−1 2 2𝑥2+8−4𝑥2+2𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 3(𝑥2+4 ) [ 2 ]
(𝑥2 +4)
′ 2𝑥−1 2 −2𝑥2 +2𝑥+8
𝑓 (𝑥) = 3(𝑥2+4 ) [ 2 2 ]
(𝑥 +4)
3(2𝑥−1)2(−2𝑥2+2𝑥+8)
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 4
(𝑥2 +4)
9. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −7√𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 → 𝑢′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
−1 1
′ 7𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 7𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 7𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 2 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 7𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2√𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
= 1 = 2
= 2
2𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 2
7𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 √𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 2

10. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥

𝑢 = 3𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 3
𝑣 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)4 → 𝑣 ′ = (4)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

𝑓′ (𝑥) = (3)(𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑥) + [(4)(𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)](3𝑥)

′
𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑥 − 12𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥

11. 𝑦 = sin(3𝑥 + 1)
𝑦′ = 3cos(3𝑥 + 1)
12. 𝑦 = sin(7 − 5𝑥 )
𝑦′ = −5 cos(7 − 5𝑥)
13. 𝑦 = cos(√3 𝑥)
𝑦′ = −√3sin(√3 𝑥)
14. 𝑦 = tan(2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 )
𝑦′ = (2 − 3𝑥2 )𝑠𝑒𝑐2 (2𝑥 − 𝑥3 )
15. 𝑦 = cos(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )

𝑦′ = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

Question 6:
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the indicated point
𝜋
𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 , 𝑡=
4
𝜋
 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 = √2
𝜋
 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 = √2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦′(𝑡) 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥′(𝑡) = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝜋
−𝑐𝑜𝑠
 𝑚= 𝜋
4
= −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛
4
 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑦1
𝑦 = −1(𝑥 − √2) + √2
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2√2

Calculus Page 24 of 136

 Subtopic 2.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Derivatives
 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)′ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 )′ = −𝑢′𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 )′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑢
 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐2 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢)′ = −𝑢′𝑐𝑠𝑐2 𝑢
 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 tan 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢)′ = 𝑢′ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
 (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥)′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢)′ = −𝑢′𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢

Question 1:
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 2 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥
′
𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 − 1
3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 10 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 10𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑐2 𝑥
1
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−4 cos 𝑥

′ (0)(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(1)

𝑓 (𝑥) =
(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) =
(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
5. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥)(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) + (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 )
′
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐3 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
6. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

′ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)

𝑓 (𝑥) =
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = 1
(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2

′ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1
𝑓 (𝑥) =
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2

7. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 3 + [(1)(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) + (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥)(𝑥)]
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 3 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥

Question 2:
Calculus Page 25 of 136
 𝜋
Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 at 𝑃( 2 , 2)
 𝑦′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐2 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
 𝑚 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2
𝜋
−1 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 2 0
𝑚 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋2 = + 1 ∙ 1 = −1
1
2 2 2
 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑦1
𝜋
𝑦 = −1 (𝑥 − 2 ) + 2
𝜋
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2 + 2
Question 3:
A spring hanging from the ceiling vibrates up and down. Its vertical position at time t (in sec) is given
by
𝑓(𝑡) = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 ( in cm) .
a. Find the velocity of the spring at time t.

𝑣 (𝑡) = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
b. What is the spring's maximum speed?

𝑣 (𝑡) = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 velocity function

−1 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ≤ 1
−6 ≤ 6𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ≤ 6
−6 ≤ 𝑣(𝑡) ≤ 6
the spring's maximum speed is 6𝑐𝑚/𝑠

c. For what time values is the speed at its maximum ?

Hint : Speed is always the absolute value of the velocity
Speed = |6𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡| = 6

Note : |𝑥| = 𝑎 → 𝑥 = ±𝑎

6𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = ±6
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = ±1

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 1 → 2𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1) = 0 → 2𝑡 = 0 + 2𝑘𝜋 → 𝑡 = 0 + 𝑘𝜋

𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = −1 → 2𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−1) = 𝜋 → 2𝑡 = 𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋 → 𝑡 = 2 + 𝑘𝜋 where 𝑘 ia an integer

d. What is its location when it reaches its maximum speed ?

𝑓(𝑡) = 0 when it reaches the maximum speed

Question 4:

Calculus Page 26 of 136

A spring hanging from the ceiling vibrates up and down. Its vertical position at time t (in sec) is given
by
𝑓(𝑡) = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 ( in cm) .
a. Find the velocity of the spring at time t.

𝑣 (𝑡) = 12𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
b. What is the spring's maximum speed?
−1 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 ≤ 1
−12 ≤ 12𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 ≤ 12
The spring’s maximum speed is 12𝑐𝑚/𝑠
c. For what time values is the speed at its maximum ?
Speed = |12𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡| = 12

Note : |𝑥| = 𝑎 → 𝑥 = ±𝑎

12𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 = ±12
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 = ±1
2𝑘𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 = 1 → 3𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1) = 0 → 3𝑡 = 0 + 2𝑘𝜋 → 𝑡 = 0 +
3
𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
−1 (
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 = −1 → 3𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1) = 𝜋 → 3𝑡 = 𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋 → 𝑡 = 3 + 3 where 𝑘 ia an integer

d. What is its location when it reaches its maximum speed ?

𝑓 (𝑡) = 0 when it reaches the maximum speed

Question 5:
A body is moving in simple harmonic motion with position function 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Find the jerk at time 𝑡
𝑣 (𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑎(𝑡) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Jerk = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

Subtopic 2.6 Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Calculus Page 27 of 136
Exponential and logarithmic Derivatives
 (𝑒 𝑥 ) ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑒 𝑢

 (𝑎 𝑥 )′ = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎 (𝑎𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛𝑎

1 𝑢′
 (𝑙𝑛𝑥 )′ = (𝑙𝑛𝑢)′ =
𝑥 𝑢

1 𝑢′
 (log 𝑎 𝑥 )′ = (log𝑎 𝑢)′ =
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑎

Question 1 :
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥
1 2
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (4)𝑥
(𝑎𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
2 2
1 𝑥 1 1 1 𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = (2𝑥 ) ( ) ln ( ) = 2𝑥 ln ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4
2
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (5) 𝑥

(𝑎𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛𝑎

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
2 2
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = (2𝑥)(5)𝑥 (ln 5) = 2𝑥 ln 5 (5)𝑥

3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = log10 (2𝑥 − 3)
𝑢′
(log 𝑎 𝑢)′ =
𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 3 → 𝑢′ = 2
2
𝑓′(𝑥) = (2𝑥−3) ln 10
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥. 𝑒 3 − 2𝑒 𝑥

𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 3 − 2𝑒 𝑥

5. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
(𝑎𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛𝑎

𝑢 = cot 𝑥 → 𝑢′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = (−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 )(2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 )(𝑙𝑛2) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 ln 2 (2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 )

6. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = log4 𝑥 2

𝑢′
(log 𝑎 𝑢)′ =
𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
2𝑥 2
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 2 =
𝑥 ln 4 𝑥𝑙𝑛 4

7. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ln(𝑥 2 )
Calculus Page 28 of 136
 𝑢′
(𝑙𝑛𝑢)′ =
𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
2𝑥 2
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 2 =
𝑥 𝑥

8. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑙𝑛𝑥)2
1 2 ln 𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥) = (2)(𝑙𝑛𝑥 ) (𝑥) = 𝑥
9. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ln(𝑙𝑛𝑥)

𝑢′
(𝑙𝑛𝑢)′ =
𝑢
1
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 → 𝑢′ =
𝑥
1
( ) 1
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 =
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥

10. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ln(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 )

𝑢′
(𝑙𝑛𝑢)′ =
𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = −2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
−2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 = −2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2
11. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sin(𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 )

2𝑥 2
𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = =
𝑥2 𝑥
2
𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos(𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 )

Question 2 :
Find all the values of 𝑥 for which the tangent line to 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 is horizontal
𝑢 = 2𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 2
𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝑣 ′ = 3𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑒 𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑒 𝑢
𝑦 ′ = (2)(𝑒 3𝑥 ) + (3𝑒 3𝑥 )(2𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑒 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑒 3𝑥 (1 + 3𝑥 ) = 0 remember the exponential function is always >0
1 + 3𝑥 = 0
3𝑥 = −1
−1
𝑥=
3
Question 3 :
Find all the values of 𝑥 for which the tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 is horizontal

𝑢 = 𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 1
𝑣 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 → 𝑣 ′ = −2𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑒 𝑢
′ −2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑦 = (1)(𝑒 ) + (−2𝑒 )(𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥 ) = 0 remember the exponential function is always >0
1 − 2𝑥 = 0
1
2𝑥 = 1 → 𝑥 =
2
Question 4 :

Calculus Page 29 of 136

Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph 𝑦 = 21−𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2
1
 𝑦1 = 21−2 = 2
 (𝑎𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑦 ′ = (−1)(21−𝑥 )(𝑙𝑛2)
𝑦 ′ = −𝑙𝑛2 (21−𝑥 )

− ln 2
 𝑚 = −𝑙𝑛2 (21−2 ) = 2
 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑦1
− ln 2 1
𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 2 ) + 2
− ln 2 1
𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛2 + 2
Question 5 :
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥
 lny = ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
 lny = 𝑥 ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥))′ =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
 = (1)(ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)) + ( )(𝑥)
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦′
 = ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑦
 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝑥 cot 𝑥 )
𝑦 ′ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥 (ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑥 cot 𝑥 )

Question 6 :
At what point on graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 − 1 is the tangent line perpendicular to 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 2
 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑒 𝑥
1
 𝑦 ′ = −3 → 𝑚 = 3
1
 2𝑒 𝑥 = 3
6𝑒 𝑥 = 1
1
𝑒𝑥 = 6 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑎 → 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎
1
𝑥 = ln ( ) = ln(1) − ln(6) = − ln 6
6
−2
𝑥 = − ln 6 → 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑙𝑛6 − 1 =
3
−2
𝐴(−𝑙𝑛6 , )
3

Subtopic 2.7 Implicit Differentiation

Calculus Page 30 of 136
Question 1 :
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2𝑥

−𝑦′ sin 𝑦 = 2
2
𝑦 ′ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑦 ′ = −2 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑦
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 3𝑥

𝑦′ cos 𝑦 = 3
3
𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑦 ′ = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦
3. 𝑥𝑦 = 4

(1)(𝑦) + (𝑦 ′ )(𝑥 ) = 0

𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑥𝑦 ′ = −𝑦
−𝑦
𝑦′ = 𝑥
4. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
2𝑦𝑦 ′ = −2𝑥
−2𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦 = 𝑦

5. 5𝑥 3 = (−3𝑥)𝑦 + 2

15𝑥 2 = (−3)(𝑦) + (𝑦 ′ )(−3𝑥)

15𝑥 2 = −3𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦′
15𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 = −3𝑥𝑦 ′
15𝑥 2 +3𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 ′ = −3𝑥 = −5𝑥 − 𝑥
6. (2𝑥)𝑦 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝑦 2 = 1

(2)(𝑦) + (𝑦 ′ )(2𝑥) + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0

2𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
2𝑥𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦𝑦 ′ = −2𝑦 − 3𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ (2𝑥 − 6𝑦) = −2𝑦 − 3𝑥 2
−2𝑦 − 3𝑥 2
𝑦′ =
2𝑥 − 6𝑦

7. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦 2

(1)(𝑦) + (𝑦 ′ )(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦′

𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′
𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑦 ′ (𝑥 − 2𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑦′ =
𝑥 − 2𝑦

Question 2 :
Calculus Page 31 of 136
 dy
Find the value of dx at point(0, −1), given 𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 = 5
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑦 ′ − [(1)(𝑦) + (𝑦 ′ )(𝑥)] = 0

3(0)2 + 4(−1)𝑦 ′ − [(1)((−1)) + (𝑦 ′ )(0)] = 0

−4𝑦 ′ − (−1) = 0
−4𝑦 ′ + 1 = 0
1
𝑦′ =
4

Question 3 :
Find the equations of the tangent line to the graph of 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 3𝑦 + 1 at 𝑥 = 2
 (2)2 𝑦 2 = 3𝑦 + 1
−1
4𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 − 1 = 0 → 𝑦 = 1 , 𝑦 = 4
Case 1 :
 𝑥1 = 2 → 𝑦1 = 1
 (2𝑥 )(𝑦 2 ) + (2𝑦𝑦 ′ )(𝑥 2 ) = 3𝑦′
−4
 (2(2))((1)2 ) + (2(1)𝑦 ′ )((2)2 ) = 3𝑦 ′ → 4 + 8𝑦 ′ = 3𝑦 ′ → 𝑦 ′ = 5

−4
 𝑦= (𝑥 − 2) + 1
5
−4 8
𝑦= 𝑥+ +1
5 5
−4 13
𝑦= 𝑥+
5 5
Case 2 :
−1
 𝑥1 = 2 → 𝑦1 = 4
 (2𝑥 )(𝑦 2 ) + (2𝑦𝑦 ′ )(𝑥 2 ) = 3𝑦′
−1 −1 1 1
 (2(2)) (( )2 ) + (2( )𝑦 ′ ) ((2)2 ) = 3𝑦 ′ → − 2𝑦 ′ = 3𝑦 ′ → 𝑦 ′ =
4 4 4 20

1 1
 𝑦 = 20 (𝑥 − 2) − 4
1 1 1
𝑦= 𝑥− −
20 10 4
1 7
𝑦= 𝑥−
20 20

Subtopic 2.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Calculus Page 32 of 136
Inverse Trigonometric Derivatives
1 𝑢′
 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥 )′ = 2
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢)′ =
√1−𝑥 √1−𝑢 2
−1 −𝑢′
 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 )′ = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑢)′ =
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑢 2
1 𝑢′
 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 )′ = (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢)′ =
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑢 2
−1 −𝑢′
 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 )′ = (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑢)′ =
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑢 2
1 𝑢′
 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 )′ = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑢)′ =
|𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1 |𝑢|√𝑢 2 −1
−1 −𝑢′
 (𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥 )′ = (𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑢)′ =
|𝑥|√𝑥 2−1 |𝑢|√𝑢 2 −1

Question 1:
Find the derivative
1. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (√2𝑡)
𝑢 = √2𝑡 → 𝑢′ = √2
𝑢′
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢)′ =
√1−𝑢 2
√2 √2
𝑦′ = = √1−2𝑡 2
√1−(√2𝑡)2

2. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑡)
𝑢 = 1 − 𝑡 → 𝑢′ = −1
𝑢′
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢)′ =
√1−𝑢 2
−1 −1 −1 −1
𝑦′ = = = = √2𝑡−𝑡 2
√1−(1−𝑡)2 √1−(1−𝑡)(1−𝑡) √1−(1−𝑡−𝑡+𝑡 2 )
−1 3
3. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡 2 ) =
3 −6
𝑢 = 2 = 3𝑡 −2 → 𝑢′ = −6𝑡 −3 = 3
𝑡 𝑡
𝑢′
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢)′ =
√1−𝑢 2
−6
( 3) −6 −6
𝑦′ = 𝑡
3
= 3
= 9
√1−( 2)2 𝑡 3 √1−( 2)2 𝑡 3 √1− 4
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

4. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥 2 )
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
−𝑢′
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑢)′ =
√1 − 𝑢2
−2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑦′ = =
√1 − (𝑥 2 )2 √1 − 𝑥 4

1
5. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥)
−1
𝑢 = 𝑥 −1 → 𝑢′ = −1𝑥 −2 = (𝑥 𝑎 )𝑏 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑏
𝑥2
−𝑢′
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑢)′ = 𝑥 𝑎 ∙ 𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑥 𝑎+𝑏
√1−𝑢 2
1
( 2) 1 1 1
𝑦′ = 𝑥 = = =
√1 − (𝑥 −1 )2 𝑥 2 √1 − (𝑥 −1 )2 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 −2 1
𝑥 2 √1 − 2
𝑥

Calculus Page 33 of 136

 6. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 1
−2𝑥 −𝑥 ′ 𝑢′
𝑣 = √1 − 𝑥 2 → 𝑣 ′ = 2
= √1−𝑥 2 (√𝑢 ) =
2√1−𝑥 2√𝑢

−𝑥 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (1)(√1 − 𝑥 2 ) + ( ) (𝑥 ) −
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2

𝑥2 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = √1 − 𝑥 2 − √1−𝑥 2 − √1−𝑥 2

′(
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥2 1
𝑓 𝑥) = ∙ − −
1 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2

1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥2 − 1 −2𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = =
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑢 = 𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 1
1
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 → 𝑣 ′ = √1−𝑥 2

1 −2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ) + (√1−𝑥 2 ) (𝑥 ) +
2√1−𝑥 2

𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + √1−𝑥 2 − √1−𝑥 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 2 )
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑢′
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑢)′ =
1+𝑢 2
2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 1+(𝑥 2 )2 = 1+𝑥 4
9. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √𝑡 − 1
1 ′ 𝑢′
𝑢 = √𝑡 − 1 → 𝑢′ = 2 ( √𝑢 ) =
√𝑡−1 2 √𝑢
−𝑢′
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑢)′ =
1 + 𝑢2
1 1 1
− − −
2√𝑡 − 1 2√𝑡 − 1 2√𝑡 − 1 −1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = = = =
1 + (√𝑡 − 1)2 1+𝑡−1 𝑡 2𝑡√𝑡 − 1
10. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)
−1 2

1 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (2)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 ) (|𝑥|√𝑥 2 ) = |𝑥|√𝑥 2
−1 −1

11. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 2
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑢′
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑢)′ =
|𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1
2𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = = =
|𝑥 2 |√(𝑥 2 )2 − 1 𝑥 2 √𝑥 4 − 1 𝑥√𝑥 4 − 1

Calculus Page 34 of 136

Question 2:
Find the equation for the tangent to the graph at the indicated point
1. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥 ), 𝑥=2

1 𝜋 1
 𝑦1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (2) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) = 60° = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥)
3
1
 𝑦 ′ = |𝑥|√𝑥 2
−1
1 √3
 𝑚= =
|2|√(2)2−1 6
√3 𝜋
 𝑦= (𝑥 − 2) +
6 3
√3 √3 𝜋
𝑦= 𝑥− +
6 3 3
𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (4) , 𝑥=3
3
 𝑦1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (4) = 0.84
𝑥 1
𝑢 = 4 → 𝑢′ = 4
1
( )
 𝑦′ = 𝑥
4

√1−( )2
4
1
( ) √7
 𝑚= 4
=
3 7
√1−( )2
4

 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑦1
√7
𝑦= (𝑥 − 3) + 0.84
7

Question 3:
A baseball player stands 2 feet from home plate and watches a pitch fly by. in the diagram 𝑥 is the
distance from the ball to the home plate and 𝜃 indicating the direction of the player’s gaze.
Find the rate 𝜃′ at which his eyes must move to watch a fastball with 𝑥 ′ = −130𝑓𝑡/𝑠 as it crosses
home plate at 𝑥 = 0

𝑣 = 𝑥 ′ = 130𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑥 𝑥 1 1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2 → 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) 𝑢 = 2 𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 2 𝑥 ′ = 2 (−130) = −65

𝑢′
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑢)′ =
1+𝑢 2

−65
𝜃′ = 1
1+( 𝑥)2
2

−65
𝜃′ = = −65𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
1 2
1 + (2 (0))

Calculus Page 35 of 136

 Subtopic 2.9 Hyperbolic Functions

Hyperbolic functions

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = pronounced sinch
2
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = pronounced kosh
2
 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = pronounced tanch
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 = pronounced coth like both
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
1
 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 pronounced setch
1
 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 pronounced co setch

Hyperbolic functions Derivatives

 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 )′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢

 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢)′ = 𝑢′𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢
 (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 )′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢
 (𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥)′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢)′ = −𝑢′𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢
 (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥)′ = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 tanh 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢)′ = −𝑢′𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 tanh 𝑢
 (𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥)′ = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 (𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢)′ = −𝑢′𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢

Calculus Page 36 of 136

Question 1:
Find the derivative
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 4𝑥
𝑢 = 4𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 4
(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢)′ = 𝑢′𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4𝑥

2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4 𝑥

𝑓′ (𝑥) = (4) (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3 𝑥) (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥) = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3 𝑥

3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ√𝑥
1
𝑢 = √𝑥 → 𝑢 ′ = 2
√𝑥

(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢)′ = 𝑢′𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢
1
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ√𝑥
2 √𝑥

4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) =
2√𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥

5. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 2
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
2
(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑢
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥2

6. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥)2
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 1 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (2)(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥)(𝑠𝑒𝑐2 ℎ𝑥) = 2 ( )( 2 )=
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3 𝑥

7. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ3𝑥
𝑢 = 3𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 3
(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 )′ = −𝑢′𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 tanh 𝑢
𝑓′ (𝑥) = −3 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ3𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ3𝑥

8. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ3 𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (3)(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥)(−𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥) = −3 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ3 𝑥

9. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5𝑥 → 𝑣 ′ = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5𝑥

𝑓′ (𝑥) = (2𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5𝑥) + (5 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5𝑥)(𝑥2 ) = 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5𝑥 + 5𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5𝑥

Calculus Page 37 of 136

 𝑥 2 +1
10. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 → 𝑣 ′ = (2)(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥)(−𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥) = −2 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥

′ (2𝑥)(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥)−(−2 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥)(𝑥2+1)

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2
(𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥)

2𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥+2(𝑥2+1)(𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥)

𝑓′ (𝑥) =
𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ4 𝑥

2𝑥+(2𝑥2 +2)𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) =
𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑥
11. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+2

𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑥 → 𝑢′ = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢)′ = 𝑢′𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢

𝑣 = 𝑥 + 2 → 𝑣′ = 1
(4𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4𝑥)(𝑥+2)−(1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑥)
𝑓′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥+2)2

4𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4𝑥+8𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥+2)2

12. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 tanh(𝑥 3 + 4)

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
2
𝑣 = tanh(𝑥 3 + 4) → 𝑣 ′ = 3𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 )′ = 𝑢′𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑢

𝑓′ (𝑥) = (2𝑥)(tanh(𝑥3 + 4)) + (3𝑥2 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥2 )(𝑥2 )

𝑓′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 tanh(𝑥3 + 4) + 3𝑥4 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥2

Calculus Page 38 of 136

 Subtopic 2.10 Mean Value Theorem

Rolle ’s Theorem
 𝒇 is continuous on [𝒂, 𝒃]
 𝒇 is differentiable on (𝒂, 𝒃)
 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒃)
Then there is a 𝒄 in the interval (𝒂, 𝒃)such that 𝒇′ (𝒄) = 𝟎

Mean value theorem

 𝒇 is continuous on [𝒂, 𝒃]
 𝒇 is differentiable on (𝒂, 𝒃)
𝒇(𝒃)−𝒇(𝒂)
Then there is a 𝒄 in the interval (𝒂, 𝒃)such that 𝒇′ (𝒄) =
𝒃−𝒂

Question 1:
Rolle’s theorem hypotheses are satisfied for the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 on which of the following intervals?
A. [−1, 1]
B. [−2, 0]
C. [−2, 2]

D. [2, 3]
 E. [−3, −2]

 𝑓 is continuous on [−3, −2]

 𝑓 is differentiable on (−3, −2)
 𝑓 (−3) = (−3)2 + 5(−3) = −6
 𝑓 (−2) = (−2)2 + 5(−2) = −6
Rolle ’s Theorem is applied

Calculus Page 39 of 136

Question 2:

Rolle’s theorem hypotheses are satisfied for the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 on which of the following intervals
A. [−1, 5]
B. [−2, 0]
C. [−2, 2]

D. [2, 3]
 E. [−3, −2]

 𝑓 is continuous on [−1, 5]
 𝑓 is differentiable on (−1,5)
 𝑓 (−1) = (−1)2 − 4(−1) = 5
 𝑓 (5) = (5)2 − 4(5) = 5
Rolle ’s Theorem is applied

Question 3:
1
Explain why it is not valid to use the Mean value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 on [−2, 3]
4
1 1
𝑓′(𝑥) = 5 𝑥 −5 = 4
5𝑥 5
𝑓′ is not defined at 𝑥 = 0
and hence 𝑓is not differentiable on [−2, 3]
1
The Hypothesis of the mean value theorem are not satisfied for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 on [−2, 3]

Question 4:

Check the hypotheses of the Mean value theorem for 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 on the interval [0, π] rad, and then find each value
c that makes the conclusion of the theorem true.
 𝑓 is continuous on [0, π]
 𝑓 is differentiable on (0, π)
Mean value theorem is applied
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
Then there is a 𝑐 in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏)such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 𝑏−𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑓 (𝑏) − 𝑓 (𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎
𝑓 (π) − 𝑓(0)
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 =
π−0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 =
𝜋
−1 − 1
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 =
𝜋
−2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 =
𝜋
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 = → 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) → 𝑐 = 0.69 or 𝑐 = 2.45
𝜋 𝜋

Calculus Page 40 of 136

Question 5:
2
Explain why it is not valid to use the mean value theorem for the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 on [−4, 2]
−1
2 2
𝑓′(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 3 = 1
3𝑥 3
𝑓′ is not defined at 𝑥 = 0
and hence 𝑓is not differentiable on [−4, 2]
2
The Hypothesis of the mean value theorem are not satisfied for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 on [−4, 2]

Question 6:
π
Check the hypotheses of the mean value theorem for 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 on the interval [0, ] rad , and then find each value
2
c that makes the conclusion of the theorem true.
π
 𝑓 is continuous on [0, 2 ]
π

𝑓 is differentiable on (0, )
2
Mean value theorem is applied
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
Then there is a 𝑐 in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏)such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 𝑏−𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑓 (𝑏) − 𝑓 (𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎
π
𝑓 ( 2 ) − 𝑓(0)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 = π
−0
2
π
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 = π
2
1−0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 = π
2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 =π
2
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 = → 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) → 𝑐 = 0.8806
𝜋 𝜋

Calculus Page 41 of 136

 Subtopic 3.1 Linear approximations and Newton’s method

Question 1:

Approximate √25.02

1
𝑥 = 25 , ∆𝑥 = 0.02 , 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) =
2 √𝑥

Use the formula for differentials

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)∆𝑥

1
√𝑥 + ∆𝑥 = √𝑥 + 2 (0.02)
√𝑥

1
√25 + 0.02 = √25 + (0.02)
2√25

0.02
√25.02 = 5 + = 5.002
10
Question 2:
3
Approximate √63.97

1 1
𝑥 = 64 , ∆𝑥 = −0.03 , 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3√𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 = 3
3𝑥 3 3√𝑥 2

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)∆𝑥 Formula for differentials

3 3 1
√𝑥 + ∆𝑥 = √𝑥 + 3 (−0.03)
3 √ 𝑥2

3 3 1
√64 − 0.03 = √64 + 3 (−0.03)
3 √642

3 1
√63.97 = 4 + (−0.03) = 3.999375
48

Calculus Page 42 of 136

Question 3:

Find the Linearization 𝐿(𝑥) of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 9 at 𝑥 = −4

𝑓(−4) = √(−4)2 + 9 = 5

2𝑥 𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = =
2√𝑥2 + 9 √𝑥2 + 9

−4 −4
𝑚 = 𝑓′(−4) = =
√(−4)2 + 9 5

𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥0 )

−4 −4 9
𝐿 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 4) + 5 = 𝑥+
5 5 5
Question 4: Find the Linearization 𝐿(𝑥) of 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 + 1) at 𝑥 = 0

𝑓(0) = ln(0 + 1) = 𝑙𝑛1 = 0

1
𝑓′ (𝑥) =
𝑥+1
1
𝑚 = 𝑓 ′ (0) = =1
0+1
𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥0 )

𝐿 (𝑥 ) = 1(𝑥 − 0) + 0 = 𝑥

Question 5:

Complete two iterations of Newton’s method to approximate a zero of the function using the given
initial guess

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 3 , 𝑥1 = 1.4

𝑓(𝑥1 )
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 −
𝑓′(𝑥1 )
3
𝑓(1.4) [(1.4) − 3]
𝑥2 = 1.4 − = 1.4 − = 1.4435
𝑓′ (1.4) [3(1.4)2 ]

𝑓(𝑥2 )
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓′ (𝑥2 )
3
𝑓(1.4435) [(1.4435) − 3]
𝑥3 = 1.4435 − = 1.4435 − = 1.4423
𝑓′ (1.435) [3(1.4435)2 ]

Calculus Page 43 of 136

Question 6:

Use Newton’s Method and continue the process until two successive approximations differ by less
than 0.001. Then find the zero(s) using a graphing utility and
Compare the results.

𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 − 1 , 𝑥1 = 0.5

𝑓(𝑥1 )
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 −
𝑓′(𝑥1 )

𝑓(0.5) [(0.5)5 + (0.5) − 1]

𝑥2 = 0.5 − = 0.5 − = 0.8571
𝑓′ (0.5) [5(0.5)4 + 1]

𝑓(𝑥2 )
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓′ (𝑥2 )

𝑓(0.8571) [(0.8571)5 + (0.8571) − 1]

𝑥3 = 0.8571 − = 0.8571 − = 0.7707
𝑓′ (0.8571) [5(0.8571)4 + 1]

𝑓(𝑥3 )
𝑥4 = 𝑥3 −
𝑓′ (𝑥3 )

𝑓(0.7707) [(0.7707)5 + (0.7707) − 1]

𝑥4 = 0.7707 − ′ = 0.7707 − = 0.7553
𝑓 (0.7707) [5(0.7707)4 + 1]

𝑓(𝑥4 )
𝑥5 = 𝑥4 −
𝑓′ (𝑥4 )

𝑓(0.7553) [(0.7553)5 + (0.7553) − 1]

𝑥5 = 0.7553 − = 0.7553 − = 0.7549
𝑓′ (0.7553) [5(0.7553)4 + 1]

Approximation of the zero is: 0.755

𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 2√𝑥 + 1 , 𝑥1 = 5

𝑓(𝑥1 )
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 −
𝑓′(𝑥1 )

𝑓 (5 ) [(5) − 2√5 + 1]
𝑥2 = 5 − =5− = 4.8293
𝑓′ (5) 1
[1 − ]
√5 + 1

𝑓(𝑥2 )
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓′(𝑥2 )

𝑓(4.8293) [(4.8293) − 2√4.8293 + 1]

𝑥3 = 4.8293 − = 4.8293 − = 4.8284
𝑓′ (4.8293) 1
[1 − ]
√4.8293 + 1

Approximation of the zero is: 4.828

Calculus Page 44 of 136

 Subtopic 3.2 L’hopital rule

Question 1:

Find the limit of each of the following:

3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 0
1. lim 𝑥
=0
𝑥→0
3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 6𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
lim = lim = 6 cos 0 = 6
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1

𝜋
sin( +𝑥)−1 0
2. lim 2
=
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
𝜋 𝜋
sin ( + 𝑥) − 1 cos ( + 𝑥) 𝜋
lim 2 = lim 2 = cos( ) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1 2
8𝑥 2 0
3. lim =
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−1 0
2
8𝑥 16𝑥 0
lim = lim =
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 1 𝑥→0 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
8𝑥 2 16 16
lim = lim = = −16
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 1 𝑥→0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠0

𝜋
tan( +𝑥)−1 0
4. lim 4
𝑥
=0
𝑥→0
𝜋 𝜋
tan ( + 𝑥) − 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( + 𝑥) 𝜋 1
lim 4 = lim 4 = sec 2 ( ) =
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1 4 𝜋 =2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 4 )

𝑥∙2𝑥 0
5. lim =
𝑥→0 2𝑥 −1 0
𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥 (1)(2𝑥 ) + (2𝑥 ln 2)(𝑥) 2𝑥 (1 + 𝑥𝑙𝑛2) (1 + 𝑥𝑙𝑛2) 1 + 0 1
lim 𝑥 = lim 𝑥
= lim 𝑥
= lim = =
𝑥→0 2 − 1 𝑥→0 2 ln 2 𝑥→0 2 ln 2 𝑥→0 ln 2 𝑙𝑛2 𝑙𝑛2

2𝑥−𝜋 0
6. lim𝜋 cos(2𝜋−𝑥) = 0
𝑥→
2
2𝑥 − 𝜋 2 2 2
lim𝜋 = lim𝜋 = 𝜋 = = −2
𝑥→ cos(2𝜋 − 𝑥) ( )
𝑥→ (−1)(− sin 2𝜋 − 𝑥 ) sin(2𝜋 − ) −1
2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋
sec( +ℎ)−sec( ) 0
7. lim 2
ℎ
2
=0
ℎ→0

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sec ( 2 + ℎ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2 + ℎ) 𝜋 𝜋 1 sin ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) 1
lim = sec( ) tan ( ) = 𝜋 ∙ 𝜋 = 𝜋 = =∞
ℎ→0 1 2 2 cos(2 ) cos ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( ) 0
2 2

ln (𝑥 2+2𝑥) ∞
8. lim+ 𝑙𝑛𝑥
=∞
𝑥→0
2𝑥 + 2
ln(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) ( 2 ) 𝑥(2𝑥 + 2) 𝑥(2𝑥 + 2) (2𝑥 + 2)
lim+ = lim+ 𝑥 + 2𝑥 = lim+ 2 = lim+ = lim+ =
𝑥→0 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥→0 (𝑥 + 2)
(𝑥 )
ln(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 2(0) + 2
lim = =1
𝑥→0+ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 (0) + 2

Calculus Page 45 of 136

 1−sin𝑥 0
9. lim𝜋 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 0
𝑥→
2
1 − sin𝑥 −cos𝑥 0
lim𝜋 = lim𝜋 =
𝑥→ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑥→ −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 0
2 2
1 − sin𝑥 sin𝑥 1 1
lim𝜋 = lim𝜋 = =
𝑥→ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑥→ −4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −4(−1) 4
2 2

1+2sec𝑥 ∞
10. lim
𝜋−
=
𝑥→ 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ∞
2
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 + 2sec𝑥 2sec𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = lim 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
lim = lim = lim = lim
𝑥→
𝜋 − 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑥→
𝜋− 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑥→
𝜋 −
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑥→
𝜋 − 1 𝑥→
𝜋− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2 2 2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1 + 2sec𝑥 𝜋
lim −
𝜋 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= lim
𝜋 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2 sin ( )=2
𝑥→ 𝑥→ 2
2 2

11. lim 𝑒 −𝑥 ∙ √𝑥
𝑥→∞
√𝑥 ∞
lim =∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥
1
( )
√ 𝑥 2√𝑥 1 1
lim 𝑥 = lim = lim = =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 2√𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 ∞

1 1
12. lim (1 + 𝑥 )𝑥 = (1 + ∞)∞ = 1∞
𝑥→∞
1
𝑦 = lim (1 + 𝑥 )𝑥
𝑥→∞

1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 lim (1 + )𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim 𝑙𝑛(1 + )𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim 𝑥𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 )
𝑥→∞

1
ln (1+ ) 0
𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim 1 =0
𝑥→∞ ( )
𝑥

−1
(2 )
[ 𝑥 1]
1+
𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim −1
𝑥→∞ ( 2 )
𝑥

1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim (1 + ) = 1 + 0 = 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

1
𝑦=𝑒 → lim (1 + )𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

Calculus Page 46 of 136

13. lim+ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥 = 00
𝑥→0

𝑦 = lim+ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 lim+ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥

𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥

𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ 𝑥 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

𝑥→0

ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) −∞
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ 1 =
𝑥→0 ( ) ∞
𝑥

[(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)]
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ −1
𝑥→0 ( 2)
𝑥

1
[( )] −𝑥 2 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ −1 = lim+ =
𝑥→0 ( 2)
𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0

−2𝑥 −2(0)
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1
=0
𝑥→0

𝑦 = 𝑒0 = 1 → lim (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0+

1 1 1 1
14. lim+ ( − ) = − = ∞−∞
𝑥→1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥−1 0 0

1 1 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 1 − 1 − 𝑙𝑛1 0
lim+( − ) = lim+ = =
𝑥→1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)𝑙𝑛𝑥 (1 − 1)𝑙𝑛1 0

1 𝑥−1
𝑥 − 1 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥 )
lim = lim+ = lim+
𝑥→1+ (𝑥 − 1)𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥→1 1 1
(1)(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + ( )(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥→1 (1)(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + ( )(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 𝑥
1 1 𝑥−1 1−1 0
lim+( − ) = lim+ = =
𝑥→1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 1𝑙𝑛1 − 1 0
𝑥−1 1 1 1 1 1
lim+ = lim+ = lim+ = = =
𝑥→1 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 (1)(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + (1) (𝑥) + 1 𝑥→1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 2 𝑙𝑛1 + 2 0 + 2 2
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0
15. lim+ 𝑥2
=0
𝑥→0

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (0) 1

lim+ = lim = = =∞
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0+ 2𝑥 2(0) 0
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜋 ∞
16. lim = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜋 = ∞
𝑥→𝜋 1+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
lim = lim = lim = lim = lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −1
𝑥→𝜋 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑥→𝜋 −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑥→𝜋 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑥→𝜋 1 𝑥→𝜋
( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Calculus Page 47 of 136

 Subtopic 3.3 Maximum and minimum values
Question 1:
1. Find the local extrema of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 16 𝑥
 4𝑥 3 − 16 𝑥 = 0
4𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
4𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = ±2
𝑥 −∞ −2 0 2 +∞
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − + − +
𝑓(𝑥)

 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −2
 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0
 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2
2. Find the local extrema of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 24𝑥 2 + 2
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 − 48 𝑥
 12𝑥 3 − 48 𝑥 = 0
12𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
12𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = ±2
𝑥 −∞ −2 0 2 +∞
′
𝑓 (𝑥) − + − +
𝑓(𝑥)

 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −2
 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0
 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2

3. Find the local extrema of 𝑓(𝑥) = √3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

2−2𝑥
 𝑓′(𝑥) = = 0 → 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1
2√3+2𝑥−𝑥 2
 2
3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑥 = 3
𝑓′ not defined at 𝑥 = − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3
𝑥 −∞ −1 1 3 +∞
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 + − 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑓(𝑥)

 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠 2

𝑥
4. Find the local extrema of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2+1
1(𝑥 2+1)−(2𝑥)(𝑥) 𝑥 2+1−2𝑥 2 −𝑥 2+1
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = = = 0 → −𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±1
(𝑥 2+1)2 (𝑥 2+1)2 (𝑥 2+1)2
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 = 0 → 𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 no values

𝑥 −∞ −1 1 +∞
′
𝑓 (𝑥) − + −
𝑓(𝑥)

 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1
 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1
Calculus Page 48 of 136
 Question 2:
1. Find the absolute extrema of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 √5 − 𝑥 on [−4 ,4 ]
−1
 𝑓′(𝑥) = (2𝑥 )(√5 − 𝑥) + (2√5−𝑥)(𝑥 2 )
𝑥2
𝑓′(𝑥) = 2𝑥√5 − 𝑥 − 2√5−𝑥
𝑥2
2𝑥√5 − 𝑥 − 2√5−𝑥 = 0
𝑥2
2𝑥√5 − 𝑥 = 2√5−𝑥
4𝑥(5 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
20𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 = 0
−5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 4
 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = (0)2 √5 − 0 = 0 absolute minimum
 2
𝑥 = 4 → 𝑦 = (4) √5 − 4 = 16
 𝑥 = −4 → 𝑦 = (−4)2 √5 + 4 = 48 absolute maximum
 𝑓 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 5 but 𝑥 = 5 is outside the domain

2. Find the absolute extrema of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ln(𝑥 + 1) 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

1
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+1 = 0 → 1 = 0 impossible
 𝑓 (0) = ln(0 + 1) = 𝑙𝑛1 = 0 absolute minimum
 𝑓 (3) = ln(3 + 1) = 𝑙𝑛4 ≈ 1.38 absolute maximum
1
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1 but 𝑥 = −1 is outside the domain
𝑥+1

3
3. Find the absolute extrema of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = x 5 − 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 3
−2
3
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5 𝑥 5
3
2 = 0→ 3 =0
5𝑥 5
3
 𝑥 = −2 → 𝑦 = (−2)5 = −1.5 absolute minimum
3
 𝑥 = 3 → 𝑦 = (3) = 1.95 absolute maximum
 𝑓 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0
3
𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = (0)5 = 0

Calculus Page 49 of 136

 Question 3:
2
For the given function 𝑓(𝑥) = {−𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 ≤ 1
−𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 4 𝑥 > 1
Identify the critical points and determine the local extreme values
−2𝑥 − 2 𝑥 < 1
𝑓′(𝑥) = {
−2𝑥 + 6 𝑥 > 1
 𝑓 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1
−2𝑥 − 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = −1
−2𝑥 + 6 = 0 → 𝑥 = 3
𝑥 −∞ −1 1 3 +∞
′
𝑓 (𝑥) + − + −
𝑓(𝑥)

 Local maximum at 𝑥 = −1 its value is −(−1)2 − 2(−1) + 4 = 5

 Local minimum at 𝑥 = 1 its value is −(1)2 − 2(1) + 4 = 1
 Local maximum at 𝑥 = 3 its value is −(3)2 + 6(3) − 4 = 5

Calculus Page 50 of 136

 Subtopic 3.4 increasing and decreasing functions
Subtopic 3.5 concavity and second derivative test
Subtopic 3.6 Overview of curve sketching

Question 1:

Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2

1. State the domain of the function and find the y-intercept and the x intercept
Domain = all real numbers
𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 → 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 → 𝑥 = 0 → (0)3 − 3(0)2 = 0

2. Find the critical points of the function.

𝑓 ‘(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = (0)3 − 3(0)2 = 0

𝑥 = 2 → 𝑦 = (2)3 − 3(2)2 = −4

𝐴(0,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(2, −4)𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

3. Find the open intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing

𝑥 −∞ 0 2 +∞

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + − +

𝑓(𝑥)

f is increasing in the intervals (−∞, 0 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2, ∞)

f is decreasing in the intervals (0,2)

4. Determine the locations and values of all relative extreme.

local maximum at x = 0

local minimum at x = 2

5. Find the inflection point

𝑓 ′′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 6 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1

𝑥 = 1 → 𝑦 = (1)3 − 3(1)2 = −2

𝐶 (1, −2)𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

Calculus Page 51 of 136

6. Find the intervals where the function is concave upward or concave downward

𝑥 −∞ 0 1 2 +∞

𝑓 ′ ′(𝑥) − − + +

𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠 (−∞, 1 )

𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (1, ∞ )

7. Graph

Calculus Page 52 of 136

Question 2:

𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2

1. State the domain of the function and find the y-intercept and the x intercept

Domain = all real numbers

𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 → 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ±√2
𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 → 𝑥 = 0 → (0)4 − 2(0)2 = 0

2. Find the critical points of the function.

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ±1

𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = (0)4 − 2(0)2 = 0

𝑥 = 1 → 𝑦 = (1)4 − 2(1)2 = −1

𝑥 = −1 → 𝑦 = (−1)4 − 2(−1)2 = −1

A(0, 0 ) B(1, −1), 𝐶(−1, −1) critical points

3. Find the open intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing

4. 𝑥 −∞ −1 0 1 ∞

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − + − +

𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 (−1, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑(1, ∞)

𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 (−∞, −1)𝑎𝑛𝑑(0,1)

4. Determine the locations and values of all relative extreme.

𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0

𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1

5. Find the inflection point

𝑓′′(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 4

𝑥 = ±0.57

𝑥 = 0.57 → 𝑦 = (0.57)4 − 2(0.57)2 = −0.54

𝑥 = −0.57 → 𝑦 = (−0.57)4 − 2(−0.57)2 = −0.54

𝐶 (0.57, −0.54), 𝐷(−0.57, −0.54) 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

Calculus Page 53 of 136

6. Find the intervals where the function is concave upward or concave downward

𝑥 −∞ −0.57 0.57 +∞

𝑓′′(𝑥) + − + −

𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑛 ∶ (−∞, −0.57)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0.57, ∞)

𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑜𝑛 ∶ (−0.57,0.57)

7. Graph

Calculus Page 54 of 136

Question 3:
𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑥2 +1

1. State the domain of the function and find the y-intercept and the x intercept
Domain = all real numbers
𝑥
𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 → 2 =0→𝑥=0
𝑥 +1
0
𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 → 𝑥 = 0 → 2
=0
(0) + 1
𝑦 = 0 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒

2. Find the critical points of the function.

(1)(𝑥 2+1)−(2𝑥)(𝑥) −𝑥 2+1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2+1)2
= (𝑥 2+1)2 = 0 → −𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±1
1 1
𝑥=1→𝑦= =
+1 2 (1)2
−1 −1
𝑥 = −1 → 𝑦 = 2
=
(−1) + 1 2
1 −1
𝐴 (1, ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 (−1, ) 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
2 2

3. Find the open intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing

𝑥 −∞ −1 1 +∞

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − + −

𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 ∶ (−1,1)

𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 ∶ (−∞, −1)𝑎𝑛𝑑(1 , ∞)

4. Determine the locations and values of all relative extreme.

−1
𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠
2
1
𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠
2

Calculus Page 55 of 136

5. Find the inflection point
(−2𝑥 )((𝑥 2 + 1)2 ) − [2(𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥)](−𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 2 + 1)4
(−2𝑥 )(𝑥 2 + 1)) − 4𝑥 (−𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 2 + 1)3

(−2𝑥 )(𝑥 2 + 1) + 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 2 + 1)3

−2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 2 + 1)3

2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = = 0 → 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ±√3
(𝑥 2 + 1)3
0
𝑥=0→𝑦= 2
=0
(0) + 1
√3 √3
𝑥 = √3 → 𝑦 = =
(√3)2 +1 4
−√3 −√3
𝑥 = −√3 → 𝑦 = =
(−√3)2 + 1 4
𝐷(0,0)
√3
𝐸(√3, ) inflection points
4
−√3
𝐹(−√3, )
4

6. Find the intervals where the function is concave upward or concave downward

𝑥 −∞ −√3 −1 0 1 √3 ∞

𝑓 ′ ′(𝑥) − + + − − +

𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑛 ∶ (−√3, 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (√3, ∞)

𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑜𝑛 ∶ (−∞, −√3)𝑎𝑛𝑑(0, √3 )

Calculus Page 56 of 136

Question 4:

Use the second derivative test to find the local extremes

1. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 − 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (2) = 6(2) = 12 > 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2
𝑓 ′′ (−2) = 6(−2) = −12 < 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −2

2. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 − 3𝑥 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −6𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (1) = −6(1) = −6 < 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1
𝑓 ′′ (−1) = −6(−1) = 6 > 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1

Question 5:

On the interval (0, 2𝜋)determine the intervals on which the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is concave up and
concave down, and locate the inflection points.

 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 45° = accepted → 𝑦 = cos ( ) − sin ( ) = 0
4 4 4
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 = 𝜋 − (4) = 4
rejected
𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 = 𝜋 + (4) = 4
accepted 𝑦 = cos ( 4 ) − sin ( 4 ) = 0
𝜋 7𝜋
𝑥 = 2𝜋 − ( ) = rejected
4 4
𝜋 9𝜋
𝑥 = 2𝜋 + ( 4 ) = 4
rejected

𝑥 0 𝜋 5𝜋 2𝜋
4 4

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) − + −

𝜋 5𝜋
𝑓 is concave downward on (0 , 4 ) and ( 4 , 2𝜋)
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑓 is concave upward on ( 4 , 4
)
𝜋 5𝜋
𝐴( 4 ,0) and 𝐵( 4 ,0) are the inflection points

Calculus Page 57 of 136

Question 6:

𝑥3
Find the critical points of 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3
− 16𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 16 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±4

(4)3 −128
𝑥=4→𝑦= 3
− 16(4) = 3

(−4)3 128
𝑥 = −4 → 𝑦 = 3
− 16(−4) = 3

−128 128
A (4, 3
) , B(−4,
3
) are the critical points

Question 7:
−2𝑥
Let 𝑓 be the function given by 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1+𝑥 2)4 . On what open intervals is 𝑓 increasing.

−2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = 0 → −2𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0
(1 + 𝑥 2 )4
𝑥 −∞ 0 +∞

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + −
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 is increasing on (−∞, 0)

Question 8:
2𝑥+6
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2+𝑥−2 Find the critical value at which 𝑓 has a relative extremum on (−2,1)

(2)(𝑥 2+𝑥−2)−(2𝑥+1)(2𝑥+6) 2𝑥 2+2𝑥−4−4𝑥 2−14𝑥−6 −2𝑥 2−12𝑥−10

 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 +𝑥−2)2
= (𝑥 2+𝑥−2)2
= (𝑥 2+𝑥−2)2

−2𝑥 2−12𝑥−10
 = 0 → −2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 10 = 0 → 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = −5 rejected outside the domain
(𝑥 2+𝑥−2)2

 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = −2

𝑥 −2 −1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + −

𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 has a relative maximum at 𝑥 = −1

Calculus Page 58 of 136

Question 9:
8
Find the point of inflection of 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2+6

(0)(𝑥 2+6)−(2𝑥)(8) −16𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2+6)2
= (𝑥 2+6)2

(−16)(𝑥 2+6)2 −[(2)(𝑥 2+6)(2𝑥)](−16𝑥) (−16)(𝑥 2 +6)−[(2)(2𝑥)](−16𝑥)

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2+6)4
= (𝑥 2+6)3

−16𝑥 2−96+64𝑥 2 48𝑥 2−96

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2+6)3
= (𝑥 2+6)3
= 0 → 48𝑥 2 − 96 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±√2

8
𝑥 = √2 → 𝑦 = (√2)2 +6 = 1

8
𝑥 = −√2 → 𝑦 = (−√2)2+6 = 1

A(√2, 1), B(−√2, 1)

Question 10:

Find the intervals where the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 is concave downward

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥

−1
𝑓′′(𝑥) = 12𝑥 + 6 = 0 → 𝑥 =
2

𝑥 −∞ −1 +∞
2
𝑓 ′ ′(𝑥) − +
−1
𝑓 is concave downward on (−∞, )
2

Question 11:

A particle moves along the 𝑥 − axis so that at any time 𝑡 ≥ 0 its velocity is given by

𝑣(𝑡) = −𝑡 3 + 6𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 . Find the value of 𝑡 at which the particle reaches its maximum acceleration.

𝑎(𝑡) = −3𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 + 2

𝑎′ (𝑡) = −6𝑡 + 12 = 0 → −6𝑡 = −12 → 𝑡 = 2𝑠

Calculus Page 59 of 136

Question 12:

The following table gives information about the sign of 𝑓′

Interval 0<𝑥<2 2<𝑥<3 3<𝑥<4

Sign of 𝑓′ Positive Negative Positive

The following table gives information about the sign of 𝑓′′

Interval 0<𝑥<1 1 < 𝑥 < 2.5 2.5 < 𝑥 < 3.5 3.5 < 𝑥 < 4

Sign of 𝑓′′ Positive Negative Positive Negative

Sketch a graph of 𝑓

Question 13:

Given below is the graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with roots at 𝑥 = −2 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 Find 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 (𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥)3 (𝑥 − 2) note at 𝑥 = 0 it has a multiplicity of 3

𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 − 4) = 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3

Calculus Page 60 of 136

Question14
6𝑥 3
The graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 9
− 18𝑥 has critical points at which of the following values of 𝑥.

18𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − 18 = 2𝑥 2 − 18 = 0 → 𝑥 2 = 9 → 𝑥 = ±3
9
Question15
8
The graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2+3 has critical points at which of the following values of 𝑥.

(0)(𝑥 2 + 3) − (2𝑥)(8) −16𝑥

𝑦′ = = 2 = 0 → −16𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0
(𝑥 2 + 3)2 (𝑥 + 3)2

Question16

Let 𝑓 be a differentiable function on the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) . If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 on (𝑎, 𝑏) and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 on (𝑎, 𝑏). Sketch a
possible graph of 𝑓

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 on (𝑎, 𝑏) means 𝑓 is increasing on (𝑎, 𝑏)

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 on (𝑎, 𝑏) means 𝑓 is concave down on (𝑎, 𝑏)

Question17

Over which interval is the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 is concaving upwards.

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1.5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 6 = 0 → 𝑥 = −2

𝑥 −∞ −2 +∞
𝑓 ′ ′(𝑥) − +

𝑓 is concave upward on (−2, ∞)

Calculus Page 61 of 136

Question18
Use the graph of 𝑓′(𝑥) given below to answer questions

a. Determine the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing.

The graph of 𝑓 is positive on: (−∞, −3)𝑎 ∪ ( 5 , ∞)

𝑓 is increasing on: (−∞, −3) ∪ ( 5 , ∞)

b. Determine the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing.

The graph of 𝑓 is negative on: (−3,2) ∪ ( 2,5)

𝑓 is decreasing on: (−3,2) ∪ ( 2,5)
We can say also 𝑓 is decreasing on: (−3,5)

c. Determine the 𝑥 −values, where maxima and minima appear in the function.
𝑥 = −3 maximum
𝑥=5 minimum

Calculus Page 62 of 136

Question19

Use the graph of 𝑓′′(𝑥) given below to answer the following questions

a. Determine the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) concaves up.

𝑓(𝑥) concaves up on (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)
b. Determine the interval(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) concaves down.
𝑓(𝑥) concaves down on (−1,1)
c. Determine the 𝑥- values, where point(s) of inflection appear in the function 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥 = −1 , 𝑥 = 1

Question20
2
The function 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 has a relative minimum at which values of 𝑥.

′(
8 −1 8 8 1 1 8 8 3 512
)
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0 → 1 = 1 → 3𝑥 = 8 → 𝑥 = → 𝑥 = ( ) =
3 3 3 ≈ 19
3 3 3 27
3𝑥 3 3𝑥 3
𝑥 = 0 (𝑓 ′ is not defined at 𝑥 = 0)

𝑥 −∞ 0 19 +∞

𝑔′ (𝑥) − + −

𝑔(𝑥)

Relative minimum at 𝑥 = 0

Calculus Page 63 of 136

 Subtopic 3.7 Optimization

Question 1:

A manufacturing company has determined that the total cost of producing an item can be determined from the
equation 𝐶 = 8𝑥 2 − 176𝑥 + 1800 where 𝑥 is the number of the units that the company makes. How many units
should the company manufacture in order to minimize the cost?
𝐶 ′ = 16𝑥 − 176 = 0 → 𝑥 = 11
𝑥 −∞ 11 +∞

𝐶 ′ (𝑥) − +

𝐶(𝑥)

Question 2:

You are planning to make an open rectangular box from a piece of cardboard that is 9 by 9 inches by cutting
equal squares from the corners of the sheet and folding up the sides. find the values of 𝑥 that maximizes the
volume of the box, then find the maximum volume.

𝑉 = (9 − 2𝑥)(9 − 2𝑥)(𝑥)
𝑉 = (81 − 18𝑥 − 18𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )(𝑥)
𝑉 = (81 − 36𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )(𝑥)
𝑉 = 81𝑥 − 36𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3
𝑉 ′ = 81 − 72𝑥 + 12𝑥 2
𝑉 ′ = 12𝑥 2 − 72𝑥 + 81 = 0
𝑥 = 1.5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 4.5(𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)
𝑥 −∞ 1.5 +∞

𝑉 ′ (𝑥) + −

𝑉(𝑥)

Maximum Volume = 𝑉 = (9 − 3)(9 − 3)(1.5) = 54𝑖𝑛2

Calculus Page 64 of 136

Question 3:

A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the three sides
By a single strand electric fence. With 800 m of wire what is the largest area you can enclose and what are its
dimensions

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 800 → 𝑦 = 800 − 2𝑥
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥(800 − 2𝑥) = 800𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
𝐴′ = 800 − 4𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 200𝑚
𝑦 = 800 − 2𝑥 = 800 − 2(200) = 400𝑚
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 = (200)(400) = 80000𝑚 2

Question 4:

A farmer plans to fence a rectangular pasture adjacent to a river (see figure). The pasture must contain 245,000
square meters in order to provide enough grass for the herd. No fencing is needed along the river. What
dimensions will require the least amount of fencing?

245000
𝑥𝑦 = 245000 → 𝑦 =
𝑥
245000
𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑥 +
𝑥
′
245000
𝑃 =2−
𝑥2
245000 245000
2− 2
=0→2= → 2𝑥 2 = 245000 → 𝑥 = 350 𝑚
𝑥 𝑥2
245000
𝑥 = 350 → 𝑦 = = 700 𝑚
350

Calculus Page 65 of 136

Question 5:

A printer needs to make a poster that will have a total area of 200 𝑖𝑛2 and will have 1-inch margins on the sides,
a 2 inch margin on the top and a 1.5 inch margin on the bottom as shown below. What dimensions will give the
largest printed area?

Let 𝑥 and 𝑦 be the dimensions of the largest printed area

200
𝑥𝑦 = 200 → 𝑦 =
𝑥

𝐴 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑦 − 3.5)

200
𝐴 = (𝑥 − 2)( − 3.5)
𝑥
400
𝐴 = 200 − 3.5𝑥 − +7
𝑥
400
𝐴 = 207 − 3.5𝑥 −
𝑥
400
𝐴′ = −3.5 +
𝑥2
400 400
−3.5 + 2
= 0 → 3.5 = 2 → 3.5𝑥 2 = 400
𝑥 𝑥

400
𝑥=√ ≈ 10.6904 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
3.5

200
𝑦= ≈ 18.7084 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
10.6904

Calculus Page 66 of 136

Question 6:

A manufacturer needs to make a cylindrical can that will hold 1500𝑐𝑚 3 liters of liquid. Determine the
dimensions of the can that will minimize the amount of material used in its construction.

Hint:
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

1500
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ → 1500 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ → ℎ =
𝜋𝑟 2

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2

1500
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟( 2 ) + 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝜋𝑟
3000
𝐴= + 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑟

−3000 3000 3 750

𝐴′ = + 4𝜋𝑟 = 0 → = 4𝜋𝑟 → 4𝜋𝑟 3
= 3000 → 𝑟 = √ ≈ 6.2035 𝑐𝑚
𝑟2 𝑟2 𝜋

1500 1500
ℎ= 2
= ≈ 12.407𝑐𝑚
𝜋𝑟 𝜋(6.2035)2

Calculus Page 67 of 136

Question 7:

We want to construct a box with a square base and we only have 10 𝑚 2 of material to use in construction of the
box. Assuming that all the material is used in the construction process determine the maximum volume that the
box can have.

Hint:
𝑆 = 2 𝐿𝑤 + 2𝐿ℎ + 2𝑤ℎ
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑤ℎ

𝐿=𝑤=𝑥
ℎ=𝑦
𝑆 = 2 𝐿𝑤 + 2𝐿ℎ + 2𝑤ℎ
𝑆 = 2 (𝑥)(𝑥) + 2(𝑥)(𝑦) + 2𝑥(𝑦)
𝑆 = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦
2
10 − 2𝑥 2 5 − 𝑥 2
10 = 2𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 → 𝑦 = =
4𝑥 2𝑥
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑤ℎ
𝑉 = 𝑥2 𝑦
5 − 𝑥2
𝑉 = 𝑥2 ( )
2𝑥
𝑥(5 − 𝑥 ) 5𝑥 − 𝑥 3
2
𝑉= =
2 2
′
5 − 3𝑥 2 5
𝑉 = = 0 → 5 − 3𝑥 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = √ 𝑚
2 3
5
5 − (√3)2
𝑦= ≈ 1.291𝑚
5
2(√3)

Calculus Page 68 of 136

Question 8:

A rectangle with its base on the 𝑥 axis is to be inscribed under the graph of a parabola 𝑦 = 18 − 𝑥 2

Find the height of the rectangle if the area is the largest possible area

𝐴 = 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥 (18 − 𝑥 2 ) = 36𝑥 − 2𝑥 3

𝐴′ = 36 − 6𝑥 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = √6
2
ℎ = 𝑦 = 18 − (√6) = 12

Calculus Page 69 of 136

 Subtopic 3.8 Related rates

Question 1:

An oil tanker has an accident and oil pours out at a rate of 150 gallons per minute. Suppose that the oil spreads
1
onto the water in a circle of thickness of 120 feet. Given that 1𝑓𝑡 3 = 7.5𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠. Determine the rate at which the
radius of the spill is increasing when the radius reaches 500 gallons.

1𝑓𝑡 3 = 7.5𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑉 ′ → 150𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠/𝑚𝑖𝑛

7.5𝑉′ = 150

𝑉′ = 20𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

1
𝑉 = (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ)(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) = (𝜋𝑟 2 )
120
2
𝑉′ = 𝜋𝑟𝑟′
120
1
20 = 𝜋(500)𝑟′
60

500𝜋𝑟 ′ = 1200

1200
𝑟′ =
500𝜋
2.4
𝑟′ = ≈ 0.76394𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜋

Calculus Page 70 of 136

Question 2:

A 16 foot ladder is leaning against a wall and sliding toward the floor. if the foot of the ladder is sliding away
from the base of the wall at a rate of 3𝑓𝑡/𝑠 . how fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall when the
bottom of the ladder is 5𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 from the ground?

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 162

52 + 𝑦 2 = 162

𝑦 2 = 231

𝑦 = √231

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 162

2𝑥𝑥 ′ + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0

2(5)(3) + 2√231 𝑦 ′ = 0

30 + 2√231 𝑦 ′ = 0

−30
𝑦′ = 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2√31

Question 3:

You are inflating a spherical balloon at the rate of 32𝑐𝑚 3 /𝑠 . How fast is its radius increasing when the radius is
4 𝑐𝑚

4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3

𝑉 ′ = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑟′

32 = 4𝜋(4)2 𝑟′

32 = 64𝜋𝑟′

1
𝑟′ = 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
2𝜋

Calculus Page 71 of 136

Question 4:
1
A car is travelling at 50 mph due south at a point 2 mile north of an intersection. A Police car is travelling at 40
1
mph due west at a point mile east at the same direction. At that instant the radar of the police car measures
4
the rate at which the distance between the two cars is changing. What does the radar gun register?

𝑑2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2𝑥𝑥 ′ + 2𝑦𝑦′
𝑑′ =
2√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥𝑥 ′ + 𝑦𝑦′
𝑑′ =
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1 1
(4) (−40) + (2)(−50)
𝑑′ = ≈ −62.6𝑚𝑝ℎ
1 1
√( ) + ( )
2 2
4 2

Calculus Page 72 of 136

Question 5:

A small company estimates that when it spends 𝑥 thousands of dollars for advertising in a year, its annual sales
120
will be described by 𝑠(𝑡) = 60 − thousand dollars. The four most recent annual advertising totals are
√9+𝑥(𝑡)
given in the following table.

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 2 3 4

Dollar 14500 16000 18000 20000

Estimate the current (year 4) value of 𝑥(𝑡) and the current rate of change of sales

From the table the trend is for advertising to increase by 2000 dollar per year that is 𝑥 ′ (4) = 2
−1
𝑠(𝑡) = 60 − 120(9 + 𝑥(𝑡)) 2
−3
𝑠′(𝑡) = 60(9 + 𝑥(𝑡)) 2 (𝑥 ′ (𝑡))
−3
𝑠′(4) = 60(9 + 𝑥(4)) 2 (𝑥 ′ (4))
−3
𝑠′(4) = 60(9 + 20) 2 (2) ≈ 0.768

Sales are increasing at a rate of about $768 per year.

Question 6:

An airplane is flying at an altitude of 7 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 and passes directly over a radar antenna (see figure) When the
plane is 10 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 away(𝑠 = 10), the radar detects that the distance s is changing at a rate of 300 𝑚𝑝ℎ. What is
the speed of the plane?

𝑠 2 = 𝑥 2 + 72 → 102 = 𝑥 2 + 72 → 100 = 𝑥 2 + 49 → 𝑥 2 = 51 → 𝑥 = √51

2𝑠𝑠 ′ = 2𝑥𝑥′

2(10)(300) = 2(√51)(𝑥′)
2(10)(300)
𝑥′ = ≈ 420.084 𝑚𝑝ℎ
2(√51)

Calculus Page 73 of 136

Question 7:

A rocket is rising vertically at a rate of 5400 miles per hour. An observer on the ground is standing 20 miles
from the rocket’s launch point. How fast in radians per second is the angle of elevation between the ground and
the observer’s line of sight of the rocket increasing when the rocket is at an elevation of 40 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 .

𝐵:rocket' s launch point

C: observer = 𝜃

𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥 = 20 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑦 = 40𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑦 ′ = 5400 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠/ℎ = 1.5 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑠

𝜃 ′ =? ?

𝐴𝐵 40
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = = = 2 → 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 → 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 4 → 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 5
𝐵𝐶 20
𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
20
1 ′
𝜃 ′ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 𝑦
20
1
𝜃 ′ (5) = (1.5)
20
3
5𝜃 ′ =
40
3
𝜃′ = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
200

Calculus Page 74 of 136

 Subtopic 3.9 (Rates of changes in economics and science)

Question 1:

Suppose that 𝐶 (𝑥) = 0.02𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4000 is the total cost in AED for a company to produce 𝑥 units of a certain
product.

a. Compute the marginal cost at 𝑥 = 100 and compare this to the actual cost of producing the 100th units.
𝐶′(𝑥) = 0.04𝑥 + 2

𝐶′(100) = 0.04(100) + 2 = 6 AED per unit

The marginal cost at 𝑥 = 100 is AED 6 per unit.

The actual cost is: 𝐶 (100) − 𝐶 (99) = [0.02(100)2 + 2(100) + 4000 ] − [0.02(99)2 + 2(99) + 4000 ] = 5.98

The actual cost at 𝑥 = 100 is AED 5.98 per unit.

b. Find the production level 𝑥 that minimizes the average cost.

0.02𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4000
Average cost = 𝐶̅ = = 0.02 𝑥 + 2 + 4000𝑥 −1
𝑥

𝐶̅ ′ = 0.02 − 4000𝑥 −2 = 0

0.02 = 4000𝑥 −2

4000
0.02 =
𝑥2

0.02𝑥 2 = 4000

𝑥 2 = 200000

𝑥 = √200000 ≈ 447

Calculus Page 75 of 136

Question 2:

In an auto catalytic chemical reaction, the reactant and the product are the same. There action continues until
some saturation level is reached. From experimental evidence, chemists know that the reaction rate is jointly
proportional to the amount of the product present and the difference between the saturation and the amount of
the product. if the initial concentration of the chemical is 0 and the saturation level is 1, this means that the
concentration 𝑥(𝑡) of the chemical satisfies the equation: 𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑟𝑥(𝑡)[1 − 𝑥(𝑡)] where 𝑟 > 0. Find the
concentration of chemical for which the reaction rate 𝑥′(𝑡) is a maximum.

𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑟𝑥[1 − 𝑥)]

𝑥′′(𝑡) = (𝑟)(1 − 𝑥) + (−1)(𝑟𝑥)

𝑥 ′′ (𝑡) = 𝑟 − 𝑟𝑥 − 𝑟𝑥

𝑥 ′′ (𝑡) = 𝑟 − 2𝑟𝑥 = 0

𝑟(1 − 2𝑥) = 0

1
1 − 2𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 =
2
Question 3:

Suppose that the mass of the first 𝑥 meters of a thin rod is given by 𝑓 (𝑥) = √2𝑥

Compute the linear density at 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 8 and compare the densities at the two points.

2 1
𝜌(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = =
2√2𝑥 √2𝑥
1 1
𝜌(2) = 𝑓 ′ (2) = =
√2(2) 2

1 1
𝜌(8) = 𝑓 ′ (8) = =
√2(8) 4

The mass density in the rod is not constant that means the rod is non homogenous

Calculus Page 76 of 136

Question 4:

Suppose that a population grows according to the equation: 𝑝′ (𝑡) = 2𝑝(𝑡)[1 − 𝑝(𝑡)]

Find the population for which the growth rate is a maximum.

𝑓 (𝑝) = 𝑝′′ (𝑡) = (2)(1 − 𝑝 ) + (−1)(2𝑝) = 0

2 − 2𝑝 − 2𝑝 = 0

2 − 4𝑝 = 0

1
2 = 4𝑝 → 𝑝 =
2

Question 5:
Find the number of units that will maximize profit for the revenue and cost functions:
𝑅 = 70𝑥 − 0.01𝑥 2
𝐶 = 8000 + 50𝑥 + 0.03𝑥 2 Where 𝑥 is the number of units
𝑅′ = 70 − 0.02𝑥

𝐶 = 8000 + 50𝑥 + 0.03𝑥 2

𝐶 ′ = 50 + 0.06𝑥

𝑃 = 𝑅 − 𝐶 = (70𝑥 − 0.01𝑥 2 ) − (8000 + 50𝑥 + 0.03𝑥 2 ) = 20𝑥 − 0.04𝑥 2 − 8000

𝑃 ′ = 20 − 0.08𝑥

20 − 0.08𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 250

Question 6:

Find the price that will maximize profit for the demand and cost functions
𝑝 = 100 − 0.2√𝑥 price
𝐶 = 20𝑥 + 300 cost

𝑅 = 𝑝𝑥…… Revenue
𝑃 = 𝑅 − 𝐶…… Profit
𝐶
𝐶̅ = ……. Average cost
𝑥
1 3
𝑅 = 𝑝𝑥 = (100 − 0.2√𝑥)(𝑥) = 100𝑥 − 0.2𝑥 √𝑥 = 100𝑥 − 0.2𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) = 100𝑥 − 0.2𝑥 2

𝑃 = 𝑅−𝐶
3 3
𝑃 = (100𝑥 − 0.2𝑥 2 ) − (20𝑥 + 300) = 80𝑥 − 0.2𝑥 2 − 300

3 1 3 1 1 1 800 800 2
𝑃 ′ = 80 − 𝑥 2 = 0 → 80 = 𝑥 2 → 3𝑥 2 = 800 → 𝑥 2 = →𝑥=( )
10 10 3 3

𝑝 = 100 − 0.2√𝑥

800 2
𝑝 = 100 − 0.2√(( ) ) ≈ 47
3

Calculus Page 77 of 136

 Subtopic Lesson 4.1 (Anti- Derivatives)

Question 1:

Find the indefinite integral

𝑥2
1) ∫(𝑥 + 7)𝑑𝑥 = + 7𝑥 + 𝑐
2

𝑥6
2) ∫(𝑥 5 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = +𝑥+𝑐
6
5
3 𝑥 2 2𝑥 2 2 5
3) ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
5 2 5
(2)

5
3 2 𝑥3 3 5
4) ∫ ( √𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 = 𝑥3 + 𝑐
5 5
(3)

1 −5 )
𝑥 −4 1 −1
5) ∫ ( 5
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = 4
+𝑐 = 4 +𝑐
𝑥 −4 −4𝑥 4𝑥
3 1
𝑥+6 −1 1 −1 𝑥2 6𝑥 2 2 3 1
6) ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 )(𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝑐 = 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 2 + 𝑐
√𝑥 3 1 3
(2) 2

3𝑥 3 𝑥 2 𝑥2
7) ∫(𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = + − 2𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑥 3 + − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
3 2 2

8) ∫(5 cos 𝑥 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐

9) ∫(1 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐

10) ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

11) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

12) ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

Calculus Page 78 of 136

Question 2:

Find the particular solution that satisfies the differential equation and the initial condition

1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 10𝑥 − 12𝑥 3 , 𝑓 (3) = 2

10𝑥 2 12𝑥 4
𝑓 (𝑥) = − +𝑐
2 4

𝑓 (𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 4 + 𝑐

𝑓 (3) = 5(3)2 − 3(3)4 + 𝑐

2 = −198 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 200

𝑓 (𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 4 + 200

2)𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , 𝑓′(0) = 1 and 𝑓 (0) = 6

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑓 ′ (0) = − cos 0 + 𝑐

1 = −1 + 𝑐

𝑐=2

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − cos 𝑥 + 2

𝑓 (𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑓 (0) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 2(0) + 𝑐

6= 0+𝑐

𝑐=6

𝑓 (𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6

Calculus Page 79 of 136

Question 3:

If a ball is accelerating at a rate given by 𝑎(𝑡) = −64𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 , the velocity of the ball is 96𝑓𝑡/𝑠 at time 𝑡 = 1 and
the height of the ball is 100 feet at 𝑡 = 0.

a. What is the equation of the ball’s velocity at time 𝑡

𝑣(𝑡) = ∫ −64 𝑑𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = −64𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑣(1) = −64(1) + 𝑐
96 = −64 + 𝑐
𝑐 = 160
𝑣(𝑡) = −64𝑡 + 160
b. What is the time when the ball is changing direction
𝑣(𝑡) = −64𝑡 + 160 = 0 → 𝑡 = 2.5 𝑠
The ball changes its direction at 𝑡 = 2.5 𝑠
Note that : if 𝑡 < 2.5 → 𝑣 (𝑡) > 0
if 𝑡 > 2.5 → 𝑣(𝑡) < 0
c. What is the equation of the ball’s height
𝑠(𝑡) = ∫(−64𝑡 + 160)𝑑𝑡
𝑠(𝑡) = −32𝑡 2 + 160𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑠(0) = −32(0)2 + 160(0) + 𝑐
100 = 𝑐
𝑠(𝑡) = −32𝑡 2 + 160𝑡 + 100
d. What is the ball’s maximum height
The ball reaches its maximum height when 𝑣(𝑡) = 0 that is at 𝑡 = 2.5 𝑠
𝑠(𝑡) = −32𝑡 2 + 160𝑡 + 100
𝑠(2.5) = −32(2.5)2 + 160(2.5) + 100 = 300𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡

Question 4:

Determine the position function if the acceleration is 𝑎(𝑡) = −4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 4 and the initial velocity 𝑣(0) = 4
And the initial position 𝑠(0) = 4

𝑣(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑎(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫(−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 4)𝑑𝑡 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 4𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑣(0) = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠0 − 4(0) + 𝑐 → 4 = 4 − 0 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 0

𝑣(𝑡) = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 4𝑡

𝑠(𝑡) = ∫(4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 4𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 + 𝑐

𝑠(0) = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛0 − 2(0)2 + 𝑐 → 4 = 0 − 0 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 4

𝑠(𝑡) = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 + 4

Calculus Page 80 of 136

 Subtopic 4.2 (Sums and Sigma notation)

Question 1:

Find the sum

6

1) ∑(3𝑖 + 2) = 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + 17 + 20 = 75
𝑖=1

2) ∑(𝑘 2 + 1) = 10 + 17 + 26 + 37 + 65 + 82 = 237
𝑘=3

4
1 1 1 1 1 1 158
3) ∑ = + + + + =
𝑘2 + 1 1 2 5 10 17 85
𝑘=0

Question 2:

Using the sigma notation to write the sum

1 1 1 1 1
1) + + +⋯ = ∑11
𝑘=1
5(1) 5(2) 5(3) 5(11) 5𝑘

9 9 9 9 9
2) 1+1 + 1+2 + 1+3 + ⋯ 1+14 = ∑14
𝑘=1 1+𝑘

1 2 3 6 𝑘
3) [7 (6) + 5] + [7 (6) + 5] + [7 (6) + 5] + ⋯ [7 (6) + 5] = ∑6𝑘=1 7 ( 6) + 5

1 2 4 𝑘
4) [1 − (4)2 ] + [1 − (4)2 ] + ⋯ + [1 − (4)2 ] = ∑4𝑘=1 1 − (4)2

Question 3:

use left and right endpoints and the given number of rectangles to find two approximations of the area of the
region between the graph of the function and the –axis over the given interval.
1) 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5 , [0 , 2 ] , 4 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠

2−0 1
∆𝑥 = =
4 2
1
Left endpoint Area = 2 ( 𝑓(0) + 𝑓(0.5) + 𝑓(1) + 𝑓 (1.5)) = 13
1
right endpoint Area = 2 ( 𝑓(0.5) + 𝑓 (1) + 𝑓(1.5) + 𝑓 (2)) = 15

13 < 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 < 15

2) 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 , [2 , 5 ] , 6 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠

5−2 1
∆𝑥 = =
6 2
1
Left endpoint Area = 2 ( 𝑓 (2) + 𝑓(2.5) + 𝑓 (3) + 𝑓(3.5) + 𝑓 (4) + 𝑓(4.5)) = 55
1
right endpoint Area = ( 𝑓 (2.5) + 𝑓(3) + 𝑓 (3.5) + 𝑓 (4) + 𝑓(4.5) + 𝑓(5) = 74.5
2

55 < 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 < 74.5

Calculus Page 81 of 136

 Subtopic 4.3 (Area)

Question 1:
Approximate the area under the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 on the interval [0,1] using 4 rectangles
𝑏−𝑎
Hint: use the formula 𝐴 ≈ 𝐴𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥 where ∆𝑥 =
𝑛

𝑏−𝑎 1−0
 ∆𝑥 = 𝑛
= 4
= 0.25

 0.25 , 0.5, 0.75,1

𝑏−𝑎
 𝐴≈ 𝑛
[𝑓(0.25) + 𝑓 (0.5) + 𝑓(0.75) + 𝑓(1)]

 𝐴 ≈ 0.25[(0.25)2 + (0.5)2 + (0.75)2 + (1)2 ] ≈ 0.468

Question 2:
Find the area under the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 on the interval [0,1]

Hint: Use these formulas

 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑐 = 𝑛𝑐
𝑛(𝑛+1)
 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 = 2

𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 2 =
6

𝑏−𝑎 1−0 1
 ∆𝑥 = 𝑛
= 𝑛
=𝑛
1 2 3 𝑖
 𝑛,𝑛,𝑛,… , the sequence here is 𝑛

 𝐴 ≈ 𝐴𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥 =

𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 1
 𝐴 ≈ 𝐴𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓 (𝑛) ∆𝑥 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 [2(𝑛) − 2(𝑛)2 ] 𝑛 =

2 2 2 𝑛(𝑛+1) 2 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
 𝐴 ≈ 𝐴𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 [𝑛2 𝑖 − 𝑛3 𝑖 2 ] = 𝑛2 ∙ 2
− 𝑛3 ∙ 6

𝑛2 + 𝑛 2𝑛3 + 3𝑛2 + 𝑛
𝐴≈ −
𝑛2 3𝑛3
𝑛2 + 𝑛 2𝑛3 + 3𝑛2 + 𝑛 2 1
lim 2
− 3
=1− =
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 3𝑛 3 3

Question 3:
Find the sum

∑4𝑖=1[(𝑖 − 1)2 ]
4
4(4 + 1)(2(4) + 1) 4(4 + 1)
∑[(𝑖 2 − 2𝑖 + 1)] = −2( ) + 4(1) = 30 − 20 + 4 = 14
6 2
𝑖=1

Calculus Page 82 of 136

 Subtopic 4.4 (The definite integral)

Question 1:

Set up a definite integral that yields the area of the region

𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟒
∫−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ∫𝟎𝟒 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∫𝟎𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∫𝟎 𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒚 ∫𝟎 (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒚 ∫𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Calculus Page 83 of 136

Question 2:

Sketch the region whose area is given by the definite integral then use a geometric formula to evaluate the
integral
6
1) ∫−4 6 𝑑𝑥

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (10)(6) = 60
4
2) ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∙ (4)(4) = 8
2

2
3) ∫ (3𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥
0

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (2)(6) + (4)(2) = 14
2

Calculus Page 84 of 136

Question 3:

Evaluate the integral using the following values

4 4 4
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 60 , ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2
2 2 2

2
1) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −6
4

2
2) ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2

4
3) ∫ 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8(6) = 48
2

4
4) ∫ 25 𝑑𝑥 = 25(2) = 50
2

4 4 4
5) ∫ (𝑥 − 9)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 9 𝑑𝑥 = 6 − 9(2) = −12
2 2 2

4 4 4
6) ∫ (𝑥 3 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑑𝑥 = 60 + 4(2) = 68
2 2 2

4 4 4 4
7) ∫ (10 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 10 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 3𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 10(2) + 4(6) − 3(60) = −136
2 2 2 2

Question 4 :
5 7
Given ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫5 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 3

Evaluate
7
1) ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (10) + (3) = 13

0
2) ∫5 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −10

5
3) ∫5 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

5
4) ∫0 3𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =(3)(10)=30

Calculus Page 85 of 136

Question 5:
3 6
Given ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫3 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −1

Evaluate
6
1) ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (4) + (−1) = 3

3
2) ∫6 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 1

3
3) ∫3 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

6
4) ∫3 −5𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −5(−1) = 5

Question 6:

Evaluate each indefinite integral by using a geometric formula

2
−1 2 −1
1) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋(2)2 = −𝜋
0 4 4
6
1
2) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (4)(2) = 4
2 2
2 0 2
−1
3) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (2)(1) + (−𝜋) + (−𝜋) = −1 − 2𝜋
−4 −4 0 2
6 2 6
4) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (−1 − 2𝜋) + 4 = 3 − 2𝜋
−4 −4 2

6
5) ∫ |𝑓(𝑥)| 𝑑𝑥 = |−1 − 2𝜋| + |4| = (1 + 2𝜋) + 4 = 5 + 2𝜋
−4

6
6) ∫ (𝑓(𝑥) + 20)𝑑𝑥 = 3 − 2𝜋 + 20(10) = 203 − 2𝜋
−4

Calculus Page 86 of 136

Question 7:

4
∫ √−𝑥 2 + 16 𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋𝑟2 𝜋(4)2
Area = = = 4𝜋
4 4

Question 8:
4 4
Write the expression as a single integral ∫1 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫9 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4 4 4 9 9
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 9 1 4 1

Question 9:
5 0 5
If ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 7 and ∫5 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −5 . Find ∫0 [15𝑓(𝑥) + 12𝑔 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

5
∫ [15𝑓(𝑥) + 12𝑔 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = 15(7) + 12(5) = 165
0

Calculus Page 87 of 136

 Subtopic 4.5 (the fundamental theorem of calculus)

Question 1:

Evaluate the definite integral

2
6𝑥 2
1) ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = = 3𝑥 2 → [3(2)2 ] − [3(0)2 ] = 12
0 2

0
2𝑥 2
2) ∫ (2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 → [(0)2 − (0)] − [(−1)2 − (−1)] = −2
−1 2

1
𝑥3 (1)3 (−1)3 −10
3) ∫ (𝑥 2 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = − 2𝑥 → [ − 2(1)] − [ − 2(−1)] =
−1 3 3 3 3

1 1
4𝑥 3 4𝑥 2 4𝑥 3
4) ∫ (2𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑥 = − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥
0 0 3 2 3
4(1)3 4(0)3 1
→[ − 2(1)2 + (1)] − [ − 2(0)2 + (0)] =
3 3 3
2 2
3 −2
3𝑥 −1 3(2)−1 3(1)−1 1
5) ∫ ( 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (3𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 → [ ( )]
− 2 −[ − (1)] =
1 𝑥 1 −1 −1 −1 2

4 4 4
𝑥−2 −1 1 −1 2 3 1
6) ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2
1 √𝑥 1 1 3

2 3 1 2 3 1 2
→ [ (4)2 − 4(4)2 ] − [ (1)2 − 4(1)2 ] =
3 3 3

0 1 2 3 4 3 5 3 4 3 5 3 4 3 5 −27
7) ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 → [ (0)3 − (0)3 ] − [ (−1)3 − (−1)3 ] =
−1 4 5 4 5 4 5 20
4 3 4
8) ∫ |𝑥 2 − 9| 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑥 2 − 9 = 0 → 𝑥 = 3 → ∫ (−𝑥 2 + 9)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2 − 9) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 3

3
−𝑥 3 −(3)3 −(0)3
∫ (−𝑥 2 + 9)𝑑𝑥 = + 9𝑥 → [ + 9(3)] − [ + 9(0)] = 18
0 3 3 3
4
𝑥3 (4)3 (3)3 10
∫ (𝑥 2 − 9)𝑑𝑥 = − 9𝑥 → [ − 9(4)] − [ − 9(3)] =
3 3 3 3 3
4 10 64
∫0 |𝑥 2 − 9| 𝑑𝑥 = 18 + 3
= 3

𝜋
9) ∫ (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 → [𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋] − [0 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0] = 2 + 𝜋
0

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
4 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 4 𝜋 𝜋
10) ∫ ( 2
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 2
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 → − 0 =
0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 0 4 4

Calculus Page 88 of 136

 𝜋
6 𝜋 −𝜋 2√3
11) ∫−𝜋(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 → [𝑡𝑎𝑛 ] − [𝑡𝑎𝑛 ]=
6 6 3
6

𝜋
2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋−2
12) ∫𝜋 (2 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 → [2( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ] − [2 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ] =
2 2 4 4 2
4

𝜋
3 𝜋 −𝜋
13) ∫−𝜋(4𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 4𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 → [4𝑠𝑒𝑐 ] − [4𝑠𝑒𝑐 ]=0
3 3
3

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
4 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 4 𝜋 𝜋
14) ∫ ( 2
) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 → − 0 =
0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 + 1 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 0 4 4

Question 2: Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of the equations

1) 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 + 2 , 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 0
5𝑥 2 + 2 = 0 → 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 5𝑥 3 5(2)3 5(0)3 52
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 (5𝑥 2 + 2) − (0)𝑑𝑥 = 3
+ 2𝑥 → [ 3
+ 2(2)] − [ 3
+ 2(0)] = 3
2) 𝑦 = 1 + 3√𝑥 , 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = 8 , 𝑦 = 0
3 3
1 + √𝑥 = 0 → √𝑥 = −1 → 𝑥 = −1 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
4 4 4
8 3𝑥 3 3(8)3 3(0)3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 (1 + 3√𝑥 ) − (0)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + → [(8) + ] − [(0) + ] = 20
4 4 4

3) 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0
−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4

4 −𝑥 3 −(4)3 −(0)3 32
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 (−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) − (0)𝑑𝑥 = 3
+ 2𝑥 2 → [ 3
+ 2(4)2 ] − [ 3
+ 2(0)2 ] = 3

4) 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 4 , 𝑦 = 0
1 − 𝑥 4 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±1
1 𝑥5 (1)5 (−1)5 8
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫−1(1 − 𝑥 4 ) − (0)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 5
→ [(1) − 5
] − [(−1) −
5
]=
5

Calculus Page 89 of 136

Question 3:

Find the value of 𝑐 guaranteed by the mean value theorem for integrals for the function over the given interval

1) 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , [0, 3]
3
𝑥4 (3)4 (0)4 81
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = → [ ] − [ ]=
0 4 4 4 4
𝑏
𝑓 (𝑐)(𝑏 − 𝑎) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
81 81
𝑐 3 (3 − 0) = → 3𝑐 3 = → 12𝑐 3 − 81 = 0 → 𝑐 ≈ 1.8899
4 4

𝑥2
2) 𝑓 (𝑥) = 4
, [0, 6]
6 2
𝑥 𝑥3 (6)3 (0)3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = →[ ]−[ ] = 18
0 4 12 12 12
𝑏
𝑓 (𝑐)(𝑏 − 𝑎) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑐2 6𝑐 2
(6 − 0) = 18 → = 18 → 6𝑐 2 = 72 → 𝑐 = 2√3
4 4
−𝜋 𝜋
3) 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥, [ , ]
4 4
𝜋
4 𝜋 −𝜋
∫ 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 → [2𝑡𝑎𝑛 ] − [2𝑡𝑎𝑛 ]=4
−𝜋 4 4
4
𝑏
𝑓 (𝑐)(𝑏 − 𝑎) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 4 𝜋
2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑐 ( + ) = 4 → 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑐 ( ) = 4 → 𝜋𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑐 = 4 → 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑐 = → 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐 = → 𝑐 ≈ 0.4817
4 4 2 𝜋 4
Question 4:

Find the average value of the function over the given interval and all values of 𝑥 in the given interval for which
the function is equal its average value

1)𝑓 (𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 2 , [−3, 3]

1 3 1 𝑥3
Average value = ∫–3(9 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 6 (9𝑥 − )
3—3 3
3
1 (3) (−3)3
→ ([9(3) − ] − [9(−3) − ]) = 6
6 3 3
9 − 𝑥 2 = 6 → 𝑥 = ±√3

2) 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , [0, 1]

1 1 1 𝑥4 1 (1)4 (0)4 1
Average value =1−0 ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ( 4 ) → 1 ([ 4 ] − [ 4
]) =
4
1
𝑥 3 = → 4𝑥 3 = 1 → 4𝑥 3 − 1 = 0 → 𝑥 ≈ 0.63
4

3)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, [0, 𝜋]

1 𝜋 1 1 2
Average value =𝜋−0 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) → 𝜋 ([−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋] − [−𝑐𝑜𝑠0]) = 𝜋
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = → 𝑥 ≈ 0.690 , 𝑥 ≈ 2.451
𝜋

Calculus Page 90 of 136

Question 5

A particle is moving along a line so that its velocity 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 10𝑡 2 + 29 𝑡 − 20

1. what is the displacement of the particle on the time interval 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5

5
3 2
𝑡 4 10𝑡 3 29𝑡 2
( )
𝑠 𝑡 = ∫ ( )
𝑡 − 10𝑡 + 29 𝑡 − 20 𝑑𝑡 = − + − 20𝑡
1 4 3 2
(5)4 10(5)3 29(5)2 (1)4 10(1)3 29(1)2 32
[ − + − 20(5)] − [ − + − 20(1)] =
4 3 2 4 3 2 3

2. what is the total distance traveled by the particle on the time interval 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5
𝑡 3 − 10𝑡 2 + 29 𝑡 − 20 = 0 → 𝑡 = 1, 𝑡 = 4, 𝑡 = 5
4 5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ∫ (𝑡 3 − 10𝑡 2 + 29 𝑡 − 20)𝑑𝑡 − ∫ (𝑡 3 − 10𝑡 2 + 29 𝑡 − 20)𝑑𝑡
1 4

(4)4 10(4)3 29(4)2 (1)4 10(1)3 29(1)2 (5)4 10(5)3 29(5)2

[ − + − 20(4)] − [ − + − 20(1)] − [ − + − 20(5)]
4 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 2
(4)4 10(4)3 29(4)2 71
−[ − + − 20(1)] =
4 3 2 6

Question 6

Find the derivative of

𝑥3
1. 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2

𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3 )(3𝑥 2 )

𝑥2
2. 𝐹 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
0

𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 4 )(2𝑥)

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
3. 𝐹 (𝑥) = ∫ √𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = (√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)

𝑥2
1
4. 𝐹 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑡3

1 2
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = ( 6) (2𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥5

𝑥2
5. 𝐹 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 2 )(2𝑥)

Calculus Page 91 of 136

 Subtopic 4.6 (integration by substitution)

Question 1:

Find the indefinite integral

1) ∫(𝑥 2 − 9)3 (2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 9
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑢4 (𝑥 2 − 9)4
∫(𝑥 2 − 9)3 (2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢3 (2𝑥)( ) = ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 → +𝑐
2𝑥 4 4

3
2) ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 (−8𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 3 − 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 = −8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
−8𝑥

3 𝑑𝑢 3 4 3 4
∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 (−8𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3√𝑢 (−8𝑥) ( 3
) = ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢3 + 𝑐 → (3 − 4𝑥 2 )3 + 𝑐
−8𝑥 4 4

3) ∫ 𝑥 3 (𝑥 4 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑥4 + 3
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 3
4𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑢2 𝑢3 (𝑥 4 + 3)3
∫ 𝑥 3 (𝑥 4 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 (𝑢)2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝑐 → +𝑐
4𝑥 3 4 12 12

4) ∫ 𝑥 3 √2𝑥 4 + 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 2𝑥 4 + 3
𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥 3
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 3
8𝑥
1 3 3
𝑑𝑢 𝑢2 2𝑢 2 (2𝑥 4 + 3)2
∫ 𝑥 3 √2𝑥 4 + 3𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 √𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝑐 → +𝑐
8𝑥 3 8 24 12

Calculus Page 92 of 136

 3
5) ∫ 5𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥2 → 𝑥2 = 1 − 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
−2𝑥

3 𝑑𝑢 5𝑥 2 √𝑢 5(1 − 𝑢)√𝑢
∫ 5𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5𝑥 3 √𝑢 =∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
−2𝑥 −2 −2
1 3 3 5
5𝑢2 5𝑢2 5 2𝑢 2 5 2𝑢 2 −5 3 5 −5 3 5
∫ 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∙ − ∙ +𝑐 = 𝑢 2 + 𝑢2 + 𝑐 → (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 + (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐
−2 −2 −2 3 −2 5 3 3

𝑥3
6) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 4 )2

𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥4
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 3
4𝑥

𝑥3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 −2 𝑢−1 (1 + 𝑥 4 )−1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 → +𝑐
(1 + 𝑥 4 )2 𝑢2 4𝑥 3 4 −4 −4

6𝑥 2
7) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 3 − 9)3

𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 − 9
𝑑𝑢 = 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
12𝑥 2

6𝑥 2 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢−3 𝑢 −2 (4𝑥 3 − 9)−2

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝑐 → +𝑐
(4𝑥 3 − 9)3 𝑢3 12𝑥 2 2 −4 −4

𝑥3
8) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 + 𝑥 4

𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥4
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 3
4𝑥
−1 1 1
𝑥3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑢 𝑢2 𝑢2 (1 + 𝑥 4 )2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝑐 → +𝑐
√1 + 𝑥 4 √𝑢 4𝑥 3 4 2 2

Calculus Page 93 of 136

 1 1
9) ∫(1 + )3 ( 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

1
𝑢=1+
𝑥
−1
𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢
1
1 3 1 1 −𝑢 4 −(1 + )4
∫(1 + ) ( 2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢3 ( 2 ) ( −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢) = ∫ −𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 → 𝑥 +𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 4 4

𝑥
10) ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
√5𝑥 2

𝑢 = 5𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 = 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
10𝑥

−1 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑢3 3𝑢3 3(5𝑥 2 )3
∫3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 =∫ 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 → +𝑐
√5𝑥 2 √𝑢 10𝑥 10 20 20

11) ∫ 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝑐 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥 + 𝑐
𝜋

12) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 8𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 8 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
8
𝑑𝑢 1 1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐 → 𝑠𝑖𝑛(8𝑥) + 𝑐
8 8 8
𝑥
13) ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 ( )𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥
𝑢=
2
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑢

𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 ∙ 2𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 + 𝑐 → −2𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝑐
2 2

Calculus Page 94 of 136

14) ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 −1 −1
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝑐 → 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
2𝑥 2 2 2

15) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑢2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)2
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ∙ = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 → +𝑐
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2 4 4

16) ∫ √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
3 3
2
𝑑𝑢
2
1 2𝑢 2 2(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2
∫ √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 2
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 → +𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 3 3

𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
17) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥

𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 −3
−𝑢 −2 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)−2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝑐 → +𝒄
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑢3 −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 −2 2

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
18) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑢 −3
−𝑢 −2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)−2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝑐 → +𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑢3 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −2 2

Calculus Page 95 of 136

Question 2:
Solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥
1) 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 + √16−𝑥 2

4𝑥 4𝑥
𝑦 = ∫(4𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√16 − 𝑥 2 √16 − 𝑥 2

𝑢 = 16 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
−2𝑥
4𝑥 4𝑥 𝑑𝑢 −1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ −2𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 = −4 𝑢2 + 𝑐 → −4 (16 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐
√16 − 𝑥 2 √𝑢 −2𝑥

4𝑥 1
𝑦 = ∫(4𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 4 (16 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐
√16 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−4
2) 𝑑𝑥
= √𝑥 2
−8𝑥+1

𝑥−4
𝑦=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 1

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 − 8)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2(𝑥 − 4)
−1
𝑥−4 𝑑𝑢 𝑥−4 𝑢2 1 1
𝑦=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 2 + 𝑐 → (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑐
√𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 1 √𝑢 2(𝑥 − 4) 2

Question 3:
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
1) = 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2 ( 2 ,2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 4 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
−2𝑥

𝑑𝑢 −1 1 −1 3 −1 3
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 √𝑢 =∫ 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢2 + 𝑐 → (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐
−2𝑥 2 3 3

−1 3
𝑦= (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐
3
−1 3
2= (4 − (2)2 )2 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 2
3
−1 3
𝑦= (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 2
3

Calculus Page 96 of 136

 𝑑𝑦
2) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)2 ( 1 ,0 )

𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑥3 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 2
3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢3 (𝑥 3−1)3
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑢2 3𝑥 2 = ∫ 3 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 9
+𝑐 → 9
+𝑐

(𝑥 3 − 1)3
𝑦= +𝑐
9

((1)3 − 1)3
0= +𝑐 →𝑐 =0
9
3 3
(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦=
9

Question 4:
Find an equation for the function 𝑓 that has the given derivative and whose graph passes through the given
point
𝜋
1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2𝑥) , ( , 2)
2

𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝑓 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐 → tan(2𝑥) + 𝑐
2 2 2

1
𝑓 (𝑥) = tan(2𝑥) + 𝑐
2
1
2 = tan(𝜋) + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 2
2
1
𝑓 (𝑥) = tan(2𝑥) + 2
2

2) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥√8 − 𝑥 2 (2,7)

𝑢 = 8 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
−2𝑥

𝑑𝑢 2 3 2 3
𝑓 (𝑥) = ∫ −2𝑥 √𝑢 = ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 2 → (8 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐
−2𝑥 3 3
2 3
𝑓 (𝑥) = (8 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐
3
2 3 5
7 = (8 − (2)2 )2 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 =
3 3
2 2
3 5
𝑓 (𝑥) = (8 − 𝑥 )2 +
3 3

Calculus Page 97 of 136

Question 5:
Find the indefinite integral
1) ∫ 𝑥√3𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑢+4
𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 4 → 𝑥 =
3
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
3
1 3 1
𝑢+4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢2 (𝑢 + 4) 𝑢2 + 4𝑢 2
∫ 𝑥√3𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫( )√𝑢 =∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3 3 9 9
2 5 8 3 2 5 8 3
∫ 𝑥√3𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢2 + 𝑢2 + 𝑐 → (3𝑥 − 4)2 + (3𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑐
45 27 45 27

2) ∫(𝑥 + 1)√2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 2−𝑥 →𝑥 = 2−𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
−1
1 1 3
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 2 (3 − 𝑢) 3𝑢 2 − 𝑢2
∫(𝑥 + 1)√2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2 − 𝑢 + 1)√𝑢 =∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
−1 −1 −1
3 2 5 3 2 5
∫(𝑥 + 1)√2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑢 2 + 𝑢 2 + 𝑐 → −2(2 − 𝑥)2 + (2 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑐
5 5

2𝑥 + 1
3) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 + 4

𝑢 = 𝑥+4→𝑥 = 𝑢−4
𝑑𝑢 = 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
1
2𝑥 + 1 2(𝑢 − 4) + 1 𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 − 7 −1 1 −1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢 2 (2𝑢 − 7)𝑑𝑢 = ∫(2𝑢 2 − 7𝑢 2 )𝑑𝑢
1 1
√𝑥 + 4 √𝑢 𝑢2

2𝑥 + 1 4 3 1 4 3 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 2 − 14𝑢 2 + 𝑐 → (𝑥 + 4)2 − 14(𝑥 + 4)2 + 𝑐
√𝑥 + 4 3 3

Calculus Page 98 of 136

Question 6:
Evaluate the definite integral
2
𝑥
1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
0 √1 + 2𝑥
𝑢 = 1 + 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
4𝑥
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1 −1 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢2 → (1 + 2𝑥 2 )2
0 √𝑢 4𝑥 0 4 2 2
2
0 √1 + 2𝑥

2
𝑥 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ (1 + 2(2)2 )2 ] − [ (1 + 2(0)2 )2 ] = 1
0 √1 + 2𝑥 2 2 2

9
1
2) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 √𝑥(1 + √𝑥 )2

𝑢 = 1 + √𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
1
2√𝑥
9 9 9
1 1 𝑑𝑢 −2
2𝑢−1 2(1 + √𝑥)−1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = →
1 √𝑥(1 + √𝑥 )
2
1 √𝑥(𝑢 )
2 1 1 −1 −1
2√𝑥
9 −1
−1 2(1 + √1)
1 2(1 + √9) 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ]−[ ]=
1 √𝑥(1 + √𝑥 )
2 −1 −1 2

Question 7:
Use the differential equation and the given point to find the equation of the function
𝑑𝑦 −48
=
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 + 5)3
𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
3
−48 −48 𝑑𝑢 −3
−16𝑢−2
𝑦=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ −16𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = = 8𝑢−2 + 𝑐 → 8(3𝑥 + 5)−2 + 𝑐
(3𝑥 + 5)3 𝑢3 3 −2

𝑦 = 8(3𝑥 + 5)−2 + 𝑐
3 = 8(3(−1) + 5)−2 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 1 → 𝑦 = 8(3𝑥 + 5)−2 + 1

Calculus Page 99 of 136

 Subtopic 4.7(Numerical integration)

Question 1:
use the Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s Rule to approximate the value of the definite integral for the given
value of Round your answer to four decimal places and
compare the results with the exact value of the definite integral

3
1) ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 = 6
1
Trapezoidal rule

𝑏−𝑎 3−1 1
𝑛
= 6
=3

3
3−1 4 5 7 8
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = ( 𝑓(1) + 2 𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 (2) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓(3))
1 2(6) 3 3 3 3

3
1 64 125 343 512 182
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = [1 + 2 ( ) + 2 ( ) + 2(8) + 2 ( ) +2( ) + 27] = ≈ 20.2
1 6 27 27 27 27 9

Simpson’s rule
3
3−1 4 5 7 8
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = ( 𝑓(1) + 4 𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 4𝑓 (2) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓(3))
1 3(6) 3 3 3 3

3
1 64 125 343 512
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = [1 + 4 ( ) + 2 ( ) + 4(8) + 2 ( ) +4( ) + 27] = 20
1 9 27 27 27 27

Midpoint rule

3
1 7 3 11 13 15 17
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = ( 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( )) =
1 3 6 2 6 6 6 6

Calculus Page 100 of 136

 8
2) ∫ 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 = 8
0

Trapezoidal rule

𝑏−𝑎 8−0
𝑛
= 8
=1

8
8−0
∫ 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( 𝑓(0) + 2 𝑓(1) + 2𝑓 (2) + 2𝑓 (3) + 2𝑓 (4) + 2𝑓 (5) + 2𝑓 (6) + 2𝑓 (7) + 𝑓(8))
0 2(8)

8
1 3 3 3 3 3 3
∫ 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( 0 + 2 + 2 √2 + 2√3 + 2√4 + 2 √5 + 2 √6 + 2√7 + 2) ≈ 11.7
0 2

Simpson’s rule
8
8−0
∫ 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( 𝑓(0) + 4 𝑓(1) + 2𝑓 (2) + 4𝑓 (3) + 2𝑓 (4) + 4𝑓 (5) + 2𝑓 (6) + 4𝑓 (7) + 𝑓(8))
0 3(8)

8
1 3 3 3 3 3 3
∫ 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( 0 + 4 + 2√2 + 4 √3 + 2 √4 + 4√5 + 2√6 + 4√7 + 2) ≈ 11.86
0 3

4 4 4
83 3 3 3
Exact value: ∫0 √𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑥 3 = [4 (8)3 ] − [[4 (0)3 ]] = 12

9
3) ∫ √𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 = 8
4

Trapezoidal rule

𝑏−𝑎 9−4 5
𝑛
= 8
=8

9−4 37 21 47 13 57 31 67
( 𝑓 (4) + 2 𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 (9))
2(8) 8 4 8 2 8 4 8

5 √74 √21 √94 √26 √114 √31 √134

(2+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 + 3) ≈ 10.8
16 4 2 4 2 4 2 4

Simpson’s rule
9−4 37 21 47 13 57 31 67
( 𝑓 (4) + 4 𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 (9))
3(8) 8 4 8 2 8 4 8

5 √74 √21 √94 √26 √114 √31 √134

(2+4 +2 +4 +2 +4 +2 +4 + 3) ≈ 12.6
24 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
3 3 3
9 2 2 2 38
Exact value: ∫4 √𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 2 = [3 (9)2 ] − [3 (4)2 ] = 3
≈ 12.66

Calculus Page 101 of 136

Question 2:
4
If 6 equal subdivisions of [1,4] are used, what is the trapezoidal approximation of ∫1 (4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

Trapezoidal rule
𝑏−𝑎 4−1
 𝑛
= 6
= 0.5
 1 ,1.5 , 2 ,2.5,3,3.5,4

4
𝑏−𝑎
∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(1) + 2 𝑓(1.5) + 2𝑓 (2) + 2𝑓 (2.5) + 2𝑓 (3) + 2𝑓 (3.5) + 𝑓 (4)]
1 2𝑛
4
4−1
∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(1) + 2 𝑓 (1.5) + 2𝑓 (2) + 2𝑓 (2.5) + 2𝑓 (3) + 2𝑓 (3.5) + 𝑓(4)] = −9.125
1 2(6)

Question 3:
𝜋
If 4 equal subdivisions of [0, 𝜋] are used, what is the Simpson’s approximation of ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝜋 𝑏−𝑎 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≈ [𝑓(0) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( ) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓(𝜋)]
3𝑛 4 2 4

𝜋 𝜋−0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≈ 3(4) [sin(0) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 ) + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋)]

𝜋 𝜋 √2 √2
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≈ 12 [(0) + 4( 2 ) + 2(1) + 4( 2 ) + (0)] ≈ 2.005

Question 4:
The function 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval [1,7] and has values that are given in the table below
𝑥 1 4 6 7
𝑓(𝑥) 10 30 40 20
7
Using the subintervals [1,4], [4,6], [6,7] what is the trapezoidal approximation of ∫1 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Left Riemann Sum ( LRAM) : (4 − 1)(10) + (6 − 4)(30) + (7 − 6)(40) = 130
Right Riemann Sum (RRAM): (4 − 1)(30) + (6 − 4)(40) + (7 − 6)(20) = 190
𝐿𝑅𝐴𝑀+𝑅𝑅𝐴𝑀
Trapezoidal approximation =
2
130+190
Trapezoidal approximation : 2
= 160

Calculus Page 102 of 136

 Subtopic 5.1 (Area between two curves)

Question 1:

Find the area between the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 9 and 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥

𝑥2 − 9 = 3 − 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥 = −4, 𝑥 = 3
3 3
−𝑥 3 𝑥 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ (3 − 𝑥) − (𝑥 2 − 9) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (−𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 12) = − + 12𝑥 =
−4 −4 3 2
−(3)4 (3)2 −(−4)4 (−4)2 343
[ − + 12(3)] − [ − + 12(−4)] =
3 2 3 2 6

Question 2:

Find the area bounded by the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 2 0≤𝑥≤2

𝑥 2 = 2 − 𝑥 2 → 2𝑥 2 − 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = −1 (rejected outside the domain) and 𝑥 = 1

1 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ (2 − 𝑥 2 ) − ( 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2 ) − (2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 1

1 2
4 8
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ (2 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (2𝑥 2 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = + =4
0 1 3 3

Calculus Page 103 of 136

Question 3:

Find the area bounded by the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑥 ≈ ±0.824132 by using the graphic calculator

0.824132
𝑥3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) − (𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −
−0.824132 3

(−0.824132)3 (0.824132)3
= [sin(−0.824132) − ] − [sin(0.824132) − ] ≈ 1.09475
3 3

Question 4:

Find the area bounded by the graphs 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 0

1 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ (𝑥 2 ) − (0)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (2 − 𝑥) − (0)𝑑𝑥
0 1

1 2
1 1 5
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ (𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + =
0 1 3 2 6

Question 5:

Find the area bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 2

𝑦 2 = 2 − 𝑦 2 → 2𝑦 2 − 2 = 0 → 𝑦 = ±1
1 1
2𝑦 3 2(1)3 2(−1)3 8
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ (2 − 𝑦 2 ) − (𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑦 − → [2(1) − ] − [2(−1) − ]=
−1 −1 3 3 3 3

Calculus Page 104 of 136

Question 6:
1
What is the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of 𝑦 = 6, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 1

𝑒 𝑥 = 6 → 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛6 rejected outside the domain

1
1 1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫1 (6) − (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 → [6(1) − 𝑒1 ] − [6 ( ) − 𝑒 2 ] = 3 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 2
2
2

Question 7:

Let 𝑅 be the region in the first quadrant bounded by the 𝑥 axis and the graph of 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 2 and the line 𝑥 = 4 .
Set the integral that gives the area of 𝑅

𝑦 2 + 2 = 4 → 𝑦 2 − 2 = 0 → 𝑦 = ±√2 but since the region is in the first quadrant then 𝑦 = √2

√2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 (4) − (𝑦 2 + 2)𝑑𝑦

Question 8:

The graphs of the function 𝑔 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 are shown in the figure below. The graphs intersect at the
points (0,0), (1,1) and (2,2). Write the expression that gives the area enclosed by the graphs?

1
2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ |𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥)| 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 1
0

Calculus Page 105 of 136

 Subtopic 5.2-5.3 (Volume: slicing discs, washers and cylindrical shells)

Volume by slicing:
𝑏
𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Question 1:

𝑦 2 −2
The region enclosed by the graphs of 𝑥 = 2
and 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 1 is the base of a solid. For the solid, each cross
section perpendicular to the 𝑥 axis is a square. Write the expression of the volume of the solid.
𝑏
𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑦2 − 2
𝑥= → 𝑦 2 − 2 = 2𝑥 → 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + 2 → 𝑦 = √2𝑥 + 2
2

𝑥 = 𝑦−1→𝑦 = 𝑥+1

√2𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 + 1

2𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 + 1)2

2𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

𝑥 2 = 1 → 𝑥 = ±1

𝑅 (𝑥) = √2𝑥 + 2

𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1

𝑑 = 𝑓(𝑥) = (√2𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑 is the side of the square

2
𝐴(𝑥) = 𝑑2 = [(√2𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥 + 1)]

1
2
𝑉(𝑥) = ∫ [(√2𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥 + 1)] 𝑑𝑥
−1

Calculus Page 106 of 136

Question 2:

The base of a solid 𝑆 is the region enclosed by the graph of 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 20 , 𝑥 axis and the 𝑦 axis

If the cross-section of S is perpendicular to the 𝑥 axis are semicircles. Find the volume of S
𝑏
𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

20 − 4𝑥
4𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 20 → 5𝑦 = 20 − 4𝑥 → 𝑦 =
5

𝑥 axis → 𝑦 = 0

20 − 4𝑥
= 0 → 20 − 4𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 5
5

𝑦 axis → 𝑥 = 0

0≤𝑥≤5

20 − 4𝑥
𝑅 (𝑥) =
5

𝑟(𝑥) = 0
20−4𝑥 20−4𝑥
𝑑 = 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) − (0) = 𝑑 is the diameter
5 5

𝜋𝑑2
Area of semi-circle = 8

2
20 − 4𝑥 2 [𝜋(20 − 4𝑥) ]
𝜋𝑑2 𝜋( 5 ) 25 𝜋(20 − 4𝑥)2
𝐴(𝑥) = = = =
8 8 8 200
5
𝜋(20 − 4𝑥)2 10𝜋
𝑉(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
0 200 3

Calculus Page 107 of 136

Question 3:

Find the volume of the solid whose base is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 and where cross sections perpendicular to the
𝑥 axis are all squares whose sides lie on the base of the circle. Find the volume of the solid of revolution.
𝑏
𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 → 𝑦 = ±√4 − 𝑥 2

±√4 − 𝑥 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±2

𝑅 (𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 2

𝑟(𝑥) = −√4 − 𝑥 2

𝑑 = 𝑓(𝑥) = (√4 − 𝑥 2 ) − (−√4 − 𝑥 2 ) = 2√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑 is the side of the square

𝐴(𝑥) = 𝑑2 = 4(4 − 𝑥 2 ) = 16 − 4𝑥 2
2
128
𝑉(𝑥) = ∫ (16 − 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 =
−2 3

Calculus Page 108 of 136

Question 4:

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 and let the region in the first quadrant bounded by the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and the vertical line
𝑥 = 1 . if region R forms the base of a solid whose cross sections perpendicular to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 are squares.
Write the expression of the volume of the generated solid
𝑑
𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑐

𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 2𝑥 → 𝑥 =
2

𝑥=1

𝑙𝑛𝑦
=1
2

𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 2

𝑦 = 𝑒2

0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑒2

𝑅 (𝑦) = 1

𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑟(𝑦) =
2
𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑑 = 𝑔(𝑦) = (1) − ( ) 𝑑 is the side of the square
2

𝑙𝑛𝑦 2
𝐴(𝑦) = 𝑑2 = [(1) − ( )]
2
𝑒2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 2
𝑉(𝑦) = ∫ [(1) − ( )] 𝑑𝑦
0 2

Calculus Page 109 of 136

The disc method:

𝑏 𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 about the 𝑥 axis 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑐 [𝑔(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦 about the 𝑦 axis

Question 5:
Find the volume of the solid of revolution under the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 on the interval [0,4]
about the 𝑥 axis
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
4 4
2 𝑥2 (4)2 (0)2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [√𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ( ) = [𝜋 ( )] − [𝜋 ( )] = 8𝜋
0 0 2 2 2

Question 6:
Find the volume of the solid resulting from revolving the region bounded by the curves
𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 1 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = √3 about the 𝑦 axis.

𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = 4 − (0)2 = 4
2
𝑥 = √3 → 𝑦 = 4 − (√3) = 1
𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 → 𝑥 2 = 4 − 𝑦 → 𝑥 = √4 − 𝑦

𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑔(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
4 4
2 𝑦2 (4)2 (1)2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [√4 − 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ (4 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 (4𝑦 − ) = [𝜋 (4(4) − )] − [𝜋 (4(1) − )]
1 1 2 2 2
7𝜋 9𝜋
= (8𝜋) − ( 2 ) = 2

Washer method:
𝑏 𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 [(𝑅(𝑥))2 − (𝑟(𝑥))2 ]𝑑𝑥 about the x axis 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑐 [(𝑅(𝑦))2 − (𝑟(𝑦))2 ]𝑑𝑦 about the y axis

Question 7:

Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the graphs of
𝑦 = √𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 about the 𝑥 axis

𝑅 (𝑥) = √𝑥 𝑟 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2
1 1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(√𝑥)2 − (𝑥 2 )2 ]𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝑥2 𝑥5
= 𝜋[ − ]
2 5

(1)2 (1)5 (0)2 (0)5 3𝜋

𝑉 = 𝜋[ 2
− 5
]−𝜋[
2
− 5
]=
10

Calculus Page 110 of 136

Question 8:

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥
about the 𝑥-axis.

4 − 𝑥 2 = 2 − 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = −1

𝑅 = 4 − 𝑥2 , 𝑟 = 2−𝑥

2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫−1[(4 − 𝑥 2 )2 − (2 − 𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥

2
= 𝜋 ∫−1[(16 − 8𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 ) − (4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )]𝑑𝑥

2
= 𝜋 ∫−1(12 − 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥

2
𝑥5
= 𝜋 [12𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + ]
5 −1

32 1 108𝜋
= 𝜋 [(24 + 8 − 24 + 5
) − (−12 + 2 + 3 − )] =
5 5

Question 9:

Find the volume of the solid region generated by revolving the region bounded by
𝑦 = √𝑥 and 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 3 about 𝑦 axis

𝑦 = √𝑥 → 𝑥 = 𝑦 2
𝑥=3
2
𝑦 = 3 → 𝑦 = √3

𝑅 (𝑦) = 3 𝑟 (𝑦) = 𝑦 2

√3 √3 𝑦5 (√3)5 36√3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(3)2 − (𝑦 2 )2 ]𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ (9 − 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 (9𝑦 − ) = 𝜋 [(9√3 − )] = 𝜋
0 0 5 5 5

Calculus Page 111 of 136

Washer method:

𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 [(𝑅(𝑥))2 − (𝑟(𝑥))2 ]𝑑𝑥 about the line 𝑦 = 𝑘

𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑐 [(𝑅(𝑦))2 − (𝑟(𝑦))2 ]𝑑𝑦 about the line 𝑥 = 𝑘

Question 10:

Find the volume of the solid region generated by revolving the region bounded by
𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 3 , 𝑥 = 0 about the line 𝑦 = 4
𝑦=𝑦→𝑥=3
𝑅 (𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 𝑟(𝑥) = 4 − (3) = 1
3 3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(4 − 𝑥)2 − (1)2 ]𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ (15 + 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑥3 (3)3
= 𝜋 (15𝑥 + 3
− 4𝑥 2 ) → 𝜋 [(15(3) + 3
− 4(3)2 )] − [0] = 18𝜋

Question 11:

Find the volume of the solid region generated by revolving the region bounded by
𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑦 = 4 , 𝑥 = 5 about the line 𝑥 = 5
𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑦)
𝑥 = 5 = 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑥=𝑥→𝑦=5
𝑅 (𝑦) = 5 − 𝑦
𝑟(𝑦) = 5 − 5 = 0
4
4
2 2 ]𝑑𝑦
𝑦3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(5 − 𝑦) − (0) = 𝜋 ∫(25 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋(25𝑦 + − 5𝑦 2 )
0 3
0
(4)3 124
𝜋 [(25(4) + 3
− 5(4)2 )] − [0] = 3
𝜋

Calculus Page 112 of 136

 Question 12:
1
Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
a. Compute the volume of the solid forming by revolving R about the 𝑦 axis
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 → 4𝑦 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑥 = √4𝑦
4

𝑅 (𝑦) = √4𝑦

𝑟(𝑦) = 0

√4𝑦 = 0 → 𝑦 = 0
𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑐 [(𝑅(𝑦))2 − (𝑟(𝑦))2 ]𝑑𝑦

1 1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0 [(√4𝑦)2 − (0)2 ]𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫0 4𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋(2𝑦 2 ) → [𝜋(2(1)2 )] − [𝜋(2(0)2 )] = 2𝜋

b. Compute the volume of the solid forming by revolving R about the 𝑥 axis
1
𝑦 = 4 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = 0

1
4
𝑥2 = 1 → 𝑥2 = 4 → 𝑥 = 2

𝑅 (𝑥) = 1
1
𝑟(𝑥) = 4 𝑥 2

𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 [(𝑅(𝑥))2 − (𝑟(𝑥))2 ]𝑑𝑥

2 1 2 𝑥4 𝑥5 (2)5 8𝜋
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0 [(1))2 − (4 𝑥 2 )2 ] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 (1 − 16)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 (𝑥 − 80) → [𝜋 (2 − 80
)] − [0] =
5

c. Compute the volume of the solid forming by revolving R about the line 𝑦 = 2

1
𝑅 (𝑥) = 2 − 4 𝑥 2

𝑟(𝑥) = 2 − 1 = 1
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑎 [(𝑅(𝑥))2 − (𝑟(𝑥))2 ]𝑑𝑥

2 1 2 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥3 56𝜋
𝜋 ∫0 [(2 − 4 𝑥 2 )2 − (1)2 ] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 (16 − 𝑥 2 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋(80 − 3
+ 4𝑥) → [𝜋 (80 − 3
+ 4𝑥)] = 15

Calculus Page 113 of 136

Cylindrical shell method:

A region of revolution revolved around 𝒙 axis and 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

𝒅 𝒃
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫𝒄 𝒚𝒈(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 about the 𝒙 axis 𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫𝒂 𝒙𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 about the 𝒚 axis

Question 13:

Find the volume of the solid resulting from rotating the region by the graph of
𝑔(𝑦) = 2√𝑦 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 about the 𝑥 axis using the cylindrical shell method

5
𝑑 4 4 3 2 5 8𝜋𝑦 2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦(2√𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝜋 ∫ (𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝜋 ( 𝑦 2 ) =
𝑐 0 0 5 5
5
8𝜋(4)2 256𝜋
=[ ] − (0) =
5 5

Question 14:

Find the volume of the solid resulting from rotating the region by the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 about the 𝑦 axis using the cylindrical shell method

𝑏 2 2
2𝑥 3 𝑥 4
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋 ∫ (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 (
( ) ( 2 ) − )=
𝑎 0 0 3 4

2(2)3 (2)4 8𝜋
[2𝜋 ( − )] − (0) =
3 4 3

Question 15:

Find the volume of the solid region generated by revolving the region bounded by
𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 in the first quadrant about 𝑦 axis by using the cylindrical shell method

𝑥 2 = 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑏 1 1
2 2 3
𝑥3 𝑥4
( ) ( )
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ( − )
𝑎 0 0 3 4

(1)3 (1)4 𝜋
→ [2𝜋 ( − )] − [0] =
3 4 6

Calculus Page 114 of 136

Cylindrical shell method:
𝒅
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫𝒄 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝒈(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 about the line 𝒚 = 𝒌

𝒃
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒌)𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 about the line 𝒙 = 𝒌

Question 16:

Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the graph of
𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 and the 𝑥 axis about the line 𝑥 = 3 using the cylindrical shell method

4 − 𝑥 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = ±2
𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑘)𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

2 2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ (3 − 𝑥)(4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 12)𝑑𝑥 = 64𝜋
−2 −2

Question 17:

Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 0

Write the expression of the volume of the solid formed by revolving R about the line 𝑦 = 2 using the cylindrical
shell method

𝑥=𝑦
𝑥 =2−𝑦
2−𝑦 = 𝑦 → 𝑦 = 1
𝑔(𝑦) = (2 − 𝑦) − (𝑦) = 2 − 2𝑦

𝑑
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫𝑐 (𝑦 − 𝑘)𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

1
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫0 (2 − 𝑦)(2 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦
Question 18:

Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

Write the expression of the volume of the solid formed by revolving R about the line 𝑥 = 2 using the cylindrical
shell method

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑥 = ±0.824132

𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥 2
0.824132
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ (2 − 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
−0.824132

Calculus Page 115 of 136

 Subtopic 5.4 (Arc Length and Surface Area)

𝑏
𝐿 = ∫𝑎 √1 + (𝑓 ′ (𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥 arc length of the graph of 𝑓 on [𝑎, 𝑏]

Question1:
𝜋
Determine the arc length of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) between 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = tan 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑏
𝐿 = ∫𝑎 √1 + (𝑓 ′ (𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 4 4
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥|
0 0 0

𝜋 𝜋
𝐿 = [𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 |] − [𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐0 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛0|]
4 4

1 𝜋 1
𝐿 = [𝑙𝑛 | 𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 |] − [𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛0|] = ln(√2 + 1)
𝑐𝑜𝑠
4

Question2:

Find the arc length of the portion of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 with 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
𝑏
𝐿 = ∫𝑎 √1 + (𝑓 ′ (𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 3.8202
0

Question3:

Write the expression of the arc length of 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 between 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3
1 1
𝐿 = ∫0 √1 + (4𝑥 3 )2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 √1 + 16𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥

Calculus Page 116 of 136

Question4:

A cable is to be hung between two poles of equal height that are 20 feet apart. suppose that the cable takes the
𝑥 −𝑥
shape of 𝑦 = 5(𝑒 10 + 𝑒 10 ) for −10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 . how long is this cable?

1 𝑥 1 −𝑥 1 𝑥 1 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5 [ 𝑒 10 − 𝑒 10 ] = 𝑒 10 − 𝑒 10
10 10 2 2
𝑏
𝐿 = ∫𝑎 √1 + (𝑓 ′ (𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
10 1 1 −𝑥
𝐿 = ∫−10 √1 + ( 𝑒 10 − 𝑒 10 )2 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 23.504 feet
2 2

𝑏
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)√1 + (𝑓 ′ (𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥 surface area of a solid of revolution

Question5:

Find the surface area of the surface generated by revolving 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 about the 𝑥 axis
𝑏
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)√1 + (𝑓 ′ (𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥

1 1
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫0 (𝑥 4 )√1 + (4𝑥 3 )2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫0 (𝑥 4 )√1 + 16𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 3.4365

Calculus Page 117 of 136

 Subtopic 5.5 (Projectile motion)

Question 1:

If a diving board is 15 feet above the surface of the water and a diver starts with initial velocity of 8𝑓𝑡/𝑠

In the upward direction, what is the diver’s velocity at impact, assuming no air resistance.

𝑎(𝑡) = −32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2

𝑣(𝑡) = ∫ −32 𝑑𝑡

𝑣(𝑡) = −32𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑣(0) = −32(0) + 𝑐

8= 0+𝑐 → 𝑐 = 8

𝑣(𝑡) = −32𝑡 + 8

ℎ(𝑡) = ∫(−32𝑡 + 8)𝑑𝑡

ℎ(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 𝑐1

ℎ(0) = −16(0)2 + 8(0) + 𝑐1

15 = 0 + 𝑐1 → 𝑐1 = 15

ℎ(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 15

at impact → ℎ(𝑡) = 0

−16𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 15 = 0 → 𝑡 = 1.25𝑠

𝑣(𝑡) = −32𝑡 + 8

𝑣(1.25) = −32(1.25) + 8 = −32𝑓𝑡/𝑠

Calculus Page 118 of 136

 Question 2:

A ball is propelled straight upward from the ground with initial velocity 64𝑓𝑡/𝑠. Ignoring air resistance,

a. Find an equation for the height of the ball at any time t.

𝑎(𝑡) = −32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2

𝑣(𝑡) = ∫ −32 𝑑𝑡

𝑣(𝑡) = −32𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑣(0) = −32(0) + 𝑐

64 = 0 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 64

𝑣(𝑡) = −32𝑡 + 64

ℎ(𝑡) = ∫(−32𝑡 + 64)𝑑𝑡

ℎ(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 64𝑡 + 𝑐1

ℎ(0) = −16(0)2 + 64(0) + 𝑐1

0 = 0 + 𝑐1 → 𝑐1 = 0

ℎ(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 64𝑡

b. Determine the maximum height

maximum height → 𝑣(𝑡) = 0

−32𝑡 + 64 = 0 → 𝑡 = 2𝑠

ℎ(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 64𝑡

ℎ(2) = −16(2)2 + 64(2) = 64 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 maximum height

c. Find the amount of time the ball spends in the air.

The ball lands when ℎ(𝑡) = 0
−16𝑡 2 + 64𝑡 = 0 → 𝑡 = 4𝑠

Calculus Page 119 of 136

Question 3:

It has been reported that the basketball star Jordan has a vertical leap of 4.5 feet. ignoring air resistance What is
the initial velocity required to jump this high.

𝑎(𝑡) = −32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2

𝑣(𝑡) = ∫ −32 𝑑𝑡

𝑣(𝑡) = −32𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑣(0) = −32(0) + 𝑐

𝑣(0) = 0 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 𝑣(0)

𝑣(𝑡) = −32𝑡 + 𝑣(0)

Maximum height → 𝑣 (𝑡) = 0

𝑣(0)
−32𝑡 + 𝑣(0) = 0 → 𝑡 =
32

ℎ(𝑡) = ∫(−32𝑡 + 𝑣(0))𝑑𝑡

ℎ(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 𝑣(0)𝑡 + 𝑐1

ℎ(0) = −16(0)2 + 𝑣(0)(0) + 𝑐1

0 = 0 + 𝑐1 → 𝑐1 = 0

ℎ(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 𝑣(0)𝑡

𝑣(0) 𝑣(0) 2 𝑣(0)

ℎ( ) = −16 ( ) + 𝑣(0)( ) maximum height
32 32 32

−(𝑣(0))2 (𝑣(0))2
4.5 = +
64 32

(𝑣(0))2
4.5 = → (𝑣(0))2 = 288 → 𝑣 (0) = √288 ≈ 17𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡/𝑠
64

Calculus Page 120 of 136

 Question 4:

Suppose a raindrop falls from a cloud 3000 feet above the ground. ignoring air resistance, how fast would the
raindrop be falling when it hits the ground.

𝑎(𝑡) = −32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2

𝑣(𝑡) = ∫ −32 𝑑𝑡

𝑣(𝑡) = −32𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑣(0) = −32(0) + 𝑐 → 0 = 0 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 0

𝑣(𝑡) = −32𝑡

ℎ(𝑡) = ∫(−32𝑡)𝑑𝑡

ℎ(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 𝑐1

ℎ(0) = −16(0)2 + 𝑐1

3000 = 0 + 𝑐1 → 𝑐1 = 3000

ℎ(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 3000

the rain drop hits the ground when ℎ(𝑡) = 0 → −16𝑡 2 + 3000 = 0 → 𝑡 ≈ 13.693𝑠

𝑣(𝑡) = −32𝑡 → 𝑣 (13.693) = −32(13.693) ≈ −438.18𝑓𝑡/𝑠

Calculus Page 121 of 136

 Subtopic 5.6 (Application of integration to physics and engineering)

Question 1:
1 1
A force of 3 pounds stretches foot from its natural length. Find the work done in stretching the spring foot
4 2
beyond its natural length.

Hint: 𝐹 (𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 Hooke’s law

𝑏
𝑊 = ∫𝑎 𝐹 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝐹 (𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥

𝐹(𝑥) 3
𝑘= = = 12
𝑥 1
4

𝐹 (𝑥) = 12 𝑥
𝑏
𝑊 = ∫𝑎 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
1
𝑊 = ∫02 12 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 = [6( )2 ] − [0] = 1.5 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 − 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
2

Question 2:

If a force which is required to hold a spring 0.2 meters beyond its unstressed length is given by 𝐹 (𝑥) = 450𝑥

a. How much work does it take to stretch the spring this far
𝑏
𝑊 = ∫𝑎 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0.2
𝑊 = ∫0 450 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 225𝑥 2 = [225(0.2)2 ] − [0] = 9𝐽

b. How much work does it take to stretch the spring an additional 0.5 meters?
𝑏
𝑊 = ∫𝑎 𝐹 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0.7
𝑊 = ∫0.2 450 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 225𝑥 2 = [225(0.7)2 ] − [225(0.2)2 ] = 101.25𝐽

Calculus Page 122 of 136

Question 3:

A spring has a natural length of 10 𝑖𝑛. An 800 − 𝑙𝑏 force stretches the spring to 14 𝑖𝑛.
𝑎) Find the force constant.
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑘 𝑥
800 = 𝑘( 14 − 10) → 4𝑘 = 800 → 𝑘 = 200𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛

(𝑏)How much work is done in stretching the spring from 10 𝑖𝑛. 𝑡𝑜 12 𝑖𝑛.?
𝐹 = 200𝑥
2
𝑊 = ∫ 200𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 100𝑥 2 = [100(2)2 ] − [0] = 400𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏
0

𝑐) How far beyond its natural length will a 1600 − 𝑙𝑏 force stretch the spring?
𝐹 = 200𝑥
1600 = 200𝑥 → 𝑥 = 8𝑖𝑛𝑐

Question 4:

It takes a force of 21, 714 𝑙𝑏 to compress a coil spring assembly on a New York City Transit Authority subway
car from its free height of 8 𝑖𝑛. to its fully compressed height of 5 𝑖𝑛.
𝑎)What is the assembly’s force constant?
𝐹=𝑘𝑥
21714 = 𝑘( 8 − 5) → 3𝑘 = 21714 → 𝑘 = 7238 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛

𝑏) How much work does it take to compress the assembly the first half inch? The second half inch?

𝐹 = 7238𝑥
1
2 1
𝑊 = ∫ 7238 𝑥 = 3619𝑥 2 = [3619( )2 ] − [0] = 904.75𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏
0 2
1
1
𝑊 = ∫1 7238 𝑥 = 3619𝑥 2 = [3619(1)2 ] − [3619( )2 ] = 2714.25𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏
2
2
Question 5:

A vertical right cylindrical tank measures 30𝑓𝑡 high and 20 𝑓𝑡 in diameter. It is full of kerosene weighing
51.2𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 . How much work does it take to pump the kerosene to the level of the top of the tank?

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

𝑉 = 𝜋(10)2 (𝑦) = 100𝜋𝑦 𝑓𝑡 3

𝐹 = (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 )(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)

𝐹 = 51.2 (100𝜋𝑦) = 5120𝜋𝑦

30
𝑦2 (30)2
𝑊 = 5120𝜋 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 5120𝜋 ( ) = 5120𝜋 ( ) = 7238229𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏
0 2 2

Calculus Page 123 of 136

 Question 6:

Suppose that a basketball traveling at 130𝑓𝑡/𝑠 (about 90mph) collides with a bat. the data shows the force
exerted by the bat on the ball at 0.0001 second intervals

Estimate the impulse of the bat on the ball and the speed of the ball after impact. (use 𝑚 = 0.01)
0.0007
𝐽 = ∫0 𝐹 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑛 = 7subintervals
{[0,0.001], [0.0001,0.0002], [0.0002,0.0003], [0.0003,0.0004], [0.0004,0.0005], [0.0005,0.0006], [0.0006,0.0007]}

[𝐴(0) + 4𝐴(0.0001) + 2𝐴(0.0002) + 4𝐴(0.0003) + 2𝐴(0.0004) + 4𝐴(0.0005) + 2𝐴(0.0006) + 𝐴(0.0007)]

0.0007 − 0
[0 + 4(1250) + 2(4250) + 4(7500) + 2(9000) + 4(5500) + 2(1250) + (0)] ≈ 2.867
3(7)

𝐽 ≈ 2.867
𝐽 2.867
𝐽 = 𝑚∆𝑣 → ∆𝑣 = = = 286.7𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝑚 0.01
The speed after impact will be 287.7 − 130 = 156.7 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

Question 7:

A 30 inch baseball bat can be represented approximately by an object extending from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 30 inches
1 𝑥
with density 𝜌(𝑥) = ( + )2 slug per inch. The density takes into account the fact that a baseball bat is
46 690
similar to an elongated cone

a. Find the mass of the object

30 1 𝑥
𝑚 = ∫0 (46 + 690)2 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 6.144 × 10−2 slug

b. Find the center of mass of the baseball bat

𝑏
𝑀 ∫𝑎 𝑥𝜌(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝑚 = 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝜌(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

30 1 𝑥
𝑀 = ∫0 𝑥(46 + 690)2 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 1.205 slug

𝑀 1.205
𝑥̅ = 𝑚 ≈ 6.144×10−2 ≈ 19.6 inches

Calculus Page 124 of 136

 Subtopic 6.1 (Review of formulas and integration Techniques)

Question 1:

Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑔. 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑎𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1. ∫ sin(6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

−𝟏
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒙) + 𝒄
𝒂

−1
∫ sin(6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = cos(6𝑥) + 𝑐
6

2. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑎𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑎

1
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 (4𝑥)| + 𝑐
4

3. ∫ sec(3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑎𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑥) + tan(𝑎𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑎

1
∫ sec(3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 (3𝑥 ) + tan(3𝑥)|
3

4. ∫ csc(5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑎𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝑎𝑥) − cot(𝑎𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑎

1
∫ csc(5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 5 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐 (5𝑥) − cot(5𝑥)|

Calculus Page 125 of 136

Question 2:

Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3 −3 −6𝑥 −1 −6𝑥 𝟏
1. ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑒 −6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝑐 = 𝑒 +𝑐 ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒆𝒂𝒙 + 𝒄
𝑒 6 2

Question 3:
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
Compute integrals of the form ∫ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑎 2+𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎

2 2 1 1 𝑑𝑥 1 1 𝑥 1
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
4+4𝑥 2 4(1+𝑥 2) 2(1+𝑥 2) 2 1+𝑥 2 2 1 1 2

3 3 3 𝑥
2. ∫ 16+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 42 +𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (4) + 𝑐

4 4 4 𝑥
3. ∫ 25+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 52 +𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 5 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (5) + 𝑐

Question 4:

𝒌 𝟐𝒌 𝟐𝒂𝒙+𝒃
Compute integrals of the form∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄
𝒂𝒙𝟐+𝒃𝒙+𝒄 √−𝒃𝟐 +𝟒𝒂𝒄 √𝟒𝒂𝒄−𝒃𝟐

4
1. ∫ 5+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =

𝒌 𝟐𝒌 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 √−𝒃𝟐 + 𝟒𝒂𝒄 √𝟒𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝟐

4 2(4) 2(1)𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 5 √−(2)2 + 4(1)(5) √4(1)(5) − (2)2 4

4 𝑥+1
∫ 𝑥 2+2𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2
)+𝑐

Calculus Page 126 of 136

Question 5:
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑥

4𝑥+1
We need to evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 . Answer the questions below
2𝑥 2+4𝑥+10

8𝑥
1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2

𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥
8𝑥 8𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = 4 ∫ = 4𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐 = 4𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐
1 + 𝑥2 𝑢 2𝑥 𝑢

𝑥+1 2
2. write 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 as a form of 8 [1 + ( 2
) ]

𝑏 2 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 [(𝑥 + ) − ]
2𝑎 4𝑎 2

4 (4)2 −4(2)(10)
 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 2 [(𝑥 + 2(2))2 − 4(2)2
] = 2[(𝑥 + 1)2 + 4]

(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥+1)2 𝑥+1 2

 2[(𝑥 + 1)2 + 4] = 2 [4(1 + 4
)] = 8 [1 + 22
] = 8 [1 + (
2
) ]

4𝑥+1
3. Use integration of substitution to Evaluate ∫ 2𝑥 2+4𝑥+10 𝑑𝑥

4𝑥+1 4𝑥+1
∫ 2𝑥 2+4𝑥+10 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥+1 2 𝑑𝑥
8(1+( ) )
2

𝑥+1
𝑢= 2
→ 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑢 → 𝑥 = 2𝑢 − 1
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑢

4𝑥+1 4𝑥+1 1 4𝑥+1 1 4(2𝑢−1)+1 1 8𝑢−3

∫ 𝑥+1 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 8(1+𝑢2 ) 2𝑑𝑢 = 4 ∫ (1+𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢 = 4 ∫ (1+𝑢2 )
𝑑𝑢 = 4 ∫ 1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
8(1+( ) )
2

1 8𝑢 3 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − ∫
4 1+𝑢2 4 1+𝑢2

1 3
= 4 [4𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑢2 |] − 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢 + 𝑐

3
= 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑢2 | − 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢 + 𝑐

𝑥+1 2 3 𝑥+1
= 𝑙𝑛 |1 + ( ) | − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
2 4 2

Calculus Page 127 of 136

Question 6:
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ √−5+6𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = Note: ∫ √𝑎2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐
−𝑥 2

𝑏 2 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 [(𝑥 + ) − ]
2𝑎 4𝑎 2

6 (6)2 −4(−1)(−5)
 −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 5 = −1 [(𝑥 + 2(−1))2 − 4(−1)2
] = −[(𝑥 − 3)2 − 4]

 −[(𝑥 − 3)2 − 4] = 4 − (𝑥 − 3)2

1 1 1 𝑥−3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+𝑐
√−𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 5 √4 − (𝑥 − 3)2 √(2)2 − (𝑥 − 3)2 2

Calculus Page 128 of 136

 Subtopic 6.2(integration by parts)

Question 1:

Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = (𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − ∫ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

Question2:

Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

1
𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 1𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = 𝑥
1
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = (𝑥)(𝑙𝑛𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥( 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥
= 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

Question3:

Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Tabulation method

𝐷 𝐼

𝑥3 𝑒𝑥

3𝑥 2 𝑒𝑥

6𝑥 𝑒𝑥

6 𝑒𝑥

0 𝑒𝑥

∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 6𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

Calculus Page 129 of 136

Question 4:

Find the indefinite integral ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
note: ∫ e𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 e𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐

𝐷 𝐼

3𝑥 2 𝑒 −4𝑥

6𝑥 −1 −4𝑥
𝑒
4

6 1 −4𝑥
𝑒
16

0 −1 −4𝑥
𝑒
64

−3 2 −4𝑥 3 −3
∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 − ( 𝑥𝑒 −4𝑥 ) + ( 𝑒 −4𝑥 ) + 𝑐
4 8 32
−3 3 3
∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − ) + 𝑐
4 8 32

Question 5:

Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐷 𝐼

𝑥3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

3𝑥 2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

6𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

6 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

∫ 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − 3𝑥 2 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 6𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) − 6(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑐

∫ 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐

Calculus Page 130 of 136

Question 6:

Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−1
note: ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
cos(𝑎𝑥) + 𝑐
1
∫ cos(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sin(𝑎𝑥) + 𝑐

𝐷 𝐼

𝑥4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥

4𝑥 3 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
3

12𝑥 2 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
9

24𝑥 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
27

24 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
81

0 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
243

∫ 𝑥 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
−1 −1 1 1 −1
𝑥4 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) − 4𝑥 3 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) + 12𝑥 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) − 24𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) + 24 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) + 𝑐
3 9 27 81 243
−𝑥 4 12𝑥 2 24 4𝑥 3 24𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 ( + − ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 ( − )+𝑐
3 27 243 9 81

Question 7:

Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative Integral

𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

0 −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥|

∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 1(−𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥|) + 𝑐 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 | + 𝑐

Calculus Page 131 of 136

Question 8:

Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑥 5 ln 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative Integral

𝑙𝑛3𝑥 𝑥5

1 𝑥6
𝑥 6

𝑥6 1 𝑥6
∫ 𝑥 5 ln 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛3𝑥 − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
6 𝑥 6
6
𝑥 𝑥5
∫ 𝑥 5 ln 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛3𝑥 − ∫( ) 𝑑𝑥
6 6
6 6
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 5 ln 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛3𝑥 − +𝑐
6 36

Question 9:

Find the indefinite integral ∫ ln(5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛5𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 1𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = 𝑥
1
∫ 𝑙𝑛5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = (𝑥)(𝑙𝑛5𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥( 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥
= 𝑥𝑙𝑛5𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛5𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

Question 10:

Find the indefinite integral ∫ sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 = 1𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑥
∫ sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 − ∫ √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
∫ √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ??

𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
−2𝑥
−1 1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑢2 𝑢2 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 2 2
+ 𝑐 = −𝑢 + 𝑐 = −(1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
)
√1 − 𝑥 2 √𝑢 −2𝑥 −2 −1

1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥2 )2 + 𝑐

Calculus Page 132 of 136

 Subtopic 6.4(integration of Rational function using partial fractions)

Question1:

3𝑥 2−7𝑥−2
Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑥 3−𝑥

3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 2 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 2 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
3
= 2
= = + +
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1

3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 2 𝐴 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝐵 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝐶 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

= ∙ + ∙ + ∙
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 − 𝑥)

3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝐶𝑥

3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ) + 𝑥 (𝐵 − 𝐶 ) − 𝐴

𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 = 3
{ 𝐵 − 𝐶 = −7
−𝐴 = −2

Solve the system of equations then 𝐴 = 2 , 𝐵 = −3 , 𝐶 = 4

3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 2 2 3 4
∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1

= 2𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 3𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐

Calculus Page 133 of 136

Question2:

𝑥 2−2
Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑥 3−7𝑥−6 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 2 𝑥2 − 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= = + +
𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 − 6 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 1

𝑥2 − 2 𝐴 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝐵 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝐶 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)

= ∙ + ∙ + ∙
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)

𝑥 2 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6)

𝑥 2 − 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 2𝐴𝑥 − 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 3𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝐶𝑥 − 6

𝑥 2 − 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ) + 𝑥 (−2𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 𝐶 ) − 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 − 6

𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 =1
{ −2𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 𝐶 = 0
−3𝐴 + 2𝐵 − 6 = −2
2 7 1
Solve the system of equations then 𝐴 = 5 , 𝐵 = 20 , 𝐶 = 4

𝑥2 − 2 2 1 7 1 1 1
∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 6 5 𝑥+2 20 𝑥 − 3 4 𝑥+1
2 7 1
= 5 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 2| + 20 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 3| + 4 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐

Calculus Page 134 of 136

Question 3:

𝑥 2+5𝑥+3
Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑥−2
𝑑𝑥

Use long division

𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3 17
= 𝑥+7+
𝑥−2 𝑥−2

𝑥+7
𝑥 − 2√𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3
−𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

--------------------

7𝑥 + 3

−7𝑥 + 14

----------------

17

𝑥 2+5𝑥+3 17 𝑥2
∫ 𝑥−2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 7) + 𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = 2
+ 7𝑥 + 17𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 2| + 𝑐

Calculus Page 135 of 136

Question 4:

2𝑥 3−4𝑥 2−15𝑥+5
Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝑥 2−2𝑥−8
𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 3−4𝑥 2−15𝑥+5 𝑥+5

= 2𝑥 + by using long division
𝑥 2−2𝑥−8 𝑥 2−2𝑥−8

2𝑥 + 7
2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8√2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 5
−2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 16𝑥

--------------------

𝑥+5

2𝑥 3−4𝑥 2−15𝑥+5 𝑥+5

∫ 𝑥 2−2𝑥−8
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2−2𝑥−8 𝑑𝑥

𝑥+5
Let us calculate ∫ 𝑥 2−2𝑥−8 𝑑𝑥 =??

𝑥+5 𝑥+5 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 + 2

𝑥+5 𝐴 (𝑥 + 2) 𝐵 (𝑥 − 4)
= ∙ + ∙
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4)

𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 − 4𝐵

𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 2𝐴 − 4𝐵

𝐴+𝐵 =1
{
2𝐴 − 4𝐵 = 5
3 −1
Solve the system of equations then 𝐴 = , 𝐵 =
2 2

𝑥+5 3 1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 8 2 𝑥−4 2 𝑥+2
3 1
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 4| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
2 2

2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 5 3 1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 4| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8 2 2

Calculus Page 136 of 136