1.

Examples of Paired and Unpaired Data:

Example of paired data: A study on the effectiveness of a new medication for treating

high blood pressure. The data collected includes the blood pressure readings of 20

patients before and after taking the medication.

Example of unpaired data: A study comparing the average scores of two different groups

of students on a math test. Group A consists of 30 students who received traditional

instruction, while Group B consists of 30 students who received online instruction

(Bryan, Pollard & van der Laan, 2002; Wieand & et al., 1989;).

2. Description of the data:

Paired data: The blood pressure readings of the 20 patients before and after taking the

medication are paired because they are collected from the same individuals. This means

that each patient has two data points: one before taking the medication and one after

taking the medication. The pairing is natural because each patient serves as their own

control, and the before and after readings are directly comparable. This type of data is

also known as dependent or matched data (Bryan, Pollard & van der Laan, 2002; Wieand

& et al., 1989).

Unpaired data: The scores of the two groups of students are unpaired because they are

collected from different individuals. There is no natural pairing between the scores of the

students in Group A and Group B. This type of data is also known as independent or

unmatched data (Bryan, Pollard & van der Laan, 2002; Wieand & et al., 1989).
 What distinguishes them: Paired data has a natural pairing between the data points, while

unpaired data does not. In paired data, each data point has a corresponding pair, while in

unpaired data, each data point is independent and does not have a corresponding pair.

This distinction is important because it affects the type of analysis that can be performed

on the data (Bryan, Pollard & van der Laan, 2002; Wieand & et al., 1989).

3. Appropriateness of t-procedures:

Paired data: It is appropriate to use the one-sample t-procedure to analyze the paired data.

This is because the data is collected from the same individuals, and we want to determine

if there is a significant difference between the before and after readings. The one-sample

t-procedure is used to compare the mean of the paired differences to zero. This procedure

takes into account the pairing of the data and provides a more accurate estimate of the

population mean difference (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2014; Ibragimov & Müller, 2010).

Unpaired data: It is appropriate to use the two-sample t-procedure to analyze the unpaired

data. This is because the data is collected from different individuals, and we want to

determine if there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the two groups.

The two-sample t-procedure is used to compare the means of the two independent groups.

This procedure assumes that the data is independent and identically distributed, and

provides a more accurate estimate of the population mean difference (Gravetter &

Wallnau, 2014; Ibragimov & Müller, 2010).

Key Highlights

 In summary, paired data requires the one-sample t-procedure, while unpaired data

requires the two-sample t-procedure. This is because paired data has a natural pairing
 between the data points, while unpaired data does not. The one-sample t-procedure takes

into account the pairing of the data, while the two-sample t-procedure assumes

independence between the data points.

 It's important to note that the choice of t-procedure also depends on the research question

and the experimental design. For example, if the research question is to determine if there

is a significant difference between the before and after readings, then the one-sample t-

procedure is appropriate. If the research question is to determine if there is a significant

difference between the mean scores of two independent groups, then the two-sample t-

procedure is appropriate.

 Additionally, it's important to check the assumptions of the t-procedure before

performing the analysis. This includes checking for normality of the data, equality of

variances, and independence of the data points. If the assumptions are not met, alternative

procedures such as non-parametric tests or transformations may be necessary.

Conclusion

In conclusion, paired and unpaired data are two types of data that require different statistical

procedures for analysis. Paired data requires the one-sample t-procedure, while unpaired data

requires the two-sample t-procedure. The choice of procedure depends on the research question,

experimental design, and the characteristics of the data. It's important to check the assumptions

of the procedure before performing the analysis to ensure accurate and reliable results.
 References

Bryan, J., Pollard, K. S., & van der Laan, M. J. (2002). Paired and unpaired comparison and

clustering with gene expression data. Statistica Sinica, 87-110.

Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2014). Introduction to the t statistic. Essentials of statistics for

the behavioral sciences, 8(252).

Ibragimov, R., & Müller, U. K. (2010). t-Statistic based correlation and heterogeneity robust

inference. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 28(4), 453-468.

Wieand, S., Gail, M. H., James, B. R., & James, K. L. (1989). A family of nonparametric

statistics for comparing diagnostic markers with paired or unpaired data. Biometrika, 76(3), 585-

592.