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MATH 1281 - Unit 1 Discussion Assignment

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29 views3 pages

MATH 1281 - Unit 1 Discussion Assignment

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1.

Confidence Interval for a Sample Proportion

a) The formula for the confidence interval for a sample proportion is given by:

where:

 (p hat) is the sample proportion,

 (Z) is the Z-score, which corresponds to the desired confidence level, and

 (n) is the sample size.

b) To ensure that the confidence interval captures the population parameter, you can

modify several parameters in this formula:

 Increase the sample size (n): A larger sample size will reduce the standard error of

(p hat), making the estimate more precise.

 Adjusting the confidence level: By choosing a higher confidence level (and thus a

larger z-score), you will get a wider confidence interval that has a higher

probability of capturing (p).

 Ensure data quality: Ensuring that your data collection process is robust and free

from bias will make your estimate of (p) more reliable (Stehman & Xing, 2022;

Tan, Tang & Chan, 2005; Tobi, van den Berg & de Jong-van den Berg, 2005).

2. Conditions for the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)


 When we know that population distribution is normal: - Random Sampling: Data

points should be randomly and independently chosen meaning every member of

population has an equal chance to be included in sample. - Sample Size: If we

know that our population distribution is normal, then there are no strict

requirements on sample size.

 When we do not know what population distribution is: - Random Sampling: Same

as above. - Sample Size: Generally, a larger sample size (often cited as 30 or

more) ensures that sampling distribution becomes approximately normal.

 When Sample Size barely over 30: - Random Sampling: Same as above. - Sample

Size Adequacy: Even though 30+ samples are often considered adequate, it’s

always better to have more data points to get closer to normality.

 When Sample Size very large: - Random Sampling: Same as above. - Large

Enough Sample Size: With very large samples sizes, even if original population

distribution isn’t normal, sampling distribution tends to be normal due to CLT.

3. Difference Between Standard Error and Margin of Error

Standard error and margin of error are related but distinct concepts used in

statistics. Standard error measures how much your data would vary if you drew

multiple samples from your population. It’s like an average amount of variability

in your estimates due to sampling. On the other hand, the margin of error is a

range that quantifies the uncertainty in your estimate. It’s often used in reporting

results of a poll or survey to give a sense of the precision of the estimate. In other

words, standard error is about how much your estimate would bounce around if
you were to repeat your study, while margin of error is about how confident you

are that your particular estimate is close to the true population value (Stehman &

Xing, 2022; Tan, Tang & Chan, 2005; Tobi, van den Berg & de Jong-van den

Berg, 2005).

References

Stehman, S. V., & Xing, D. (2022). Confidence intervals for proportion of area estimated from a

stratified random sample. Remote sensing of environment, 280, 113193.

Tang, M. L., Tang, N. S., & Chan, I. S. (2005). Confidence interval construction for proportion

difference in small‐sample paired studies. Statistics in Medicine, 24(23), 3565-3579.

Tobi, H., van den Berg, P. B., & de Jong‐van den Berg, L. T. (2005). Small proportions: what to

report for confidence intervals?. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 14(4), 239-247.

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