IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 1

Grid Code, Part 3: Technical Recommendations and

Challenges for Implementing the Rules Book
Luis Ivan Ruiz Flores1, Hannia Jazmin Montes Loaeza2, Abigail De La Luz Carrillo Lugo3
1
ETAP® Latin America, CD Mex. Mexico
2
Instituto Tecnológico de Acapulco, Facultad de Ingeniería Electromecánica, Guerrero, Mexico
3
Schneider Electric Mexico, CDMX, Mexico
1
[email protected], 2 [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—This paper presents some recommendations on how to II. INTRODUCTION

implement a local Rulebook in countries that have not yet
established the requirements of electrical parameters their
maximum and minimum limits. Since the end of the 90's and to I n Latin America, there is a great diversity of energy
resources that place each country in the margin of
projection for technological growth and the application of
date, it has been a gradual implementation within the regions of
the planet and in each country the binding laws of the electricity energy policies that allow benefiting global growth in each
sector that to some extent are voluntary to comply and trace a region.
benefit of Energy Sustainability and Decarbonization. As the Figure 1 shows the countries in Latin America that have the
interconnection between Transmission System Operators (TSO's)
possibility of using energy resources for the benefit of the
and Independent Energy Producers (PIE's) has been integrated,
progress is being made in promoting the use of Variable economic development of each country. Consequently,
Renewable Energy Sources or VRE's for its acronym in English economic growth versus the implementation of technologies
Variable Renewables Energy . This has fostered an explicit concern that can use these resources is contrasted with the possibility of
in the countries for not having plant stoppages or abrupt blackouts having a global perspective on the way to Energy
not scheduled by the interconnection with the Point of Sustainability and Decarbonization.
Interconnection or "POI" with the TSO; that is, it is necessary a
Therefore, in Figure 1, it is clearly shown that the use of
firm intention to establish a Rule Book containing the
parameterization established in the maximum and minimum water resources and petroleum resources are mostly what all
limits and a correlation in the use of alternating current or direct countries count for the year 2021; however, an agile migration
current. The series of these articles has explained the highlights in is expected in the following decade for the use and application
Part 1, the parameterization of electrical requirements in Part 2 of solar and wind resources. Latin American countries in the
and in this paper the recommendations and challenges to last fifteen years tend to integrate Variable Renewable Energy
implement the Grid Code in the regions or countries will be
Sources or known as VRE's.
described. The intention of this work is to show thechallenges to
write the Rule Books for Grid Code and for the benefit of the For this reason, having the implementation for the benefit of
Energy Sector community. climate change at a global level requires analyzing how to
integrate these electrical interconnections into the systems of
Keywords — Harmonics, Grid Code, Decarbonization, Energy, the Public Network of each country.
Frequency, Rulebook, Sustainability, Power Systems. As the world is integrating Variable Renewable Energy
Sources or VRE's for its acronym in English, it is inexorable that
I. NOMENCLATURE depending on the energy demand of the population, they will
HV High Voltage have to connect to the archetypes of the electrical systems
LV Low Voltage mentioned in Part 2 of this series of articles called: "Grid Code,
AC Alternating current Part 2: Parameterization and Global Comparison in the
DC Direct Current Electricity Sector"; that is, it will have to start with possible
DG Distributed Generation regulations to this integration between the Public Network or
MV Medium Voltage known as TSO's and private systems or PIE's by use of VRE's.
IPP Independent Power Producer Energy Resources in Latin America (2021)

VRE Variable Renewable Energy 100%

90%
T&D Transmission & Distribution 80%

THD Total Harmonic Distortion 70%

60%
TSO Transmission System Operator 50%

40%
_______ 30%

20%
* 1: Luis Ivan Ruiz Flores is Director of Power and Energy at ETAP Latin 10%

America. 2: Hannia Jazmin Montes Loaeza represents the Technological 0%

Institute of Acapulco®, as a student of Electromechanical Engineering. 3:

Abigail Carrillo Lugo is a Business Developer at Schneider Electric.
Natural Gas Hydraulics Biofuels and waste Petroleum Solar Energy
Charcoal Wind Nuclear Geothermal

Fig. 1. Energy Resources in Latin American Countries

IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 2

The binding laws of the electricity sector that must be

implemented indisputably will be related to three dimensional
axes that are relative to each other, and must focus on Energy Brownfield & Greenfield Projects Global Benefits
Sustainability according to the concept of the World Energy Social Electricity Tariff
Council that indicates the balance in the following 3 Equity Regulation

dimensions: i) social equity that brings as a consequence the Environmental Impact

Mitigation
Environmental
Regulation
effect of having Regulation of Electricity Tariffs, ii) mitigation Energy Technical Regulation of
of the environmental impact where the effect is to have Security the Electrical System

Environmental Regulation and iii) energy security that Electrical Systems Requirements Sustainable Projects

generates an effect of having Technical Regulation of energy

systems.
Then, in Figure 2, the cause and effect of the trip of each Fig. 2. Journey and effects of interconnecting public and private electricity
country to truly contribute to Energy Sustainability and a Real systems in a country.
Decarbonization is presented, where the complex
interconnections of the TSO's with the PIE's must be regulated So, this work seeks to recommend that the Technical
or in simpler words the exchange of energy between the Public Regulation of Electrical Systems be a real contribution to all
Sector and the Private Sector, interacting with the governments relevant stakeholders in each country; that is, itis an issue of
of each country, its regulatory bodies, promoting an efficient National Energy Security, since, if there are no Rule Books or
economy to integrate the available energy resources with Grid Codes, it will be a slow implementation that will be
equitable tariff, environmental and technical regulations. insufficient and that can have expensive reconversions or
Therefore, it is necessary to specify that the precise multiple versions of a Grid Code for electrical systems. .
mechanisms must be created to regulate the cost of MW/hr in
each country, the environmental compliance co-responsible for III. PLANNING IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES TO INTEGRATE
each nation to the planet and binding compliance with the VRE'S
electricity sector. That is why the authors in this work focus on The global initiative to meet the requirements of electrical
contributing that the Local Rulebooks should be established in parameters in the Grid Codes is essential to first understand
each country for each dimensional axis mentioned in Figure 2. how the integration of VRE's will be planned locally in each
As Latin America is using the capacity of Variable region or in each country, that means that countries must make
Renewable Energy Sources or VRE's within its electricity an integration based on the sizes of private systems
systems, it is intended to create Rule Books; however, only 4 interconnected to public systems. In other words, it is necessary
countries already have at least 1 (one) version of the binding to recommend some limitations relating the size of the
Rulebook to implement the Technical Regulation of the Electric electricity system according to the country versus the level of
System that we will call the Grid Code. integration of the VRE's.
These countries state the electrical requirements and Figure 3 shows recommendations focused on the
parameters that must be met with maximum and minimum to relationship of the Level of Integration of VRE's and the size of
avoid a blackout or an abrupt shutdown of the electricity grid. the Electrical System, to consider the minimum requirements
It is very useful to learn from the experiences of the global and measurements of the electrical parameters according to [1].
regions that have incorporated VRE's and interconnected during The idea of the Figure is adapted to be able to clarify that before
the last two decades the TSO's with local PIE's, since they had writing the first version of a Grid Code in any country, it will
the process of implementing regulations in the 3 (three) be necessary to establish the minimum requirements and
dimensional axes and although in each trip it has been copied desirable measurements of the electrical parameters in the
or tropicalized to comply with the Rule Books related to the energy systems.
Grid Code, it is not only to obtain global benefits towards Although there is an indisputable need to adopt integrating
Decarbonization, but sometimes they have been lax in some of VRE's as clean energy systems to cope with energy demand and
the axes of the trip; for example, in the Regulation of Electricity replace existing polluting generators, in many countries it is
Tariffs or in the effect of the environment by interconnecting being regulated with local entities and bodies that validate that
VRE's causing a decompensation or high rates that customers renewable energy is cheaper using mostly equipment
can not cover and consequently there are collateral effects in the technologies to interconnect the use of hydropower, solar and
individual and regional economy of the country that requires photovoltaic that has relevant challenges to overcome when
adapting new binding laws to compensate or fulfill the trip trying to connect technology to transport energy and monitor
towards Decarbonization. the electrical parameters of the energy system that in contrast
requires economic investment for monitoring, control and
automation so as not to affect the operation of interconnected
energy systems.
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 3

Getting Started with VRE's In Progress of VRE's Integrated VRE's

✓Solar energy measurement with
✓ Measurement of power quality, ✓ Active power measurement for inverters through grid formation
electrical protections, frequency LV connections ✓Requirement of energy storage
✓ Control Requirement, MV ✓ Control Requirement and Failure control, network formation, black
Failure Time Time start in AT for integration of other
VRE's

✓Solar energy measurement with

✓ Measurement of power quality,
✓ Active power requirement, inverters through grid formation
electrical protections, frequency
energy storage control and ✓Requirement for frequency
✓ Control
Large

Requirement, MV
failure time in LV control, active power and
Failure Time
generation control
Medium

✓Frequency and voltage

✓ Frequency and voltage ✓ Active power and sub-frequency
Small

measurement
measurement measurement
✓Control requirement for energy
✓ Control Requirement and Failure ✓ Control requirement for energy
storage, network formation and
Time storage and generation control
black start-up

Size of the Electrical System

Fig. 3. Recomendations to consider the minimum requirements and measurements of the electrical parameters in a country, relacionando the Level of Integration
of VRE's versus the Size of the Electrical System (small, medium and large).

Traditional systems are composed of conventional facilities that will place new equipment in systems that will
generators that contribute to the inertia of the system and feed already operate with integration of connection to energy
large amounts of energy; however, having users far from the demand using VRE's.
city will have to seek to connect the use of solar parks and wind
IV. PLANNING ACTIONS FOR THE RENEWABLE FUTURE IN
farms that will be able to supply decentralized consumers.
LATIN AMERICA
The challenge of investing in technology to monitor, control
and automate the energy systems interconnected between TSO's In Latin America, there has been a great effort to move
systems and PIE's using VRE's is inevitable to conclude that it towards a trend of basing gradual actions to be able to integrate
will be for the general benefit of: i) decentralization, ii) the use of renewable energies in each country.
digitalization and iii) the electrification of 100% of local users. Therefore, in each country there are Ministerios de Energía
Therefore, the Technical Regulation having a Rule Book or that write strategic plans of how they will face the energy
local Grid Code, will allow to define the minimum and process of interconnection towards the next decades according
maximum limits of the electrical parameters and comply with to [2]. According to these Ministries of Energy and Local
the requirements to keep the energy system running smoothly Organizations of each country, the modeling of the electrical
and generate trust between the TSO's and the PIE's involving systems that allow an engineering simulation of the Public
specific benefits such as: i) implement the electricity market Network Interconnected with the Private Network must be
model with regulated electricity tariffs to offer fair prices to carried out, this model is called the electrical model or
the consumer, ii) planning of growth of the electricity grid and mathematical model. The epitome of [2] is influencing the
adhere to an operational awareness for future generations of challenge of this planning; however, in several countries there
engineers and iii) achieve a secure connection to contribute to are still no mathematical models or simulated electrical
the mitigation of the environmental impactwith an Ágil models with software tools in brownfield systems that
Decarbonization. complicates integrating with greenfield systems; that is,
So, a recommendation is to start writing a version 1 of a although local standards of actions or planning are written. ,
Local Grid Code to capture a consensus between the PIE's and they are not focusing on Technical Regulation, but rather the
TSO's with the international experience of the technical decision of Table 1 in Environmental Impact Mitigation
community. It should be taken into account that the electrical Regulations is biased and causes an effect in a slow
systems at the moment are facing 2 (two) systems called as implementation of Electricity Tariff Regulations.
brownfield and greenfield that can generate a delay in the Figures 4, 5 and 6 shows examples of how renewable
implementation ofsde the firstto version 1, possibly due to energies are being used in Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico and
observations related to the systems. electrical with equipment Peru according to [2] and consequently must implement
that have been operating for more than 2 decades versus compliance with the Local Grid Code with agility.
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 4

Table 1. Actions for the Mitigation of Environmental Impact in Latin American countries according to [2]

Country Local S tandards Actions for the Renewable Future Local Organizations
• Energy Scenarios 2030 • Incorporation of social and environmental dimensions in long-term energy scenarios
Argentina M inistry of Economy, M inistry of Energy
• Platform energy scenarios to 2040 • Scenarios to explore the role of new technologies
• Planning continues at the M inistry of M ines and Energy, in cooperation with EPE
M inistry of M ines and Energy (M M E),
Brasil • National Energy Plan (PNE) to 2050 • Design of a long-term strategy (PNE 2050) that will guide the formulation of policies for the
Energy Research Company (EPE)
transition
• First five-year process (2018-2022) of Long-Term • Institutionalize long-term energy planning and its regular updates
Energy Planning (PELP)
Chile • Ambitious quantitative targets to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 M inistry of Energy of Chile
• Second five-year process (2023-2027) of Long-Term
Energy Planning (PELP) • Energy scenarios built on long-term narratives and visions

• Using scenarios to explore possible energy transformation paths, their costs and implications M inistry of Energy and M ines, M ining-Energy
Colombia • National Energy Plan – PEN 2020-2050 (UPM E, 2020)
• Website where input data used in modeling is publicly displayed Planning Unit (UPM E)

• VII National Energy Plan 2015-2030 and Update of the

Plan 2019-2030 • Use of quantitative (modeling) and qualitative (environmental and socio-economic narratives)
Costa Rica M inistry of Environment and Energy (M INAE)
elements
• National Decarbonization Plan 2018-2050
• Publication of planning instruments promoting economic development and energy transition
• National Energy Efficiency Plan 2016 – 2035 • Analysis of scenarios involving the change of energy and productive matrix M inistry of Energy and Non-Renewable Natural
Ecuador
• National Energy Plan 2050 (under preparation) • Evaluation of alternative scenarios considering new technologies to face Resources (M ERNNR)
• to climate change
• Strengthen the role of the State as the guide of long-term energy planning
El Salvador • Energy Policy El Salvador 2020-2050 National Energy Council (CNE)
• Articulate the different visions and sectoral plans in the long-term energy plan
• Indicative Expansion Plan of the Generation System 2020
• Access to modern and clean energy to improve the quality of life of the population M inistry of Energy and M ines (M EM ) – M ining
Guatemala – 2050
• Promotion of non-conventional renewable energy Energy Planning Unit
• Transportation System Expansion Plan 2020-2050
• Roadmap Proposal 2050: Creating Spaces & Closing
Honduras • Short, medium and long-term goals are aligned M inistry of Energy
Gaps
• Plan thinking about the set of policies necessary to develop the technologies. Secretary of Energy (SENER)
• National Electric System Development Program
M éxico • Consider useful energy demands National Commission for the Efficient Use of
(PRODESEN 2018-2032)
• Integration of energy planning tools Energy (CONUEE)

• Short- and medium-term sectoral strategies aligned with the long-term National Energy Plan National Secretariat of Energy – M inistry of the
Panamá • National Energy Plan 2015-2050
• Comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of decarbonization scenarios to 2050 Presidency

• Transmission Plan 2021 – 2030 • National energy planning system

Perú M inistry of Energy and M ines (M INEM )
• National Energy Plan 2014- 2025 • Understanding the real needs of consumers at regional level
• Development of scenarios to evaluate a change of course in the development of the energy
sector, according to national political guidelines M inistry of Energy and M ines, and National
Rep. Dominicana
Energy Commission
• Incentive planning to promote projects aligned with the energy transition
• Política Energética 2005-2030 • Well-defined energy planning process and team of trained modeling technicians
Uruguay M inistry of Industry, Energy and M ining
• Plan Nacional de Eficiencia Energética 2015-2024 • Clear conceptualization of the purpose of energy scenarios
Notes: Summary of the IRENA 2022 edition, Scenarios for the Energy Transition

Renewable Electricity Generation, Colombia 2020 Renewable Electricity Generation, México 2020
Wind Geotérmica
63 GWh 4521 GWh Solar
0.13% Solar 7% 13528 GWh
191 GWh
0.38% 20.95 %

Eólica
19701 GWh Hydroelectric
30.5% 26817 GWh
41.53 %

Hydroelectric
Hydroelectric
Hydroelectric Photovoltaic Solar Energy
49837 GWh Photovoltaic Solar Energy Wind
99.49 % Wind Geothermal

Figure 5. Use of renewable energies in Colombia according to [3] Figure 6. Use of renewable energies in Mexico according to [5]

Renewable Electricity Generation, Costa Rica 2020 Renewable Electricity Generation, Perú 2020
Solar Eólica
Geothermal Solar
65 GWh 1812 GWh
1689 GWh 779.5GWh
0.59 % 5.46%
15.53% 2.35%

Hydroelectric
30560 GWh
Wind Hydroelectric 92.18 %
1459 GWh 7661 GWh
13.41% 70.45 %

Hydroelectric
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Hydroelectric
Wind Photovoltaic Solar Energy
Geothermal Wind

Figura 4. Use of renewable energies in Costa Rica according to [4] Figure 7. Use of renewable energies in Peru according to [6]
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 5

It is extremely necessary to write Rule Books, based on the

effervescence of writing locally efforts focused on the issue of
Environmental Impact Mitigation that adheres to the local
Binding Laws of each country.
Therefore, the planning of the interconnection between
private and public electricity systems requires a prevailing
action in the Ministries of Energy and Local Organizations that
relate the Technical Regulations of the electricity system, the
Electricity Tariff Regulations and the Environmental Writing
Regulations as shown in Figure 8. RuleBooks to
Binding Laws of
In Latin America, there are efforts to write Grid Codes; the Country
however, the countries that stand out for this issue are
Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico and Peru, although although the
electrical technical community has generated various versions
in edition for their correct and adequate implementation, it is
Technical Regulation of the Electrical System
questioning if they are necessary or if they are the subject of
fiction rather than a reality. Figure 8. Necessary but not limiting linkage of the Regulations related to the
The reasons for planning the renewable future in Latin Electricity Sector for an Agile Decarbonization.
America must also be aimed at this end of compliance with Grid
It is radical that having a Book of Rules will encourage a
Codes with absolute seriousness rather than with wills that in
mutual collaboration of the PIE's and TSO's; however, in the
international experience has taken time to realize. example of Mexico that mentions in its version 1.0 of the Grid
Therefore, it will be necessary to mention 10 benefits of
Code that it should be imperative to comply with it from April
having Grid Codes, such as: 2019, the truth is that it received more than 6,000 observations
1. Ensure the proper behavior of Network users during
from Local Organizations, Engineering Houses and the
normal operation and in contingencies Technical Community of the Energy Sector to review it and
2. Define technical capacities to contribute to services paid
create a version 2.0 that was issued in December 2021.
by the country's TSO The above has left the experience of the technical
3. Provide energy security to the country with compliance
community in Mexico to seriously take the clearly necessary
with the requirements in the electrical parameters described steps to comply in the imparcialidad of a Grid Code with some
in the Local Grid Code
planning actions in companies of different sectors and sizes,
4. Offer fair prices of electricity tariffs for the final consumer such as those indicated in Figure 9 that describe the 3 necessary
linked to Electricity Market Regulations
steps recommended by the authors to gradually comply with do
5. Use international best practices for the benefit of the Grid Code:
Decarbonization with a successful integration of VRE's the
1) Generation of the electrical model for analysis
local country 2) Demonstrate monitoring of electrical parameter
6. Applicability in brownfield and greenfield systems that
requirements
provides flexibility and continuity in electrical service 3) Generate automated prediction reports
7. Implement predictive simulation technologies with real-
time control and monitoring. It is evident that there will be Organizations or Engineering
8. Streamline predictive simulation with electrical models Houses that will propose more procedures or more filters with
that have situational intelligence and optimize operational new review, inspection or direction groups to monopolize
awareness engineering services to demonstrate compliance and will
9. Extend knowledge management capabilities with depend on the harmonization and synergy between the Local
electrical operators dispatching and carrying energy in the Government, the PIE's and the TSO's; that is, as long as
next generations of engineers progress is achieved in a period of 24 months (year 2024) it can
10. Promote a healthy relationship between the PIE's and the be demonstrated compliance with the Grid Code in Mexico.
TSO's with electricity market models according to the
country Automated prediction
Execute Asset Management with reporting
11. Coordinate local efforts between regulatory entities, integration of new predictive
simulation technologies
ministries of energy, dispatchers of the electricity grid in Ensure Optimize system
transversal axis for a mutual benefit increasing the interoperability operation Demonstration of
monitoring of electrical
efficiency of the transmission and distribution networks. Monitorear Monitorear y controlar parameter
Condiciones parámetros eléctricos requirements
12. Enable agile digitalization of electrical systems, including
energy storage technologies for the electric vehicle sector Validation and Verification
through Energy System
13. Implement enabling solutions with agile communication Analytics
Generation of the
Generation of the electrical model for
protocols in the monitoring of the electricity grid mathematical analysis
model

© Ruiz & Montes 2022

Figure 9. Brief steps recommended by the authors to comply with the Grid
Code for electrical systems
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 6

V. RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPLEMENT GRID CODES IN LATIN study such as the load flow analysis for example and obtain
AMERICA WITH AGILITY results to evaluate the condition of the short circuit in parallel.
Both studies (load flow and short circuit) will allow the
Nowadays, electrical systems are exposed to a lot of
Mexican authorities to demonstrate that the Grid Code is being
problems due to poor power quality, these problems are one of
partially complied with.
the main causes of unscheduled downtime. The reliability and
One of the advantages of performing the analysis of the
consistency of the electricity supply are fundamental for
electrical model is to size the amount of MVAR's necessary to
companies, when the power quality is imperfect due to
stabilize the power factor that was requested in Mexico to
disturbances, the network of the companies suffers, implying
demonstrate the requirement of 0.95 in 2019 and to be able to
economic losses.
establish the strategy of reaching the requirement of 0.97 by
On the other hand, when the facilities are going to extend in 2023 in the analyzed electrical system.
the load or expand in their electrical system it will be necessary The execution of the stable-state analysis of the electrical
to recommend solutions for: i) modeling and analysis, ii) system with the electrical model will allow the sizing of
monitoring and control and iii) implement predictive necessary equipment to avoid voltage drops along the lines,
simulation. Next, the authors propose the following additional energy loss, increase in the general demand for kVA,
recommendations based on Figure 9 and as a result it will be increase in energy consumption within the facilities, etc.
possible to obtain the effects of energy system analytics, grid The electrical community can solve the concept of the
code compliance and asset management shown in Figure 10 that power factor with the idea of placing capacitor banks; however,
is proposed by the authors to streamline compliance with grid it will be necessary to conduct a study of load flows and
codes locally in Latin American countries that are widely compare the amount of reactive energy needed to stabilize the
recommended to implement for Decarbonization. optimal condition of the load flow according to international
standards. Then, it will be reflected in being able to execute a
A. Modeling and Analysis replica of an intelligent unifilar diagram (Single-Line Diagram)
The electricity community mostly seeks to comply with that allows the visualization of the permissible limits in
local norms or standards for the electricity sector; however, parameters of voltage drops according to international
none of the customers or end users in the systems wish to breach standards.
guidelines that have already been established and that in terms On the other hand, there is a community in the electricity
of Grid Codes are reflected in written sanctions that in some sector that can execute a measurement of the power factor or
countries are voluntary and not applicable. measurement of the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
In Mexico, a worrying condition has been reached in the contrasting with a light receipt of the Load Center and with the
issue of sanctions since the Electricity Industry Law (LIE) analysis for example, for 7 (seven) days of the THD parameter,
ranging from 2% and up to 10% of the gross annual income of it could suggest a device to correct the level of harmonics;
the company according to the income received in the previous however, will have to demonstrate in engineering practice the
year according to Fraction I, Subsection "k" and in another simulation of the electrical system before a possible
classification in sanctions that can be from 50,000 to 200,000 improvement that is not only in the market of manufactures or
minimum wages according to Fraction II, Subsection "c". brands that could sell such filters or devices that correct the
Then, the magnitude of the non-compliance condition will THD; but they will also have to return to the step of validation
be evaluated by the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) and of the electric model.
with the technical support of the National Energy Control
Asset Management
Center (CENACE) taking into account among other factors, the Situational Intelligence
KPI's optimization in SEP's
A: Intelligent Automation
interruption time, number of affected users, energy not 25% A: Predictive analytics and alerts
O: Performance optimization
supplied, etc. O: Actionable decision making
Compliance with the
On the other hand, it is extremely important to clarify in Rule Book
O: Operational Awareness

Mexico that it is necessary to contribute with work plans that Local Grid Code Monitoring & Control
C: Operation control
the Load Centers have been in non-compliance since April 2019 C: State control

in the applicable requirements such as: C: Advanced control

C: Equipment and condition control
1) Connected in MT with energy demand < 1 MW 75% M: Monitoring of electrical parameters
M: Exchange of information
2) Connected in MT with energy demand > 1 MW M: Condition Monitoring
M: Trend data analysis
3) Connected in AT
Modeling & Analysis
M/A: Model Connectivity and Analysis
A: Energy System Analysis
So, taking Mexico as an example, it is necessary to start with PS’s Analytics
Design and Modeling M: Visualization of the Intelligent Unifilar Diagram (SLD)

the idea that there has been a compliance period that is outlined, © Ruiz & Montes 2022

for example, for the beginning of the year 2024, which is why Figure 10. Authors' recommendations to streamline Decarbonization:
it is necessary to start with generating the electrical model as an modeling and analysis, monitoring and control & situational intelligence in
initial step to be able to demonstrate that a grid code compliance SEP's (Ruiz-Montes-Carrillo: RMC- Grid Code Recommendations &
Implementation)
plan is underway; that is, Step 1 is: create or generate the
mathematical model or electrical model that is sometimes
called the Digital Twin in a software tool in order to continue
with the Validation of the model in contrast to a steady state
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 7

In the electrical community, there may also be a solution to Variable speed drives with integrated services dedicated to
measure voltage flicker or "flicker" and correct it with a device Power industrial processes, including the possibility of controlling
or equipment; however, it will be inexorable to re-simulate the factor 3-phase asynchronous motors, as well as special motors
from 0.75 kW to 1.5 MW
possible solution with the electric model.
Then, it is recommended the Analysis of the Electrical Microprocessor relays for the protection, supervision and
control of feeders, cables, overhead lines with T&D
Power System that allows to go to the transition of the Protections
applications and with the versatility to connect to multi-
Connectivity of the Electric Model with the Monitoring and brand SCADA systems
Control of the system itself that will be described below. Intelligent electronic devices that allow control and
Protections supervision of different electrical substation bays with the
B. Monitoring and Control option of direct connection to instrument transformers
Within the solutions to comply with the grid code, are Digital control system for automation oriented to topology
advanced utility meters, providing precision and a host of Exchange of and electrical safety that minimizes power outages,
features, such as: transmission and distribution metering, information allowing a redesign or reconfiguration of the electrical
system
monitoring and comprehensive analysis of power quality,
compliance monitoring of power quality, digital record of Remote control of medium voltage electrical substations
Exchange of that allows remote control of various distribution
faults, etc.
information equipment at the same time with fault indicators, current
It is suggested that measurement and control equipment be measurement, etc.
integrated to allow advanced energy management in the
Online energy profilers including cloud storage and
electrical system. logging, to provide energy data presentations, utility
In the measurement equipment manufacturing market there Control
engagement and demand response for commercial and
are those indicated in Table 2 that classify the objective and industrial customers.
possible implementation in monitoring and control. Implement SW and HW tools that allow communication in
There are different types of possible solutions to obtain the Control different communication protocols for monitoring per
necessary requirements and comply with the provisions of the second or microseconds as requested by the client
Grid Code, such as: Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED),
capacitor banks, harmonic filters, different types of software for C. Situational Intelligence through predictive simulation
management, monitoring and energy control, digital control
systems, advanced power quality meters, etc. 75% of most companies today are shaping up to comply
Also, for the continuous improvement of the energy quality, with the Rulebook in countries where Grid Codes already exist;
the voltage and frequency management relays are also however, the tip of the "Iceberg" is the 25% that is missing to
recommended, they offer a solution for the improvement of the reach a true Asset Management that allows the Operational
energy quality, giving an integrated solution to obtain a safe and Awareness of energy systems and thus obtain a Predictive
efficient operation. Simulation for the benefit of Key Performance Indicators
These types of devices maintain system stability, improve (KPI’s).
power quality, ensure that interruptions that affect customers One of the effects of compliance with the Grid Code is the
are negligible and are very versatile, being an optimal and Digitization of the Electrical System and the possibility of
innovative solution to guarantee system stability. optimizing the KPI's that will drive an Automation that will
generate a Guaranteed Harmonization between compliance
Table 2. Recommendations to contribute to the monitoring and control of with local standards, optimization of the efficiency of energy
electrical systems systems and an electrification with situational intelligence
Concept or without excluding a system with cybersecurity implementation.
Solutions in the manufacturing market implement
Parameter
From the Design to the Operation es e l core axis of this
High precision meters for monitoring pie's energy Situational Intelligence is based on the electrical model that
networks, cogeneration systems, approved by LAPEM in
Monitoring
Mexico and possibility of integrating into SCADA
will allow a predictive simulation of normal or contingency
systems1 conditions, as well as a possible reconfiguration for an agile
solution in the electrical systems.
High-precision meters to measure power quality and ability
Monitoring to detect disturbance direction and analysis of rapid events The agility of implementing the grid codes in latin
including high-speed transients American countries will allow a rapid Decarbonization related
Software for Monitoring Expert in Electrical Power to a true Asset Management in the PS's (Power Systems)
Monitoring Generation, Transmission and Distribution systems to mentioned by the authors in Figures 9 and 10.
optimize operational efficiency and resource profitability Generating the Digital Twin through the creation of the
Devices for power factor compensation that guarantee the Intelligent Unifilar Diagram will allow a possibility of
Power
Factor and
handling of harmonic distortion in a simple way, with the complying with the Rule Books and at the same time having
possibility of integration in different sizes depending on the complete Projects in their future operation and automation,
Power
company, whether for commercial, industrial or public
Quality
services use allowing a true Digitalization of the Electrical Power Systems
in the country where it is tried to use the technologies already
Power Devices for correction, harmonic component reduction and
factor power factor correction and load balancing offered in the Energy Sector Market.

1
LAPEM: Testing Laboratories of Electrical Equipment and Materials of the Federal
Electricity Commission: CFE (Transmission System Operator) in Mexico.
IEEE PES GTD LATIN AMERICA 2022 8

VI. CONCLUSIONS IX. BIOGRAPHIES

The challenges of the electrical community that in Latin L. Ivan Ruiz Flores was born in Orizaba, Veracruz,
Mexico on March 28, 1977. Electrical Engineer from the
America tries to integrate the VRE's must be aimed at being able Technological Institute of Orizaba, Master in Engineering
to place Sustainable Projects for a Global Benefit. It is from the Autonomous University of the State of Morelos
imminent to write Grid Codes relating the terms of Electric (UAEM). From August 1999 to July 2016 he collaborated
Rates that will benefit the customer or end user or consumer. at the Institute of Electrical Research (IIE) as a research
developer in projects related to the analysis and design of
Adequate and fair electricity tariffs are the result of electrical power systems in industrial plants. He is the
achieving social equity, since it must be balanced in the energy author or co-author of more than 80 international
resources of each country without losing sight of the linkage of publications. He has been a speaker at more than 400 international congresses.
the Regulations mentioned in Figure 8 proposed by the authors. He has taught more than 4,500 engineers in more than 12 countries, assisted
with software analysis in PES. To date it has 13 copyrights in the categories of
The global trend is focused on achieving a decentralization software and literary work. He received the "Achievement Award 2011" from
of a single energy resource and balancing the electrification of the IEEE MGA for his contribution to promoting awareness in Latin American
consumers with various energy sources. Centralizing an energy countries and "Distinguished Engineer 2013 from IEEE Bolivia Section" for his
supply by a couple of energy sources can bring a codependence contribution to the promotion of research and technological development in this
country for five years. Currently he is the Power & Energy Director of ETAP®
of establishing a cost of energy in MW/hr not favorable to the Latin America & IEEE Morelos Section Chairman.
consumer and will be the content and theme of Part 4 of this
series of articles that is called "Grid Code Part 4: Resilience Hannia Jazmin Montes Loaeza was born in Acapulco de
towards Energy Sustainability" that it can result in a high cost Juárez, Guerrero; she is a student of the seventh semester
of the Electromechanical Engineering Career at the
of energy compared to the global average. Technological Institute of Acapulco. He is currently
In the series of these articles we suggest reading each of the studying a summer of scientific research called "Dolphin
parts to be able to convey to the Electric Community that it is Program 2022" at the Educational and Specialty Institute
initiating these issues in its region or country. (IEE) under the theme of "Electrical Power Systems". His
area of interest is "Electrical Systems Implementation
Technologies".
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Abigail Carrillo Lugo, mechanical engineer from the
The authors thank the Dolphin Program 2022 through the
Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
Institutions involved for development and application during of the National Polytechnic Institute, with studies in
this summer research of the year 2022. industrial automation at the University of Technology of
Troyes, France. He has collaborated in companies in the
electricity sector of the energy generation and distribution
VIII. REFERENCES sector. She is currently a business developer of power
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Renewable Powered Systems", 2022 monitoring for Schneider Electric Mexico.
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