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Structural Design Optimization and Structural Analysis of a Ship Hull Structure

Technical Report · April 2024

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19585.47205

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 Structural Design Optimization and Structural Analysis of a
Ship Hull Structure
Ahmad Hassan, RIGO Philippe
Erasmus Mundus Joint Master’s Degree Program in Advanced Design of Ships and Offshore Structures,
University of Liège, Liege, Belgium (Year 2023-2024)

1. Introduction:
Load, Shear Force, and Bending moment diagrams are an analytical tool used in conjunction with structural analysis
to help perform structural design by plotting the diagrams for a structural element such as a Hull Girder. We have also
considered the wave condition, so the ship is experiencing the wave action which changes the distribution of Buoyancy
along the length of ship. Due to this reason, the value of Draft and Trim of Ship changes respectively. Hence, the value
of Bending Moment and Shear Forces in the Ship changes due to the changing value of the draft at each segment of
length divided into 10 equal 1m lengths. Thus, the value of the draft of a ship under wave conditions depends on the
factors of wave action and still-water conditions. So, we need to calculate the relative value of Draft which results in
the values of Shear Force and Bending Moment under wave conditions. We have performed von Mises stress
calculations for a reference structure of the mid-ship section of a ship. The dimensions of the mid-ship are taken by
independent choice. Later, we defined the scantling of this mid-ship section. Then, the calculations are made to find
the values of Moment of Inertia, Primary Stresses, and Von-Mises Stresses at different points in the mid-ship section
respectively. We have performed Ultimate Strength and Ultimate Bending Moment calculations using PAIK and
HUGES approaches. For this, we have considered a reference structure of the mid-ship section of a ship. The
dimensions of the mid-ship are taken by independent choice. Later, we defined the scantling of this mid-ship section.
Then, the calculations are made to find the Slenderness Ratio (Lamda and Beta) to get ultimate strength. We have
considered that the Ship is static, and no dynamic loads are applied on it due to the wave conditions, Aft of the Ship is
considered as a reference point for all calculations, an external load on ship duck such as for the machinery with weight
300 tons, the overall Hull Girder as a beam supported by its length through Buoyancy, the value of shear force and
bending moments at fore and aft of ship is zero as there is no external support provided to shithe p hull, hull is divided
into 120 parts each of 1 meter to provide efficient results by the numerical analysis, Mean Draft is calculated from the
Block Coefficient (CB), while CB must greater than 1. Hence it must lie between 90m to 99m length span, which
yields value of block coefficient as 0.98 accordingly, density of sea water is considered in 1025 kg/m3 as results are
required in Newton Measures, Value of Trim is adjusted to 0.23, Shear Force and Bending Moments at both ends of
the ship must be zero, Microsoft Excel is used as a numerical tool due to its user-friendly interface and accuracy. Later
we have considered that the Ship is under wave action as Sagging and Hogging, value of Trim, TAF, TTF, and Draft
is adjusted separately according to the wave condition sagging and hogging respectively, system is longitudinally
stiffened, the maximum bending moment and shear force can be used to calculate the simple yielding of structural
elements (frames, plates, stiffeners), and considering a component as failed once it reached the yield point under
compressive or tensile conditions.

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 1 of 51
2. Literature Review
The Nomenclature of Ship’ Structure are the traditional terminologies used by engineers and naval architectures to
design, build, and maintain the efficiency and stability of Ship’s Structure. Following are the important terminologies
of Ship’s Structure also shown in the figure:
Hull of Ship: It is the main body of ship which provides the buoyancy and structural support to it. There are several
components of Hull of Ship as: Shell Plating which is outer most layer of Ship Hull, Frames are the transverse or
vertical structural members that are perpendicular to kneel of Ship, Kneel is longitudinal backbone of the ship providing
stability and connecting frames of ship while it is located along the bottom centerline of Ship Hull, Bulkheads are the
vertical separations or partitions within ship’s hull which provide the structural support to ship’s hull to improve
buoyancy of ship, Stringers are longitudinal members of Ship’s Structure and they are placed along the length of Ship’s
Hull.

Figure 2.1: Ship Structure (Hull)

Deck of Ship: It is horizontal plates within the Ship and marked from main deck which is at the bottom to the upward
deck. There are few types of Ship’s Decks as main deck, upper deck, forecastle deck, and poop deck.

Super-Structure of Ship: It is the part of ship which are above the main duck i.e., cabins, navigation bridges, funnels,
and other components.

Bulkhead of Ship: It is the vertical partition within the Ship’s Hull used to separate it into compartments to provide
structural integrity for damage control.

Transverse and Longitudinal Members: The side-to-side members are transverse members and fore-to-aft members
are the longitudinal members. There are few other parts of Ship Structure as Watertight and Weathertight
Compartments, Bilge, Skeg, Bulbous Bow, and Deckhouse.

Loads acting on a ship structure depends on the forces and pressures acting on the Hull of Ship while dynamics loads
also acts on it during transportation. During designing and operation of a Ship, these loading parameters are considered
critically. There are few types of these loadings like Hydrostatic Loads, Hydrodynamic Loads, Wind Load, Wave
Load, Deadweight Loads, Live Loads, Dynamic Loads, Trust Loads, and Structural Loads. In this case we have
considered Structural Loads which are related to the ship's internal structure, such as the weight of the hull, frames,
bulkheads, and other components. Proper design and materials are necessary to withstand these loads. Also, we have
considered Deadweight Loads which includes the weight of the ship's structure, machinery, equipment, and fuel. It

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 1 of 51
affects the ship's draft and stability. The Free Body Diagram of Ship Section showing loading impact on the Ship’s
Hull as shown in figure.

Figure 2.2: Loadings on Ship Structure

A mechanical force acting in parallel direction of the Ship Hull Surface and cause deformation and induces shear
stresses in the Ship’s Hull. It acts tangential to the Ship Hull Surface. It is an important parameter that effect Ship’s
Hull Safety and overall stability of ship. Causes of Shear Forces on a Ship's Hull are the wave action, wind impact,
Turning, Maneuvering, and Sea Currents. In reaction, the effects of shear force are deformation in Ship’ Hull, Higher
Stress Concentrations, and Hull Fatigue. The pattern of Shear Force on the Ship Hull depends on the structural design
of a ship and loadings on the Ship Hull as mentioned in figure:

Figure 2.3: Shear Force acting on Ship Structure

The bending moment is caused by the loads and forces acting on the ship hull acts to bend its components and lead to
Hull Failure. Bending moments on ship hull depends on various fa ctors like External Forces, Hull Shape, Distance
from the centerline or neutral axis of the hull, type of stiffeners, and strengthening at specific areas. Hence, Net Force,
Shear Force, and Bending Moments are important factors that influence a Naval Architecture while designing a ship.
As, the proper design, construction, and maintenance are essential to ensure the ship can withstand these forces and
maintain its structural integrity throughout its operational life.

Figure 2.4: Bending Moment on Ship Structure

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
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Following sign conventions for shear force and bending moment acting on the ship hull are considered:
1) Moment is taken Positive in anticlockwise rotation & vice versa.
2) Buoyancy is taken positive upward & vice versa.
3) Shear force taken positive upward & vice versa.

Figure 2.5: Sign Conventions

Sagging is the condition when the crest of water wave resides on both ends of the ship, but the trough of water wave
resides at the mid-section of Ship. There will be maximum buoyancy forces occurs at the ends of the ship and minimum
at the midsection of the ship. The total wavelength will be equal to the total length of the ship. Hogging is the condition
when the crest of water wave resides on mid-section of the ship, but the trough of water wave resides at both ends of
Ship. There will be maximum buoyancy forces occurs at the midsection of the ship and minimum at both ends of the
ship. The total wavelength will be equal to the total length of the ship. The wave condition is shown in figure.

Figure 2.6: Hogging and Sagging

According to study, a component completely fails when at least one of the critical points has been yielded. However,
yielding of one point does not necessarily mean the complete failure of a component. The extreme points of a
component start to yield under tension or compression and buckle before compression yielding. It is shown in the
figure below:

Figure 2.7: Mean stress profile of an axially loaded column vs Mean strain

While the failure propagates through the component in bending or in shearing by yielding more points. The status of
failure is defined through different criteria in different methods. Progressive collapse is defined as the progressive

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 3 of 51
failure of each component under yielding or buckling when the structure is made up of an assembly of multiple
structural components as the shell panels are assembled to make a hull girder. It is also explained in below points:
1) One shell panel assembly is made of a simple plate reinforced by a combination of stiffeners, girders, and frames.
Generally, a panel is defined in between two frames and, therefore assumed to be simply supported by them.
2) The hull girder assembly is made of multiple shell panels joined together.
As, the girder is considerably large, even a bending stress profile at one section can be assumed as tensile/ bending
axial loading concerning the neutral axis as shown in the figure below:

Figure 2.8: Bending Stress Profile due to Tensile/Compression Axial Loading w.r.t Neutral Axis

Therefore, the progressive collapse concept can be simply used to define the failure of hull girder at bending case. In
terms of Hogging and Sagging, we have set the following criteria:
1) Sagging: The neutral axis is located close to the bottom; sagging induces high compressive loads on the deck. So,
the probability of buckling before bottom yielding is maximum.
2) Hogging: It’s difficult to predict the failure of deck by yielding or failure of bottom by buckling due to required
calculations for the position of neutral axis.
Under bending moment, the hull bends into a curved beam and the deflection of the hull specified in curvature value
converted into linear strains of sectional fibers. At macro-level, ultimate carrying moment can be plotted against the
curvature as shown in following figure:

Figure 2.9: Ultimate Carrying Moment Variation w.r.t hull girder curvature

From the above figure, for sagging the neutral axis is away from the deck and a sudden progressive collapse occurs
during hogging. The following figure shows hull girder failure under the progressive collapse by hogging, while the
vessel is floating with some carrying capacity intact due to yielding of fibers at depth from the deck, and some portion
of fibers buckled at a height from the keel as mentioned below:

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 4 of 51
 Figure 2.10: Real Example of Progressive collapse under Hogging

We have considered Ship’s Weight Distribution as given in the table provided below:

Table 2.1: Ship Weight Distribution

Ship’s Weight Distribution

Points Weight [Tons] Starting Point [m] Ending Point [m]
1 630 0 30
2 630 30 60
3 630 60 90
4 630 90 120
5 930 60 90

Following scantling of the Midship Section is used while few dimensions are taken in “mm” during calculations:

Figure 2.11: Scantling of Midship Section

We have considered the following input parameters as mentioned in the table below:
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 5 of 51
Table 2.2: Scantling Parameters

Scantling Parameters
Description of Parameter SI Unit Value of Parameter
Length of Ship mm 120000
Width of Midship Section mm 30000
Height of Ship mm 10000
Width of the Bottom Plate of Ship mm 12000
Stiffener Spacing on Deck mm 500
Stiffener Spacing on Bottom mm 500
Stiffener Spacing on Side mm 500
Frame Spacing mm 3000
Draft at the Mid-Ship Section m 1.15

We have considered the following dimensions for all components of the Midship section as mentioned in the table
below:
Table 2.3: Dimensions for Midship Section

Dimensions for Midship Section

Description of Structural Element Quantity of Structural SI Unit Dimension of Structural
Elements Element
Thickness of Bottom Plate 1 mm 15
Thickness of Deck Plate 1 mm 12
Plates

Thickness of Side Plate 2 mm 15

Thickness of Chime Plates 2 mm 15
Stiffeners for Deck 44 mm (150*10 + 100*10) L
Stiffeners

Bottom Stiffeners 20 mm (250*10 + 150*10) L

Stiffeners for Sides 28 mm (150*7 + 100*10) L
Stiffeners for Chime 20 mm (150*7 + 100*10) L
Girders for Deck 5 mm (250*10 + 200*15) T
Bottom of Keel Girder 1 mm (350*13 + 300*15) T
Girders

Bottom Girders 4 mm (250*10 + 200*16) T

Deck Side Girders 6 mm (250*10 + 200*10) T
Chime Girders 6 mm (250*10 + 200*10) T

The following dimensions are considered for the Frame as mentioned in the table below:
Table 2.4: Dimensions and Spacing for Frame

Dimensions and Spacing for Frame

Parameter SI Unit Value of Parameter
Frame Spacing mm 3000
Dimensions for Frame mm (250*10 + 200*16) T

We have considered the following dimensions for the Stiffeners and Girders as mentioned in the table below:

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 6 of 51
Table 2.5: Dimensions for Stiffeners and Girders

Dimensions for Stiffeners and Girders

Description of Parameter SI Unit Spacing
Longitudinal Girder (Bottom) mm 500
Longitudinal Girder (Deck) mm 500

Girders
Longitudinal Girder (Side Plate) mm 500
Longitudinal Girder (Chine Plate) mm 500
Longitudinal Stiffener (Bottom) mm 500
Longitudinal Stiffener (Deck) mm 500
Stiffeners

Longitudinal Stiffener (Side Plate) mm 500

Longitudinal Stiffener (Chine Plate) mm 500

We have considered the following points for analysis as mentioned in the table below:
Table 2.6: Points Details for Analysis

Points Details for Analysis

Point Number Location of Point
Point 1 DECK
Point 2 BOTTOM
Point 3 UPPER SIDE SHELL
Point 4 LOWER SIDE SHELL

We have considered the following stress distribution as mentioned in the figures below:

Figure 2.12: Stress distribution on Parts of Structures

Primary Stress (σ1): These stresses are induced in a member that contributes to the stiffening of the longitudinal hull
girder. Thus, this stress is in the longitudinal direction of the ship.
Secondary Stress (σ2): These stresses are induced in members that contribute to the transversely stiffening of the hull.
Thus, this stress is in the transverse direction of the ship.
Tertiary Stress (σ3): These stresses are induced in the stiffeners and the unstiffened plate. As the structure is
longitudinally framed, the stiffener's stress will only be in the longitudinal direction (σ 3 Stiff x). While in the
unstiffened plate, the stress will be induced in both longitudinal and transverse directions (σ 3 plate x and σ3 plate y).
Hence, We have taken 0.75 as collaborative plating for both the deck and bottom, Vertical shear stress in the (wide)
flanges are very small, and thus neglected, Shear stress is assumed to be constant across the thickness of flange, web,

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
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Page 7 of 51
and plate, and for thick plates, the shear stress varies across the thickness. In this case, 𝜏 = 𝑉𝑄/𝐼𝑡 gives average shear
stress. These assumptions are explained in the figure.

Figure 2.13: Assumptions of Simply Supported

The following assumptions for the Bending in the Plate are mentioned below
1) Using the graphs, we have considered the aspect ratios for both cases of plate as simply supported and clamped.
The value of the aspect ratio is taken as 0.75 for simply supported only
2) For stress calculations, we have used the following equations as mentioned below:
𝜎 = 𝑣∗ 𝜎
𝑝∗𝑘∗𝑏
𝜎 =
𝑡
So, we have considered the following parameters for the calculations for the plate:
Table 2.7: Calculated Parameters for the Plate

Calculated Parameters for the Plate

Parameter Symbol
Hydrostatic/Deck Pressure p
Thickness of Plate t
Stiffener Spacing b
Poisson’s Ratio v

We have used the following notations for stresses as mentioned in the table below:
Table 2.8: Stress Notations

Stress Notations
Parameter Symbol
Distance from Neutral Axis y
Bending Moment for Sagging M
Max. Shear Force for Sagging V
nd
2 Moment of Inertia Q

The following equations are used for the calculations:

1. For Bending Stress:
𝑀∗𝑦
𝜎=
𝐼

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
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Page 8 of 51
 2. For Shear Stress:
𝑉∗𝑄
𝜏=
𝐼∗𝑡
3. For Von Mises Stresses:
𝜎 = 𝜎 + 𝜎 − 𝜎 ∗ 𝜎 + 3𝜏

3. Methodology
The considered values are Length of Hull = L = 120m, Width of Ship Deck = B = 16m, Density of Sea Water = ρ =
1025kg/m^3, Height = h = 1.20m, Trim = 0.229, Base of Hull = BBOTTOM = 10m, Aft Draft = TA = 1.632m, Ford Draft
= TF [m] = 1.314m, Distance b/t two sections = 1.0m, Draft of Mid-Ship Section = T = 1.518m, Weight from Point 1-
2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 is 630tons, 630tons, 930tons, 630tons respectively. As the total length of the Hull is 120m we have
distributed the total length of the hull into 120 equal sections of 1m for each length segment. Similarly, the location of
points is marked from 0 to 120 while the distance between two section points of one length segment is 1m. We have
formulated an equation as given below:
(𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑛 = (𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑛 − 1 + (𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑢𝑙𝑙)/(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑢𝑙𝑙)

Using the above relation, we can calculate the Draft at each length segment. We have formulated an equation as given
below:
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
= (𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑢𝑙𝑙) ∗ (𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) + ((𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑘 − 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝐻𝑢𝑙𝑙)
∗ (𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑖𝑑 − 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) ∗ (𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 + 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒) )/2

Using the above relation, we can calculate the Water Plane Area at each length segment. We have formulated an
equation as given below:
(𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)𝑛 = {[(𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝑛 + (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2)𝑛 − 1 ]/ 2]} ∗ (𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)

Using the above relation, we can calculate the Water Plane Volume at each length segment. We have formulated an
equation as given below:
𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 9.81 ∗ (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) ∗ (𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) ∗ 10

Using the above relation, we can calculate the Buoyancy at the Length Segment. We have formulated an equation as
given below:
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) + (𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)

Using the above relation, we can calculate the Load at the Length Segment. We have formulated an equation as given
below:
(𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑛
= (𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑛
− 1 – {[(𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑛 + (𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑛 − 1]/2} ∗ 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

Using the above relation, we can calculate the Shear Force at the Length Segment. We have formulated an equation as
given below:
(𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑛
= (𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑛 − 1 {(𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑛
+ (𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑛 − 1}/2 + ∗ 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

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Using the above relation, we can calculate the Bending Moment at the Length Segment. All these diagrams are
plotted by selecting the data set and then running the quick analysis command in Microsoft Excel.

The value of Trim and Draft of Mid-Ship Section are adjusted separately for both sagging and hogging wave condition
respectively. While, for characteristics of wave the amplitude must be 0.6 and the wavelength of wave must be 120m.
Following function is used for calculating the wave condition:
𝑦𝑠𝑎𝑔 = 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑥/𝐿 + 𝜃) – 2

Here, ysag is Elevation [m], L is Length of the Vessel [m], x is the longitudinal distance [m], and θ is Phase. The
following condition is for Sagging:
𝑦𝑠𝑎𝑔 = 2 (1 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑥/𝐿 + 𝜋) – 2

The following condition is for Hogging:

𝑦𝐻𝑜𝑔𝑔, = 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑥/𝐿) − 2

The following equation is used to calculate the draft at each divided section of the ship length:
𝑇𝑖 ′ = 𝑇(𝑥)𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑦ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑔/𝑠𝑎𝑔

Here, Ti’ is the new draft at ith station (m), T(x)istill water is the draft at still water at ith station (m), Yhogg/sag is the elevation
due to hogging or sagging (m). The following steps are followed as mentioned below:
1) We calculated the neutral axis and considered bottom of the plate as reference:
𝛴(𝐴 ∗ 𝑦)
𝑁. 𝐴 =
𝐴
2) Then, we calculated the value for the Local Moment of Inertia for each element using the following equation:
𝑏∗𝑑
𝐼 =
12
3) To calculate the moment of inertia of the inclined elements like Girders and Stiffeners at the Chine Plate,
we have used the equation below:
𝑏∗𝑑
𝐼 = [𝑑 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃]
12

4) Now we have used the parallel axis theorem, we have calculated the inertia of each element around the
centroid while the distance “d” from the neutral axis using the following equation:
𝐼 +𝐴∗𝑑 =𝐼

Using the above equations, we have calculated the following results:

Table 3.1: Initial Calculations for Total Inertia

Initial Calculations
Parameter SI Unit Value
Neutral Axis mm 6200
Maximum Bending Moment N.m 35071526
Yielding Point for Mild Steel Pa 235000000
Section Modulus m3 0.1492
Maximum Shear Force N 1528323
Total Inertia mm4 2.00E+09

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The following dimensions are used for chine using the relation Dimenisons for Calculation (b, h, t) = I ∗ sin 𝜃,
as mentioned in below table:
Table 3.2: Dimensions for Chine (Calculated)

Dimensions for Chine (Calculated)

Dimensions of Chine Plate SI Unit Value
700 mm 494.9747468
1600 mm 1131.37085
3000 mm 2121.320344

We have considered that the ship is uniformly loaded with a pressure of 35kN/m 2. Also, we calculated the Hydrostatic
Pressure that is acting on the bottom of the ship and we have used the draft of the midship section of 1.15m:
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ ℎ

So, for the analysis of local stress calculations, the net load (PNet) is acting at the section is considered to is the difference
between tank load (PTank) and buoyancy load (PBuoyancy), and it’s defined as:
P = P − P
Solving equation (6) by using the considered values:
𝑘𝑁
𝜌 = 1.025 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.15 = 11.56
𝑚
We have considered the following critical points for analysis as mentioned in the table below:
Table 3.3: Critical Points Details for Von Mises Stress Analysis

Critical Points Details for Von Mises Stress Analysis

Point Number Location of Point
Point 1 Deck Plate (Junction of Web and Flange of Deck Plate Stiffener)
Point 2 Bottom Plate (Junction of Web and Flange of Bottom Plate Stiffener)
Point 3 Frame (Top of the Flange of Frame)
Point 4 Frame (Bottom of the Flange of Frame)
Point 5 Bottom Plate (Neutral Axis of Transversal Frame)
Point 6 Hull Girder (At Neutral Axis)
Point 7 Deck Plate (Bottom Junction of Deck Plate and Chine Plate)

The above points are shown in the following figure:

Figure 3.1: Locations of Points

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In this study, we have calculated the values of Ultimate Strength and Bending Moments using PAIK, HUGHES, and
REHMAN Methods. After the calculations, we performed the comparison analysis between all three methods. Later,
the results from these methods are used to present the plots of Bending Moment, Curvature, and Neutral Axis
accordingly.
In this study, we have used the following input data for dimensions of stiffeners:
Table 3.4: Input data for dimensions of stiffeners

PAIK Method - Input data for dimensions of stiffeners

Web Web Flange Flange

Section
Calculations for Height Thickness Width Thickness
Dimensions Area
Stiffeners [h_w] [t_w] [w_f] [t_f]
mm mm mm mm [mm^2]
Deck (Stiffeners) (150*10 + 100*10) L 150.00 10.00 100.00 10.00 2500
Side Shell (Stiffeners) (150*7 + 100*7) L 150.00 7.00 100.00 10.00 2050
Chine (Stiffeners) (150*7 + 100*7) L 150.00 7.00 100.00 10.00 2050
Bottom (Stiffeners) (250*10 + 150*10) L 250.00 10.00 150.00 10.00 4000

The section areas of each block are shown in table below:

Table 3.5: Total Block Area for PAIK Input

Data for Total Block Area for PAIK Input

Geometry Element Total Block
Mid Ship Section Area
Elements Dimensions Width Thickness Quantity / Area
Block
[mm] [mm] Block mm2] [mm2]
Plates 3000x10 30000 10 1 300000
(150*10 +
- - 44 110000
Stiffeners 100*10) L
Deck Deck-Center 250x10 250 10 464500
5 27500
Girder 200x15 200 15
Deck-Side 250x10 250 10
6 27000
Girder 200x10 200 10
Upper Side Plate 7000x15 7000 15 1 105000
Shell (One 127550
HP250x7 - - 11 22550
Side) Stiffeners
Chine (One Plate 5000x15 5000 15 1 75000
116000
Side) Stiffeners HP250x14 - - 20 41000
Plates 12000x15 12000 15 1 180000
Stiffeners HP 150x10 - - 20 80000
Deck-Center 250x10 250 10
Bottom 5 27500 320500
Girder 200x15 200 15
Deck-Side 250x10 250 10
6 33000
Girder 200x15 200 15
Total Area = 1028550

We have PAIK empirical formula derived on bases of experimental data. The formula is mentioned below:

In this formula, we need to calculate plate slenderness ratio (β) and beam-column slenderness (λ). We have used the
following expressions for these values:

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Where l is the length of the stiffeners between two frames, r is the radius of gyration given by r = (𝐼𝑥𝑥/𝐴)1/2.

Where 𝜎y = 235 MPa, E=210 GPa for steel, b is the breadth of plate between two stiffeners and t is the thickness of
the plate. Using the excel sheet, we have calculated the ultimate strength on all four points.

Dimensions for PAIK Method is given in below tables:

Table 3.6: Dimensions for Point A (Deck)

PAIK Method - Dimensions for Point A (Deck)

Frame Stiffener Plate Web Web Flange Flange Yielding Stress Modulus of
Spacing Spacing Thickness Height Thickness Breath Thickness of Steel Steel
a b tp hw tw bf tf σy E
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm N/mm^2 N/mm^2
3000 500 10 150 10 100 10 235 210000

Table 3.7: Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point A (Deck)

PAIK Method - Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point A (Deck)

Description Symbol Value SI Unit
Inertia I 27609167 mm^4
Area A 7500 mm^2
r r 60.67 mm
Plate Slenderness Ratio β 1.67 -
Column Slenderness Ratio λ 0.53 -
σu(x) / σy 0.73 -
PAIK Formula (Ult Compressive Strength)
σu(x) 171.82 MPa

Table 3.8: Dimensions for Point B (Side Plate Upper)

PAIK Method - Dimensions for Point B (Side Plate Upper)

Frame Stiffener Plate Web Web Flange Flange Yielding Stress of Modulus of
Spacing Spacing Thickness Height Thickness Breath Thickness Steel Steel
a b tp hw tw bf tf σy E
mm mm 10 mm mm mm mm N/mm^2 N/mm^2
500 500 15 150 7 100 10 235 210000

Table 3.9: Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point B (At Side Plate Upper)

PAIK Method - Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point B (At Side Plate Upper)
Description Symbol Value SI Unit
Inertia I 29171750 mm^4
Area A 9550 mm^2
r r 55.27 mm
Plate Slenderness Ratio β 1.12 -
Column Slenderness Ratio λ 0.58 -
PAIK Formula (Ult σu(x) / σy 0.79 -
Compressive Strength) σu(x) 186.39 MPa

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Table 3.10: Dimensions for Point C (Side Plate Lower)

PAIK Method - Dimensions for Point C (Side Plate Lower)

Frame Stiffener Plate Web Web Flange Flange Yielding Stress of Modulus of
Spacing Spacing Thickness Height Thickness Breath Thickness Steel Steel
a b Tp hw tw bf tf σy E
mm mm 10 mm mm mm mm N/mm^2 N/mm^2
500 500 15 150 7 100 10 235 210000

Table 3.11: Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point C (At Side Plate Lower)

PAIK Method - Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point C (At Side Plate Lower)
Description Symbol Value SI Unit
Inertia I 29171750 mm^4
Area A 9550 mm^2
r r 55.27 mm
Plate Slenderness Ratio β 1.12 -
Column Slenderness Ratio λ 0.58 -
PAIK Formula (Ult σu(x) / σy 0.79 -
Compressive Strength) σu(x) 186.39 MPa

Table 3.12: Dimensions for Point D (Bottom)

PAIK Method - Dimensions for Point D (Bottom)

Frame Stiffener Plate Web Web Flange Flange Yielding Stress Modulus of
Spacing Spacing Thickness Height Thickness Breath Thickness of Steel Steel
a b tp hw tw bf tf σy E
mm mm 10 mm mm mm mm N/mm^2 N/mm^2
500 500 15.00 250.00 10.00 150.00 10.00 235 210000

Table 3.13: Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point D (At Bottom Plate)

PAIK Method - Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point D (At Bottom Plate)

Description Symbol Value SI Unit
Inertia I 114717437 mm^4
Area A 11500 mm^2
r r 99.88 mm
Plate Slenderness Ratio β 1.12 -
Column Slenderness Ratio λ 0.05 -
PAIK Formula (Ult σu(x) / σy 0.91 -
Compressive Strength) σu(x) 213.66 MPa
Table 3.14: Input Data for Paik Program

PAIK Method - Input Data for Paik Program

Condition Beam Depth of Vessel Depth of Double Bottom
Dimension [mm] 30000 10000 0
Outer bottom Inner bottom Deck One side
AREAS [mm^2]
459700 0 464500 173950
Damage (=0 : normal,=1 : Grounding or Collision damage) [0 for our case]
Outer bottom Inner bottom Deck One side
Damaged Areas [mm^2]
0 0 0 0

We have used PAIK code for calculating the Ultimate Strength. The code is available in appendix. The input data for
PAIK Program is same as used for the empirical formulas.
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Table 3.15: Dimensions for Input Data Paik Program

PAIK Method - Dimensions for Input Data Paik Program

Young's modulus
Yield strength of
Stiffener Length

stiffener spacing

Stiffener flange

Stiffener flange

Yield strength
Stiffener web
Stiffener web
Parent plate
longitudinal

Thickness
thickness
thickness

stiffener
breadth
Height

(Plate)
Beam
Elements

Sl Bp Tp Hw Tw Bf Tf Syp Syw E
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [N/mm^2] [N/mm^2] [N/mm^2]
Deck 3000 500 10 150.00 10.00 100.00 10.00 235 235 210000
Outer
bottom 3000 500 15 250.00 10.00 150.00 10.00 235 235 210000
Inner
bottom 3000 500 15 250.00 10.00 150.00 10.00 235 235 210000
Upper
side shell 3000 500 15 150.00 7.00 100.00 10.00 235 235 210000
Lower
side shell 3000 500 15 150.00 7.00 100.00 10.00 235 235 210000

We have used to calculate the stress distribution in hull section at the overall collapse state. It is used to calculate the
values for ultimate strength. The values of D, g and H are calculated by the force balance below and above as it is
shown in the figure below. For the neutral axis during sagging and hogging, the stress at the bottom is equal to the
yield stress the following figure is followed:

Figure 3.2: Stress Distribution in Sagging Condition (Left) and Sagging Condition (Right)

The following table shows results for the sagging condition:

Table 3.16: Results for Sagging Condition

Discription Unit/Reference Value

H From Bottom Plate 5801.23
G From Bottom Plate 3271.75
Mu kN.m 0.1111150E+07
Mu/Mp - 0.81792
Mp kN.m 1.36E+06

Following table shows results for the sagging condition:

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Table 3.17: Results for Hogging Condition

Discription Unit/Reference Value

H From Deck Plate 7279.32
G From Deck Plate 4059.55
Mu kN.m 0.1198122E+07
Mu/Mp - 0.88194
Mp kN.m 1.36E+06

Based on these results, for the sagging condition the stress distribution is given as:

Figure 3.3: PAIK - Stress Distribution in Sagging Condition

Based on these results, for the hogging condition the stress distribution is given as:

Figure 3.4: PAIK - Stress Distribution in Hogging Condition

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From PAIK approach we have got the following results as mentioned in table below:
Method Unit/Reference Value
Neutral Axis of Hull (mm) From Bottom Plate 5017
Fully Plastic Bending Moment kN.m 0.1358506E+07
Fully Plastic Shear Force kN 0.6295612E+05
Yield Bending Moment (At Deck) kN.m 0.1272047E+07
Yield Bending Moment (At Bottom) kN.m 0.1263281E+07
Section Modulus (At Deck) m3 0.54
Section Modulus (At Bottom) m3 0.53

For Hughes and Rehman Method, in order to get accurate results we have split the chine so that the neutral axis and
the overall moment of inertia of the transformed midship section should be as close to the original configuration as
possible. The simplified box configuration is shown in the following figure.

Figure 3.5: Illustration of section transformation (Left: Original Section; Right: Equivalent Section)

For Hughes Method, the columns and beams utilized are the same as those in the Paik approach. The only change is
the alterations is the side beam column. By considering an equivalent width of deck and bottom sections so that their
area equals the original area of the sections, the effect of the total area of these sections is included in the analyses.
Since the side sections' width cannot be altered, a substitute beam-column element is created by hit and trial method.
The area is derived from the total section area, number of stiffeners while the ultimate strength will be equal to that of
the original representative beam column. This procedure guarantees that the overall area stays the same as the original
section and that the alternate beam column elements' ultimate strength is likewise equal to the section's original
representative beam column section. This approach uses user defined values to simulate a real-world problem, it is
flexible in terms of residual stresses, relative initial deflection, and lateral loads. For ship panels, residual stresses
typically range from 1 to 5%. In my estimation, the worst-case scenario is 5%. The ship panels have a relative initial

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deflection of 1/500 to 1/1000. In my estimation, it is equal to 1/700. We have considered the factors as shown in
following table:
Table 3.18: Values for Lateral Loads, Residual Stresses and Relative Initial Deflections

Values for Lateral Loads, Residual Stresses and Relative Initial Deflections
Block/Element Lateral Loads Initial Deflection/Span Residual Stresses
N/mm^2 1/700 5%
Deck 0.03 0.00143 0.05
Side 0.02 0.00143 0.05
Bottom 0.02 0.00143 0.05

First, we converted the Chine hull into a rectangular hull as the area of one side’s chine plate is added 50% to the side
plate, and the area of the other side’s chine plate is 60% to the bottom plate. It is shown below:
Table 3.19: Real Ship Area

Real Ship Data

Area of Stiffener Stiffener Girder Web Girder Flange Total Area Total Real
Panel Plate Web Area Flange Area Area Area of Panel Area of Ship
[mm2] [mm2] [mm2] [mm2] [mm2] [mm2] [mm2]
Overall Deck 300000 66000 44000 27500 33000 470500
Side + 40% of 105000 11550 11000 0 0 220350
One Chine
Bottom Plate 180000 50000 30000 27500 33000 459700 1150550
+ 60% One
Chine Plate
Area

We have removed the area of girders and this girder area is added to the area of the stiffeners at Deck, Bottom, and
Side Plates. So, virtual beam column calculations for the deck and bottom are calculated below:
Table 3.20: Virtual Beam Column Calculations for Deck and Bottom

Virtual Beam Column Calculations for Deck and Bottom

Actual Stiffener No. of Area of Required Final Beam New Virtual %
Total Spacing Beam Reference Beam Columns Width Total Area Error in
Area A (Reference Columns Beam Columns Required of Plate A* Area
Panel Beam N Column N*
Column)

[mm2] [mm] - [mm2] - - [mm] [mm2] %

Deck 470500 501 44 7510 61.85 62 31563 470630 0.0
Side 220350 500 11 19350 11.0 11 6000 220350 0.0
Bottom 459700 506 20 11590 38.9 39 20240 459600 0.0

The area of elements inside the shell, deck, and bottom panel is adjusted to make it equal because the virtual shell
element's area turned out to be different from the reference area. The actual ship area is the same as the virtual beam
column area and it is done by Iterations using the hit and trail rule to adjust the area to the necessary area while
maintaining the maximum strength.

The beam columns that are the input to the Hughes’ program are given in the following table:

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 Table 3.21: Representative Beam Columns

Representative Beam Columns

Plate Stiffener Total Area of Panel
Plate Type Plate Plate Web Web Flange Flange No. of Area of TTL Area of
Breath Thickness Height Thickness Width Thickness Stiffness Stiffener Panel
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] - [mm2] [mm2]
For Deck 501 11 110 10 109 9 62 7591 470630
For Side 520 20 306 18 258 16 11 20032 220350
For Bottom 506 14 250 14 120 10 39 11785 459600

Using the Rehman Method, we have calculated the following results as mentioned in the table below for the Ultimate
Bending Moments. While the comparison states that the results from both approaches are approximately the same.
While The ultimate strength calculated through Huges is the same as that of Rehman. Hence, the results from Rehman
are analyzed. Results are shown in Annexure. For the Rehman Method, the difference between the total area of the
mid-ship section should be equal to the real ship total area. We have made the comparison based on the percentage
error in the table given below:
Table 3.22: Rehman Method – Virtual Beam Column Calculations For Deck and Bottom

Rehman Method – Virtual Beam Column Calculations For Deck and Bottom
Actual Total Virtual Total % Error Total Virtual % Error in Real Area
Panel Area A Area A* in Area Area of Ship and Virtual Area
mm^2 mm^2 % mm^2 %
Deck 470500 470630 0.0
Side + 40% of One
Chine 220350 220350 0.0 1150580 0
Bottom Plate + 60%
One Chine Plate Area 459700 459600 0.0

4. Results:
The required calculated results for Still Water, Saggimh, and Hogging Condition are given in the tables below:
Table 4.1: Calculated Results for Still Water Condition

Calculated Results for Still Water Condition

Sr. No Parameter SI Unit Value
1 Load kN/m 43.644
2 Max Shear Force kN 1115.274
3 Max Bending Moment kN.m 27348.481
4 Draft of Mid-Ship Section m 1.7631
5 Trim m 0.2354

Table 4.2: Results for Condition of Sagging

Ship Characteristics for Sagging

Sr. No Parameter SI Unit Value
1 Draft aft m 1.845
2 Draft fore m 1.641
3 Trim m 0.204
4 Draft of Mid-Ship Section m 1.743
5 Ship Sagging m 90.00

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 Table 4.3: Results for Condition of Hogging

Ship Characteristics for Hogging

Sr. No Parameter SI Unit Value
1 Draft aft m 1.872
2 Draft fore m 1.600
3 Trim m 0.271
4 Draft of Mid-Ship Section m 1.736
5 Ship Hogging m -90.00

Table 4.4: Calculated Results for Sagging

Results of Analysis (Sagging)

Sr. No Parameter SI Unit Value
1 Max Shear Force kN 2962.999
2 Max Bending Moment kN.m 93850.463
3 Hydrostatics LCB m 61.875
4 Hydrostatics LCF m 60.058

Table 4.5: Calculated Results for Hogging

Results of Analysis (Hogging)

Sr. No Parameter SI Unit Value
1 Max Shear Force kN 1528.323
2 Max Bending Moment kN.m 51443.294
3 Hydrostatics LCB m 61.876
4 Hydrostatics LCF m 60.534

Following Loading Diagram of Hull Girder without Wave Condition is plotted as result of numerical analysis using
Microsoft Excel:

Loading Diagram
60.000

40.000

20.000

0.000
Load (kn)

11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
1
6

101
106
111
116

-20.000

-40.000

-60.000

-80.000
Length of Ship Hull (m)

Graph 1: Loading Diagram of Hull Girder without Wave Condition

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Following Shear Force Diagram of Hull Girder without Wave Condition is plotted as result of numerical analysis
using Microsoft Excel:

Shear Force Diagram

1500.000

1000.000

500.000
Shear force (kN)

0.000
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
1
5
9

101
105
109
113
117
-500.000

-1000.000

-1500.000
Length of Ship Hull (m)

Graph 2: Shear Force Diagram of Hull Girder without Wave Condition

Following Bending Moment Diagram of Hull Girder without Wave Condition is plotted as result of numerical
analysis using Microsoft Excel:

Bending Moment Diagram

0.000
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
1
6

101
106
111
-5000.000 116
BEnding Moment (kN.m)

-10000.000

-15000.000

-20000.000

-25000.000

-30000.000
Length of Ship Hull (m)

Graph 3: Bending Moment Diagram of Hull Girder without Wave Condition

Following Loading Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Sagging is plotted as result of numerical analysis
using Microsoft Excel:

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 Loading Diagram (Sagging)
200.000

150.000

100.000

50.000
Load (kn)

0.000
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
1
6

101
106
111
116
-50.000

-100.000

-150.000

-200.000
Length of Ship Hull (m)

Graph 4: Loading Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Sagging

Following Shear Force Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Sagging is plotted as result of numerical
analysis using Microsoft Excel:

Shear Force Diagram (Sagging)

4000.000

3000.000

2000.000
Shear force (kN)

1000.000

0.000
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
1
6

101
106
111
116

-1000.000

-2000.000

-3000.000
Length of Ship Hull (m)

Graph 5: Shear Force Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Sagging

The Following Bending Moment Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Sagging is plotted as result of
numerical analysis using Microsoft Excel:

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 Bending Moment Diagram (Sagging)
20000.000

0.000

11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
1
6

101
106
111
116
BEnding Moment (kN.m)

-20000.000

-40000.000

-60000.000

-80000.000

-100000.000
Length of Ship Hull (m)

Graph 6: Bending Moment Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Sagging

Following Loading Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Hogging is plotted as result of numerical analysis
using Microsoft Excel:

Loading Diagram (Hogging)

150.000

100.000

50.000
Load (kn)

0.000
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
1
5
9

101
105
109
113
117

-50.000

-100.000
Length of Ship Hull (m)

Graph 7: Loading Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Hogging

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Following Shear Force Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Hogging is plotted as result of numerical
analysis using Microsoft Excel:

Shear Force Diagram (Hogging)

2000.000

1500.000

1000.000
Shear force (kN)

500.000

0.000
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
1
5
9

101
105
109
113
117
-500.000

-1000.000

-1500.000
Length of Ship Hull (m)

Graph 8: Shear Force Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Hogging

The Following Bending Moment Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Hogging is plotted as result of
numerical analysis using Microsoft Excel:

Bending Moment Diagram (Hogging)

60000.000

50000.000
BEnding Moment (kN.m)

40000.000

30000.000

20000.000

10000.000

0.000
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
1
5
9

101
105
109
113
117

Length of Ship Hull (m)

Graph 9: Bending Moment Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Hogging

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Following Shear Force Diagram Analysis (Still Water, Sagging, and Hogging) is plotted as result of numerical
analysis using Microsoft Excel:

Shear Force Diagram

4000

3000

2000
Shear Force (kN)

1000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-1000

-2000

-3000
Length of Ship Hull (m)

Still Water Sagging Hogging

Graph 10: Shear Force Diagram Analysis (Still Water, Sagging, and Hogging)

The Following Bending Moment Diagram Analysis (Still Water, Sagging, and Hogging) is plotted as result of
numerical analysis using Microsoft Excel:

Bending Moment Diagram

60000

40000

20000
Bending Moment (kN.m)

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
-20000

-40000

-60000

-80000

-100000

-120000
Length of Ship Hull (m)

Still Water Sagging Hogging

Graph 11: Bending Moment Diagram Analysis (Still Water, Sagging, and Hogging)

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The calculated Results for Plate Bending Stresses values are mentioned in the table below:
Table 4.6: Calculations for Bending in Bottom Plate

Calculations for Bending in Bottom Plate

Pressure and Bending Moment Bending Stresses
Parameter Value SI Unit Parameter Value SI Unit
Pressure 0.040180726 N/mm² Y direction 33.48394 N/mm²
Moment (Pb²/8) 1255.647677 N/mm X direction 10.04518 N/mm²
Aspect ratio = 6
Inertia = 281.25
Eccentricity = 7.5

The following dimensions are used for Secondary Stresses calculations:

Table 4.7: Dimensions for Secondary Stresses

Bottom Frame Bottom Plate (Attached with a Frame)

Plate Plate
b 2500 mm b 2500 mm
t 15 mm t 15 mm
Web Web
hw 250 mm hw 250 mm
tw 10 mm tw 10 mm
Flange Flange
b 200 mm b 200 mm
t 16 mm t 16 mm
Stiffeners Stiffeners
a 3000 mm a 3000 mm
(Distance between two frames) (Distance between two frames)

Following dimensions are used for Tertiary Stress calculations:

Table 4.8: Dimensions for Tertiary Stress

Bottom plate (Attached with Stiffener) Bottom Keel (At Junction)

Plate Plate
b 500 mm b 3500 mm
t 15 mm t 13 mm
Web Web
hw 150 mm hw 300 mm
tw 10 mm tw 24 mm
Flange Flange
b 100 mm b 250 mm
t 7 mm t 10 mm
Frame Stiffeners
a 3000 mm a 3000 mm
(Distance between two frames) (Distance between two frames)

The calculated results for Secondary Stresses are mentioned in the table below:

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 Table 4.9: Results for Secondary Stress

Results for Secondary Stress

Parameter SI Unit Bottom Plate (Attached with a Frame) Bottom Frame
Moment (Pb²/8) N.mm 75338860.64 75338860.64
Inertia mm4 241851723.2 241851723.2
Pressure N/mm² 0.040180726 0.040180726
Zg Neutral axis mm 42.41056911 42.41056911
Stress in Plate N/mm² 13.21125156 13.21125156
Stress in Flange N/mm² -74.32262894 -74.3226289

The calculated Results for Tertiary Stress are mentioned in the table below:
Table 4.10: Results for Tertiary Stress

Results for Tertiary Stress in Stiffener

Parameter SI Unit Bottom plate (With Stiffener) Bottom Keel (At Junction)
Moment (Pb²/8) N.mm 15067772.13 105474404.9
Inertia mm4 24130032.75 428423303.1
Pressure N/mm² 0.040180726 0.040180726
Zg neutral axis mm 37.7172524 49.9808899
Stress in Plate N/mm² 23.55218371 12.304897
Stress in Flange N/mm² -83.85159946 -67.21513034
Specific Point N/mm² N/A -64.75320999

Table 4.11: Dimensions for Tertiary Shear Stress

Bottom Plate (With Stiffener) Bottom Keel (At Junction)

Plate Plate
b 500 mm b 6000 mm
t 15 mm t 12 mm
Web Web
hw 150 mm hw 350 mm
tw 10 mm tw 10 mm
Flange Flange
b 10 mm b 300 mm
t 10 mm t 24 mm
Frame Stiffeners
a 3000 mm a 3000 mm
(Distance between two frames) (Distance between two frames)

Table 4.12: Results for Tertiary Shear Stress

Results for Tertiary Shear Stress

Parameter SI Unit Bottom plate (Attached with Stiffener) Bottom Keel (At Junction)
Shear force N/mm 60.27108851 60.27108851
Inertia mm4 13055999.32 1133063474
𝜏1 N/mm2 0.006607054 0.012150605
𝜏2 N/mm2 0.028461847 0.013363135
𝜏3 N/mm2 0.050316639 0.014575665
Zg Neutral Axis mm 26.87716263 56.74343122
Pressure N/mm² 0.040180726 0.040180726

Following dimensions are used for Secondary Shear Stress calculations:

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 Table 4.13: Dimensions for Secondary Shear Stress

Bottom Frame
Plate
b 2500 mm
t 15 mm
Web
hw 250 mm
tw 10 mm
Flange
b 200 mm
t 16 mm
Stiffeners
a 3000 mm
(Distance between two frames)

The calculated Results for Secondary Shear Stress are mentioned in the table below:
Table 4.14: Results for Secondary Shear Stress

Results for Secondary Shear Stress

Parameter SI Unit Bottom Frame
𝜏1 N/mm2 0.055019593
𝜏2 N/mm2 0.064115391
𝜏3 N/mm2 0.073211189
Zg neutral axis mm 42.41056911
Shear force N/mm 60.27108851
Inertia mm4 80831573.63
Pressure N/mm² 0.040180726

For Point 1, we have considered for the analysis and calculations that in case 1 the component is Simply Supported as
Positive and Negative, while in case 2 the component is clamped as Positive and Negative. According to these two
assumptions, the results are mentioned below:
Table 4.15: Point 1 - Results and Analysis

Point 1 - Results and Analysis

Stress Condition SI Unit Values
𝜎1 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 74.01
𝜎2 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3x 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3y 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏1 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏2 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏3 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0

For Point 2, the results are mentioned below:

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 Table 4.16: Point 2 - Results and Analysis

Point 2 - Results and Analysis

Stress Condition SI Unit Values
𝜎1 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 -64.42
𝜎2 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ± 38.93
𝜎3 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ± 6.54
𝜎3x 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ± 15.4
𝜎3y 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ± 56
𝜏1 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏2 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏3 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0

For Point 3, the results are mentioned below:

Table 4.17: Point 3 - Results and Analysis

Point 3 - Results and Analysis

Stress Condition SI Unit Values
𝜎1 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎2 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ± 193
𝜎3 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3x 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3y 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏1 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏2 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏3 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0

For Point 4, we have considered that the as assumptions as taken for Point 1 for the analysis and calculations. According
to these two assumptions, the results are mentioned below:
Table 4.18: Point 4 - Results and Analysis

Point 4 - Results and Analysis

Stress Condition SI Unit Values
𝜎1 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 -62.93
𝜎2 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3x 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ±15.4
𝜎3y 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ±56
𝜏1 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏2 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏3 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0

For Point 5, the results are mentioned below:

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 Table 4.19: Point 5 - Results and Analysis

Point 5 - Results and Analysis

Stress Condition SI Unit Values
𝜎1 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎2 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ± 34.93
𝜎3 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3x 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3y 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏1 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏2 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 40.61
𝜏3 Not Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0

For Point 6, the results are mentioned below:

Table 4.20: Point 6 - Results and Analysis

Point 6 - Results and Analysis

Stress Condition SI Unit Values
𝜎1 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎2 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3x 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜎3y 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 0
𝜏1 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 30.54
𝜏2 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 -0.40
𝜏3 Applied 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 -17.80

The calculated results in terms of Von Mises Stresses: for all considered critical points are mentioned in the table
below:
Table 4.21: Results – Von Mises Stresses

Results – Von Mises Stresses

Point SI Unit Von Mises Stress
1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 74.02
2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 115.48
3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 193.71
4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 65.81
5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 111.17
6 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 25.97

We have following results by using PAIK Approach:

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Table 4.22: Results for Ultimate Strength using PAIK Approach

PAIK Method - Results for Ultimate Strength

Using PAIK Formula Using PAIK Program % Error
for
Plate/Panel σu(x) / Ultimate σu(x) / Ultimate
β λ β λ Ultimate
σy Strength σy Strength
Strength
Deck 0.73 1.67 0.53 172 0.73 1.67 0.53 172 0
Upper Side Panel 0.79 1.12 0.58 186 0.79 1.12 0.58 186 0
Lower Side Panel 0.79 1.12 0.58 186 0.79 1.12 0.58 186 0
Bottom 0.87 1.12 0.32 204 0.87 1.12 0.32 204 0

Table 4.23: Results for Sagging and Hogging Condition

PAIK Method - Results for Sagging and Hogging Condition

Discription Unit Value for Sagging Value for Hogging
H mm 5801.23 (From Bottom Plate) 7279.32 (From Deck Plate)
G mm 3271.75 (From Bottom Plate) 4059.55 (From Deck Plate)
Mu kN.m -0.1111150E+07 0.1198122E+07
Mu/Mp - -0.81792 0.88194
Mp kN.m 1.36E+06 1.36E+06

In this section, we have used Hughes code for calculating the Ultimate Strength. The code is available in the
appendix. The results are shown below:
Table 4.24: Results for Ultimate Strength using Hughes Code

σu(x) / σy Ultimate Strength

Plate Type
- MPa
Deck 0.67 158
Side Panel 0.86 202
Bottom 0.85 199

The table below shows that there is a difference between the panels made using the two methods in terms of strength.
Since the two approaches are different as Huges considered the lateral loads, relative initial deflection, and residual
stresses, while PAIK used some experimental data so it may state that the error is expected. We have made a
comparison between PAIK vs Hughes in terms of the Ultimate Strength. The calculated values for all considered
critical points are mentioned in the table below:
Table 4.25: Percentage Error of Ultimate Strength between PAIK Approach and Huges Approach

Percentage Error of Ultimate Strength

Using PAIK Program Using Hughes Program
Percentage Error
Plate/Panel Ultimate Ultimate
σu(x) / σy σu(x) / σy PAIK and Huges
Strength Strength
Deck 0.73 172 0.67 158 8%
Side Panel 0.77 186 0.86 202 8%
Bottom 0.87 204 0.85 199 2%

In this section, we have used the Rahman code for calculating the Ultimate Strength. The code is available in appendix.
Results are shown below:

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Table 4.26: Results for Ultimate Strength using Rahman Code

σu(x) / σy Ultimate Strength

Plate Type
- MPa
Deck 0.72 184
Upper Side Panel 0.88 226
Bottom 0.87 222

Using Rehman Method for Ultimate Bending Moment of the Panels, in case of hogging and sagging, the values of
ultimate bending moments using Rehman Approcah is given in below table:
Table 4.27: Rehman Approach - Ultimate Bending Moment of the Panels

Ultimate Bending Moment of the Panels

Condition Mu (N.mm) Mp Mu/Mp
Sagging 0.126140E+11 1.86E+10 0.677429E+00
Hogging 0.163722E+11 1.86E+10 0.879267E+00

The sagging bending moment and curvature are taken to be negative; Rehman's value is observed positive. The below
figure shows that the bending moment trend is linear at first, falling within the elastic range and that the values are
roughly the same for both sagging and hogging scenarios. The hull girder advances toward the plastic region as the
curvature increases. Hull girders that are sagging enter the plastic range earlier, indicating an earlier deck failure. The
plot of the bending moment versus the curvature is given in the following graph:

Bending Moment vs Curvature

2.00E+04

1.50E+04

1.00E+04
Bending Moment [kNm]

5.00E+03

0.00E+00
-2.00E-05 -1.50E-05 -1.00E-05 -5.00E-06 0.00E+00 5.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.50E-05 2.00E-05 2.50E-05
-5.00E+03

-1.00E+04

-1.50E+04
Curvature [1/mm]
Hogging Sagging

Graph 4.12: Rehman Method - Plot of Bending Moment and Curvature

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The neutral axis values are shown in the following table:
Table 4.28: Rehman Approach – Neutral Axis Values

Condition Neutral Axis of Hull Girder (mm)

Sagging (From Bottom/Keel) 0.2661E+03
Hogging (From Deck) 0.2480E+03

The length span is discretized as 1m so total length 120m is divided into 121 equal length sections. The plotted Loading
Diagram shows maximum loading values from 60m to 90m due to additional load on hull which is 300tons. The value
of Draft of Mid-Ship Section of Ship must be equal to Draft at Mid-Point of the Ship. Then, the value of bending
moment and shear force will be zero at both ends of ship as mentioned in Numerical Calculations Table according to
the Ship Characteristics. While the value of Trim is adjusted by Optimizer Tool of Microsoft Excel. The plotted Shear
Force Diagram shows maximum shear force values from 60m to 90m due to additional load on hull i.e., 300 tons in
addition to 360 tons load. The plotted bending moment diagram shows the maximum value of bending moment from
60m to 90m span. While the value of the bending moment is zero at the fore and aft of the ship hull. In case of wave
condition, the trends of graphs change according to wave condition either still water, sagging or hogging.

Using Rehman Method for Deck Hogging and Sagging, the stress from progressive collapse analysis along with strain
is given in the following figure for Deck Panel showing that during hogging the deck is reaching the yielding strength
of 235MPa:

Stress vs Strain (Deck)

3.00E+02

2.50E+02

2.00E+02

1.50E+02

1.00E+02

5.00E+01
Strength MPa

0.00E+00
-5.00E-03 -4.00E-03 -3.00E-03 -2.00E-03 -1.00E-03 0.00E+00 1.00E-03 2.00E-03
-5.00E+01

-1.00E+02

-1.50E+02

-2.00E+02

-2.50E+02
Strain

Deck Tensile Stress in Hogging Deck Compressive Stress in Sagging

Graph 4.13: Rehman Method – Deck Hogging and Sagging

Using Rehman Method for Bottom Hogging & Sagging, the stress from progressive collapse analysis along with strain
is given in following figure for Bottom Panel. In the figure below it is clear that in hogging the side panel reaches the
yield strength of 235 MPa.

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 Stress vs Strain (Bottom)
2.00E+02

1.50E+02

1.00E+02
Strength MPa

5.00E+01

0.00E+00
-2.00E-03 -1.00E-03 0.00E+00 1.00E-03 2.00E-03 3.00E-03 4.00E-03 5.00E-03
-5.00E+01

-1.00E+02

-1.50E+02

-2.00E+02

-2.50E+02
Strain

Bottom Tensile Stress in Sagging Bottom Compressive Stress in Hogging

Graph 4.14: Rehman Method – Bottom Hogging & Sagging

Using Rehman Method for Side Hogging and Sagging, the stress from progressive collapse analysis along with strain
is given in following figure for Side Panel:

Stress vs Strain (Side)

3.00E+02

2.50E+02

2.00E+02
Strength MPa

1.50E+02

1.00E+02

5.00E+01

0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.50E-03 2.00E-03 2.50E-03 3.00E-03 3.50E-03 4.00E-03
Strain

Side Tensile Stress in Sagging Side Tensile Stress in Hogging

Graph 4.15: Rehman Method – Side Hogging and Sagging

From Rehman Method, the plot of Neutral Axis vs Curvature is given below:

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 Neutral Axis vs Curvature
9.00E+00

8.00E+00
Neutral Axis From Bottom [m]

7.00E+00

6.00E+00

5.00E+00

4.00E+00

3.00E+00

2.00E+00

1.00E+00

0.00E+00
0.00E+00 1.00E-07 2.00E-07 3.00E-07 4.00E-07 5.00E-07 6.00E-07 7.00E-07 8.00E-07 9.00E-07
Curvature [1/mm ]

Sagging Hogging

Graph 4.16: Rehman Method – Neutral Axis vs Curvature

In terms of hogging, it is evident that Paik and Rehman have roughly the same bottom compression strength, but as
we move to the side, the stress distribution significantly changes and eventually yields for both of them at the deck
panel. Because of its predefined stress distributions, we have concluded from this that Paik's stress distribution is not
as accurate as Rehman's. We have also observed the comparison in both methods based on the Ultimate Bending
Moment. It is shown in the table given below:
Table 4.29: Percentage Error of Ultimate Bending Moment between PAIK Approach and Huges Approach

Percentage Error of Ultimate Bending Moment

PAIK Method Rehman Method Percentage Error
Plate/Panel Mu (kN.m) Mu (kN.m) PAIK and Huges
Sagging -1.11E+06 1.26E+06 1.88
Hogging 1.20E+06 1.26E+06 0.05

5. Conclusion
Microsoft Excel is used to develop the structural analysis by using the given data. The length span of 1.0m is used for
the smooth curve of the graph. The values of Trim angles are adjusted by using Microsoft Excel optimizer to equate
the values of bending moment and shear force at both ends. The weight on the hull is maximum between 60.0m and
90.0m because of an additional dead weight of 300 tons. The Excel Spreadsheet developed a Loading, Shear Force,
and Bending Moment Diagram through quick analysis proving the values of Shear Stress and Bending Moment at both
ends of ship, are achieved zero under all conditions. Microsoft Excel is used to develop the structural analysis by using
the given data. During calculation it is observed that the maximum stresses act on Point 5 and Minimum Stresses
occurs at Point 6, it is due to the location selected for these two critical points. While, we had set the yield stress as
235MPa so all the resulted values at critical points selected in structure resulted lower values on von mises stress
calculations. It shows that the structure can withstand the loads without any failure under the hogging wave condition.

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 The study concludes that utilizing basic methods in the early stages of design provides a good indication of the ultimate
strength of the ship. Based on the experimental data, Paik's empirical method provides a fast estimate of the ultimate
strength. Huges developed a more accurate method that considers the effects of relative initial deflections and residual
stresses when predicting the ultimate strength of the panels. The maximum acceptable error in the ultimate strength of
PAIK and Huges values is set as 10%. While we got less than a 10% percentage error, the values are considered as
correct. From Rehman Method, The hull girder is considered to be in the plastic region during hogging indicating that
the bottom is stronger than the deck. The bending moment eventually exhibits a decrease in the trend and it is also
referred to as relaxation after the plastic deformation. The neutral axis stays at its starting point throughout the elastic
range. However, in the case of sagging, the neutral axis begins to shift downward towards the bottom as the curvature
increases, and in the case of hogging, the neutral axis begins to shift upward towards the deck as the curvature increases
and the hull girder enters the plastic region. According to Rahman Method, in the case of Hogging and Sagging the
collapse begins at the sides. Rehman's progressive collapse analysis establishes the bending moment carrying capacity
at each curvature and the stress distribution at ultimate strength is the actual distribution. Paik assumed a predefined
stress distribution at the ultimate failure stage. It is evident that the ultimate bending moment during sagging is highly
dependent on the deck's ultimate strength, and that the ultimate bending moment during hogging is highly dependent
upon the bottom panel's ultimate strength. This report's comparison demonstrates that the two approaches' outcomes
differ from one another. In summary, the Rehman approach yields results that are reasonably close to reality due to the
impact of lateral loads, relative initial deflection, and residual stresses.

6. References

[1] CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS, by Prof. Mustafa İNSEL Assis. Prof. Şebnem HELVACIOĞLU 2011-2012
GEM111E
[2] Seaworthiness and Stability Analysis of a Pontoon for Holiday House, by Elena Miletić, Lukša Radić
[3] ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SHIP STRUCTURE, Chapter 18, by Philippe Rigo and Enrico Rizzuto

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 36 of 51
7. Appendix

Table 7.1: Calculations for Scantling

Local
Width of Height of Thickness of Thickness of Area of Total Area of Local Eccentricity of First Moment Second Moment of TTL Second Moment of Eccentricity of Total Second
Moment of (Area)*Zi
Member Member Web Flange Member Members Centriod Member of Area Area from BL Area (TTL Qty of Members) Member Moment of Inertia
Inertia
Type of
Qty Member Name
Member mm mm mm mm mm^2 mm^2 mm mm mm^3 mm^4 mm^4 mm^4 mm mm^3 mm^4

a b web_t flange_t AREA At Ex/Ey y A*y I_o I = I_o + (A*d)ˆ2 Ai*Zi Zi It I_total = I_o + I

1 DECK Plate 30000 10 300000 300000 9995 2998500000 2500000 2500000 2500000 3808.686042 4.35183E+12 4.35183E+12

1 BOTTOM Plate 12000 10 120000 120000 5 600000 1000000 1000000 1000000 -6181.313958 4.58504E+12 4.58504E+12
Plates

2 BOTTOM Side Plate 3000 10 30000 60000 943.9805866 56638835.19 1.36E+10 27178211065 -5242.333371 1.64892E+12 1.6761E+12

1 SIDESHELL Plate 7000 10 70000 70000 6000 420000000 2.85833E+11 2.85833E+11 2.85833E+11 -186.3139578 2429902361 2.88263E+11

3 DECK Longitudinal girdle 250 200 10 16 1542 4626 172.9 9817 45413904.6 129 1290000 3870000 3630.786042 60982741297 60986611297

BOTTOM Longitudinal
Girders

1 350 300 13 15 5990 5990 300 310 1856900 5786 57860000 57860000 -5876.313958 2.06841E+11 2.06899E+11
girdle

BOTTOM Longitudinal
2 350 300 13 15 1542 3084 272.9 282.9 872463.6 129 1290000 2580000 -5903.413958 1.07478E+11 1.07481E+11
secondary girdle

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 250 200 10 10 4206 8412 100 6000 50472000 868 8680000 17360000 -186.3139578 292004838 309364838
girdle

DECK Longitudinal
26 150 150 10 10 933 24250 128.2 9862 239150622.4 411 4110000 106860000 3675.486042 3.27601E+11 3.27708E+11
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 9468 17661980.28 6.54 65400 130800 3282 20091805539 20091936339
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 8968 16729280.28 6.54 65400 130800 2781.886042 14436125316 14436256116
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 8468.2 15796580.28 6.54 65400 130800 2281.886042 9713145093 9713275893
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 7968.2 14863880.28 6.54 65400 130800 1781.886042 5922864870 5922995670
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 7468.2 13931180.28 6.54 65400 130800 1281.886042 3065284647 3065415447
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 6968.2 12998480.28 6.54 65400 130800 781.8860422 1140404424 1140535224
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 6468.2 12065780.28 6.54 65400 130800 281.8860422 148224200.5 148355000.5
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 5468.2 10200380.28 6.54 65400 130800 -718.1139578 961963754.2 962094554.2
Stiffeners

stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 4968.2 9267680.28 6.54 65400 130800 -1218.113958 2767883531 2768014331
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 4468.2 8334980.28 6.54 65400 130800 -1718.113958 5506503308 5506634108
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 3968.2 7402280.28 6.54 65400 130800 -2218.113958 9177823085 9177953885
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 3468.2 6469580.28 6.54 65400 130800 -2718.113958 13781842862 13781973662
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 2968.2 5536880.28 6.54 65400 130800 -3218.113958 19318562639 19318693439
stiffeners

SIDESHELL Longitudinal
2 100 100 7 7 933 1865 21.8 2468.2 4604180.28 6.54 65400 130800 -3718.113958 25787982416 25788113216
stiffeners

BOTTOM Longitudinal
16 150 150 10 10 933 14923 128.2 138.2 2062386.24 411 4110000 65760000 -6048.113958 5.45886E+11 5.45952E+11
stiffeners

BOTTOM Longitudinal
2 150 150 10 10 933 1865 128.2 568.7242737 1060898.26 56.4 42187500 84375000 -5617.589684 58867013272 58951388272
stiffeners

BOTTOM Longitudinal
2 150 150 10 10 933 1865 128.2 1135.112626 2117439.092 56.4 42187500 84375000 -5051.201332 47594999938 47679374938
stiffeners

BOTTOM Longitudinal
2 150 150 10 10 933 1865 128.2 1701.500978 3173979.924 56.4 42187500 84375000 -4484.81298 37519811445 37604186445
stiffeners

Box girder etudiant Ahmad 1st March

BEAM, DEPTH OF VESSEL, DEPTH OF DOUBLE-BOTTOM (mm)
30000. 10000. 0.
AREAS: OUTER Bottom, INNER Bottom, DECK, ONE SIDE (mm2)
459700. 0. 464500. 232000.
IDAMAGE (=0 : normal,=1 : Grounding or Collision damage)
0
DAMAGED AREAS: OUTER Bottom, INNER Bottom, DECK, ONE SIDE (mm2)
0. 0. 0. 0.
SL BP TP HW TW BF TF SYP SYW (DECK) E
3000. 500. 10. 150. 10. 100. 10. 235. 235. 210000.
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 37 of 51
SL BP TP HW TW BF TF SYP SYW (OUTER BOTTOM) E
3000. 500. 15. 250. 10. 150. 10. 235. 235. 210000.
SL BP TP HW TW BF TF SYP SYW (INNER BOTTOM) E
3000. 500. 15. 250. 10. 150. 10. 235. 235. 210000.
SL BP TP HW TW BF TF SYP SYW (UPPER SIDE SHELL) E
3000. 500. 15. 150. 7. 100. 7. 235. 235. 210000.
SL BP TP HW TW BF TF SYP SYW (LOWER SIDE SHELL) E
3000. 500. 15. 150. 7. 100. 10. 235. 235. 210000.

=============================
INPUT DATA ECHO
=============================
J O B N A M E : Box girder etudiant Ahmad 1st March
BEAM OF THE VESSEL (mm) = 30000.000
DEPTH OF THE VESSEL (mm) = 10000.000
DEPTH OF DOUBLE-BOTTOM (mm) = 0.000
PROPERTIES OF INTACT HULL SECTION:
TOTAL SECTIONAL AREA OF OUTER BOTTOM (mm2) = 459700.000
TOTAL SECTIONAL AREA OF INNER BOTTOM (mm2) = 0.000
TOTAL SECTIONAL AREA OF DECK (mm2) = 464500.000
HALF-SECTIONAL AREA OF ALL SIDES (mm2) = 232000.000
DECK PANELS:
BETA = 1.67260845616033 LAMDA = 0.526501542972932
LENGTH OF STIFFENER (mm) = 3000.000
LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER SPACING (mm) = 500.000
THICKNESS OF PARENT PLATE (mm) = 10.000
HEIGHT OF STIFFENER WEB (mm) = 150.000
THICKNESS OF STIFFENER WEB (mm) = 10.000
BREADTH OF STIFFENER FLANGE (mm) = 100.000
THICKNESS OF STIFFENER FLANGE (mm) = 10.000
YOUNG MODULUS (Plate & stiff) (N/mm2) = 210000.000
YIELD STRENGTH OF PARENT PLATE (N/mm2) = 235.000
YIELD STRENGTH OF STIFFENER (N/mm2) = 235.000
EQUIVALENT YIELD STRENGTH (N/mm2) = 235.000
ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) = 171.817
Relative Ultimate Strength (Sult/Sy) = 0.731
OUTER BOTTOM PANELS:
BETA = 1.11507230410689 LAMDA = 0.319837858547537
LENGTH OF STIFFENER (mm) = 3000.000
LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER SPACING (mm) = 500.000
THICKNESS OF PARENT PLATE (mm) = 15.000
HEIGHT OF STIFFENER WEB (mm) = 250.000
THICKNESS OF STIFFENER WEB (mm) = 10.000
BREADTH OF STIFFENER FLANGE (mm) = 150.000
THICKNESS OF STIFFENER FLANGE (mm) = 10.000
YOUNG MODULUS (Plate & stiff) (N/mm2) = 210000.000
YIELD STRENGTH OF PARENT PLATE (N/mm2) = 235.000
YIELD STRENGTH OF STIFFENER (N/mm2) = 235.000
EQUIVALENT YIELD STRENGTH (N/mm2) = 235.000
ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) = 204.129
Relative Ultimate Strength (Sult/Sy) = 0.869
INNER BOTTOM PANELS:
BETA = 1.11507230410689 LAMDA = 0.319837858547537
LENGTH OF STIFFENER (mm) = 3000.000
LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER SPACING (mm) = 500.000
THICKNESS OF PARENT PLATE (mm) = 15.000

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 38 of 51
 HEIGHT OF STIFFENER WEB (mm) = 250.000
THICKNESS OF STIFFENER WEB (mm) = 10.000
BREADTH OF STIFFENER FLANGE (mm) = 150.000
THICKNESS OF STIFFENER FLANGE (mm) = 10.000
YOUNG MODULUS (Plate & stiff) (N/mm2) = 210000.000
YIELD STRENGTH OF PARENT PLATE (N/mm2) = 235.000
YIELD STRENGTH OF STIFFENER (N/mm2) = 235.000
EQUIVALENT YIELD STRENGTH (N/mm2) = 235.000
ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) = 204.129
Relative Ultimate Strength (Sult/Sy) = 0.869
UPPER SIDE SHELLS:
BETA = 1.11507230410689 LAMDA = 0.639120026437534
LENGTH OF STIFFENER (mm) = 3000.000
LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER SPACING (mm) = 500.000
THICKNESS OF PARENT PLATE (mm) = 15.000
HEIGHT OF STIFFENER WEB (mm) = 150.000
THICKNESS OF STIFFENER WEB (mm) = 7.000
BREADTH OF STIFFENER FLANGE (mm) = 100.000
THICKNESS OF STIFFENER FLANGE (mm) = 7.000
YOUNG MODULUS (Plate & stiff) (N/mm2) = 210000.000
YIELD STRENGTH OF PARENT PLATE (N/mm2) = 235.000
YIELD STRENGTH OF STIFFENER (N/mm2) = 235.000
EQUIVALENT YIELD STRENGTH (N/mm2) = 235.000
ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) = 181.685
Relative Ultimate Strength (Sult/Sy) = 0.773
LOWER SIDE SHELLS:
BETA = 1.11507230410689 LAMDA = 0.577984395340283
LENGTH OF STIFFENER (mm) = 3000.000
LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER SPACING (mm) = 500.000
THICKNESS OF PARENT PLATE (mm) = 15.000
HEIGHT OF STIFFENER WEB (mm) = 150.000
THICKNESS OF STIFFENER WEB (mm) = 7.000
BREADTH OF STIFFENER FLANGE (mm) = 100.000
THICKNESS OF STIFFENER FLANGE (mm) = 10.000
YOUNG MODULUS (Plate & stiff) (N/mm2) = 210000.000
YIELD STRENGTH OF PARENT PLATE (N/mm2) = 235.000
YIELD STRENGTH OF STIFFENER (N/mm2) = 235.000
EQUIVALENT YIELD STRENGTH (N/mm2) = 235.000
ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) = 186.386
Relative Ultimate Strength (Sult/Sy) = 0.793
==================================================
SAFETY ASSESSMENT RESULTS
I N N-O-R-M-A-L C O N D I T I O N
==================================================
ULTIMATE HULL STRENGTH:
Cas 2: G>DB
FULLY PLASTIC BENDING MOMENT (kN.m) = 0.1358506E+07
(G = 0.5051724E+04 mm )
FULLY PLASTIC SHEAR FORCE (kN) = 0.6295612E+05
NEUTRAL AXIS OF HULL(from bott.)(mm) = 0.5017289E+04
FIRST YIELD BENDING MOMENT (kN.m):
- AT DECK = 0.1272047E+07
- AT BOTTOM = 0.1263281E+07
SECTION MODULUS, Z=I/v (m3):
- AT DECK = 0.5412967E+01
- AT BOTTOM = 0.5375663E+01
H & Hb = HIGH of the LINEAR ZONE (mm)
(of the vertical stress distribution)
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 39 of 51
 - Sagging:
(r f rence = bottom plate)
H = 5801.23222400366
G = 3271.75355600458
Hb = 0.000000000000000E+000
- Hogging:
(r f rence = deck plate)
H = 7279.32310141817
G = 4059.55600774872
Hb = 0.000000000000000E+000
ULTIMATE BENDING MOMENT (kN.m):
------------------------------
- FOR SAGGING:
Mult. = -0.1111150E+07
Mult./Mp = -0.81792
- FOR HOGGING:
Mult. = 0.1198122E+07
Mult./Mp = 0.88194

Test EMSHIP March 2021

3 = Nbre of panels
1 Span(mm) E(N/mm2) Sy (N/mm2) Rel.Res.Stress Rel.Init.Deflection.
3000. 210000. 235. 0.05 0.00143
WIDTH(mm) TP(mm) BF TF DW TW Q(N/mm2) Nbr stiff.
501. 11. 110. 9. 109. 10. 0. 62.
2 Span(mm) E(N/mm2) Sy (N/mm2) Rel.Res.Stress Rel.Init.Deflection.
3000. 210000. 235. 0.05 0.00143
WIDTH(mm) TP(mm) BF TF DW TW Q(N/mm2) Nbr stiff.
520. 20. 306. 16. 258. 18. 0. 11.
3 Span(mm) E(N/mm2) Sy (N/mm2) Rel.Res.Stress Rel.Init.Deflection.
3000. 210000. 235. 0.05 0.00143
WIDTH(mm) TP(mm) BF TF DW TW Q(N/mm2) Nbr stiff.
506. 14. 250. 10. 120. 14. 0. 39.

Test EMSHIP March 2021

------------------------------
Program RAH2
=================
Fortran Program to calculate ult. Strength of a stiff. panel.
Developed by Dr. M. K. RAHMAN

DIMENSIONS : mm, Newton, N/mm2

Panel 1
CALCULATION OF STRENGTH FOR THE FOLLOWING PANEL DATA
--------------------------------------------------------------
PANEL WIDTH (mm) = 501.00 PANEL SPAN (mm) = 3000.00
Number of STIFF. = 62
PLATE WIDTH = 7.95 PLATE THICKNESS = 11.00
WEB DEPTH = 109.00 WEB THICKNESS = 10.00
FLANGE WIDTH = 110.00 FLANGE THICKNESS = 9.00
YOUNGS MODULUS = 210000.00
YIELD STRESS (Sy)= 235.00 Lat. Press (N/mm2)= 0.0000
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 40 of 51
Relative residual stress (SR/Sy) = 0.050000
Relative initial beam deflection (Delta/span) = 0.001430
==============================================================
Full panel section (plate + raid) = 134471.00 mm2
Panel strength when stiffener is under compression = 165.36
Panel strength when plate is under compression = 157.43
Panel collapse due to plate compression
Sig(ult) = 157.43 N/mm2
Relative Ult. strength (Su/Sy) = 0.6699

Panel 2
CALCULATION OF STRENGTH FOR THE FOLLOWING PANEL DATA
--------------------------------------------------------------
PANEL WIDTH (mm) = 520.00 PANEL SPAN (mm) = 3000.00
Number of STIFF. = 11
PLATE WIDTH = 43.33 PLATE THICKNESS = 20.00
WEB DEPTH = 258.00 WEB THICKNESS = 18.00
FLANGE WIDTH = 306.00 FLANGE THICKNESS = 16.00
YOUNGS MODULUS = 210000.00
YIELD STRESS (Sy)= 235.00 Lat. Press (N/mm2)= 0.0000
Relative residual stress (SR/Sy) = 0.050000
Relative initial beam deflection (Delta/span) = 0.001430
==============================================================
Full panel section (plate + raid) = 115340.00 mm2
Panel strength when stiffener is under compression = 214.78
Panel strength when plate is under compression = 201.61
Panel collapse due to plate compression
Sig(ult) = 201.61 N/mm2
Relative Ult. strength (Su/Sy) = 0.8579

Panel 3
CALCULATION OF STRENGTH FOR THE FOLLOWING PANEL DATA
--------------------------------------------------------------
PANEL WIDTH (mm) = 506.00 PANEL SPAN (mm) = 3000.00
Number of STIFF. = 39
PLATE WIDTH = 12.65 PLATE THICKNESS = 14.00
WEB DEPTH = 120.00 WEB THICKNESS = 14.00
FLANGE WIDTH = 250.00 FLANGE THICKNESS = 10.00
YOUNGS MODULUS = 210000.00
YIELD STRESS (Sy)= 235.00 Lat. Press (N/mm2)= 0.0000
Relative residual stress (SR/Sy) = 0.050000
Relative initial beam deflection (Delta/span) = 0.001430
==============================================================
Full panel section (plate + raid) = 170104.00 mm2
Panel strength when stiffener is under compression = 167.37
Panel strength when plate is under compression = 158.85
Panel collapse due to plate compression
Sig(ult) = 199.05 N/mm2
Relative Ult. strength (Su/Sy) = 0.6759

TP
Span(mm) E(N/mm2) Sy(N/mm2) SRésidual/Sy Init.Deflect/Span
2400.0 205800.0 255.0 0.050 0.00143 DECK
2400.0 205800.0 255.0 0.050 0.00143 Side
2400.0 205800.0 255.0 0.050 0.00143 Bottom
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 41 of 51
WIDTH(mm) TP(mm) BF TF DW TW Q(N/mm2) Nbr stiff.
501. 11.0 109. 9. 110. 10. 0.03 62 (full deck)
520. 20.0 258. 16. 306. 18. 0.02 11 1 side
506. 14.0 120. 10. 250. 14. 0.02 39 (full bottom

TP
------------------------------

Prpgram GRDSTP
=================
Fortran Program to calculate ship's hull girder strength including
post-buckling strength of individual panels.
Developed by Dr. M. K. RAHMAN

DIMENSIONS : mm, Newton, N/mm2

The breath of Deck & Bottom are full breath(largeur).
(symetry axis is not considered)

Panel 1
CALCULATION OF STRENGTH FOR THE FOLLOWING PANEL DATA
--------------------------------------------------------------
PANEL WIDTH (mm) = 501.00 PANEL SPAN (mm) = 2400.00
Number of STIFF. = 62
PLATE WIDTH = 7.95 PLATE THICKNESS = 11.00
WEB DEPTH = 110.00 WEB THICKNESS = 10.00
FLANGE WIDTH = 109.00 FLANGE THICKNESS = 9.00
YOUNGS MODULUS = 205800.00
YIELD STRESS = 255.00 Lat. Press (N/mm2)= 0.0300
Relative residual stress (SR/Sy) = 0.050000
Relative Initial beam deflection (Delta/span) = 0.001430
==============================================================
Full panel section (plate + raid) = 134533.00 mm2
Panel strength when stiffener is under compression = 196.03
Panel strength when plate is under compression = 184.00
Panel collapse due to plate compression
Sig(ult) = 184.00
Relative Ult. strength (Su/Sy) = 0.7216

Panel 2
CALCULATION OF STRENGTH FOR THE FOLLOWING PANEL DATA
--------------------------------------------------------------
PANEL WIDTH (mm) = 520.00 PANEL SPAN (mm) = 2400.00
Number of STIFF. = 11
PLATE WIDTH = 43.33 PLATE THICKNESS = 20.00
WEB DEPTH = 306.00 WEB THICKNESS = 18.00
FLANGE WIDTH = 258.00 FLANGE THICKNESS = 16.00
YOUNGS MODULUS = 205800.00
YIELD STRESS = 255.00 Lat. Press (N/mm2)= 0.0200
Relative residual stress (SR/Sy) = 0.050000
Relative Initial beam deflection (Delta/span) = 0.001430
==============================================================
Full panel section (plate + raid) = 116396.00 mm2
Panel strength when stiffener is under compression = 240.63
Panel strength when plate is under compression = 225.60
Panel collapse due to plate compression
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 42 of 51
Sig(ult) = 225.60
Relative Ult. strength (Su/Sy) = 0.8847

Panel 3
CALCULATION OF STRENGTH FOR THE FOLLOWING PANEL DATA
--------------------------------------------------------------
PANEL WIDTH (mm) = 506.00 PANEL SPAN (mm) = 2400.00
Number of STIFF. = 39
PLATE WIDTH = 12.65 PLATE THICKNESS = 14.00
WEB DEPTH = 250.00 WEB THICKNESS = 14.00
FLANGE WIDTH = 120.00 FLANGE THICKNESS = 10.00
YOUNGS MODULUS = 205800.00
YIELD STRESS = 255.00 Lat. Press (N/mm2)= 0.0200
Relative residual stress (SR/Sy) = 0.050000
Relative Initial beam deflection (Delta/span) = 0.001430
==============================================================
Full panel section (plate + raid) = 190384.00 mm2
Panel strength when stiffener is under compression = 235.55
Panel strength when plate is under compression = 222.27
Panel collapse due to plate compression
Sig(ult) = 222.27
Relative Ult. strength (Su/Sy) = 0.8716

The plastic moment of the girder section = 0.1862E+11 N.mm

- SAGGING Ultimate Strength -

***********************************

The girder neutral axis from keel = 0.2661E+03 mm

(the effective deck section is considered)

Collapse begins at sides

PHI(deck)= 5.476115451394655E-006
PHI(side)= 5.217133573902996E-006
PHI(bott)= 1.240491139734966E-005
PHI(min) = 5.217133573902996E-006

Initial limit curvature = 0.521713E-05

Increment of curvature = 0.521713E-06

Curvat. (1/mm) M/Mp Neut. to bot. Tens. Side & Bott Compr.Deck Strain=EPS Eps/EPS(ult) Eps/EPS(plastic)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.5217E-06 0.5734E-01 0.2689E+03 0.2771E+02 0.1103E+02 0.1725E+02 0.8381E-04 0.9363E-01 0.5124E-01
0.1043E-05 0.1147E+00 0.2689E+03 0.5541E+02 0.2205E+02 0.3450E+02 0.1676E-03 0.1873E+00 0.1025E+00
0.1565E-05 0.1720E+00 0.2689E+03 0.8312E+02 0.3308E+02 0.5174E+02 0.2514E-03 0.2809E+00 0.1537E+00
0.2087E-05 0.2294E+00 0.2689E+03 0.1108E+03 0.4410E+02 0.6899E+02 0.3352E-03 0.3745E+00 0.2049E+00
0.2609E-05 0.2867E+00 0.2689E+03 0.1385E+03 0.5513E+02 0.8624E+02 0.4190E-03 0.4682E+00 0.2562E+00
0.3130E-05 0.3440E+00 0.2689E+03 0.1662E+03 0.6616E+02 0.1035E+03 0.5028E-03 0.5618E+00 0.3074E+00
0.3652E-05 0.4013E+00 0.2689E+03 0.1939E+03 0.7718E+02 0.1207E+03 0.5867E-03 0.6554E+00 0.3587E+00
0.4174E-05 0.4586E+00 0.2689E+03 0.2217E+03 0.8821E+02 0.1379E+03 0.6705E-03 0.7491E+00 0.4099E+00
0.4695E-05 0.5157E+00 0.2688E+03 0.2493E+03 0.9913E+02 0.1552E+03 0.7548E-03 0.8433E+00 0.4614E+00
0.5217E-05 0.5724E+00 0.2688E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1101E+03 0.1724E+03 0.8386E-03 0.9370E+00 0.5127E+00
0.5739E-05 0.6123E+00 0.2667E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1187E+03 0.1840E+03 0.9345E-03 0.1044E+01 0.5713E+00
0.6261E-05 0.6308E+00 0.2623E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1238E+03 0.1840E+03 0.1047E-02 0.1170E+01 0.6400E+00
0.6782E-05 0.6443E+00 0.2576E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1276E+03 0.1840E+03 0.1166E-02 0.1303E+01 0.7129E+00
0.7304E-05 0.6566E+00 0.2536E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1313E+03 0.1840E+03 0.1285E-02 0.1436E+01 0.7857E+00
0.7826E-05 0.6676E+00 0.2502E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1353E+03 0.1840E+03 0.1403E-02 0.1568E+01 0.8580E+00
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 43 of 51
0.8347E-05 0.6742E+00 0.2469E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1386E+03 0.1840E+03 0.1525E-02 0.1703E+01 0.9321E+00
0.8869E-05 0.6774E+00 0.2434E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1409E+03 0.1822E+03 0.1651E-02 0.1844E+01 0.1009E+01
PEAK MOMENT is reached
M = 12613951515.5619 N.mm
M/Mp = 0.677429060827309

Max compr (deck or bottom) = 182.213816565148

Red Coef (TAN) = 0.972721181990210
Strain = 1.650716275394962E-003
Strain (limite) = 8.950443157252711E-004

Max tensile (deck or bottom) = 140.930552595943

Max tensile (side) = 255.000000000000

0.9391E-05 0.6566E+00 0.2371E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1371E+03 0.1663E+03 0.1807E-02 0.2019E+01 0.1105E+01

0.9913E-05 0.6418E+00 0.2323E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1349E+03 0.1545E+03 0.1955E-02 0.2184E+01 0.1195E+01
0.1043E-04 0.6277E+00 0.2278E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1322E+03 0.1448E+03 0.2105E-02 0.2352E+01 0.1287E+01
0.1096E-04 0.6171E+00 0.2241E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1306E+03 0.1370E+03 0.2250E-02 0.2514E+01 0.1376E+01
0.1148E-04 0.6088E+00 0.2211E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1296E+03 0.1304E+03 0.2393E-02 0.2673E+01 0.1463E+01
0.1200E-04 0.6020E+00 0.2184E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1289E+03 0.1248E+03 0.2534E-02 0.2831E+01 0.1549E+01
0.1252E-04 0.5965E+00 0.2161E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1286E+03 0.1199E+03 0.2673E-02 0.2986E+01 0.1634E+01
0.1304E-04 0.5900E+00 0.2137E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1276E+03 0.1154E+03 0.2815E-02 0.3145E+01 0.1721E+01
0.1356E-04 0.5839E+00 0.2115E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1264E+03 0.1114E+03 0.2958E-02 0.3305E+01 0.1808E+01
0.1409E-04 0.5787E+00 0.2095E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1255E+03 0.1078E+03 0.3100E-02 0.3463E+01 0.1895E+01
0.1461E-04 0.5742E+00 0.2078E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1250E+03 0.1046E+03 0.3239E-02 0.3619E+01 0.1980E+01
0.1513E-04 0.5702E+00 0.2061E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1244E+03 0.1016E+03 0.3380E-02 0.3776E+01 0.2066E+01
0.1565E-04 0.5666E+00 0.2047E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1240E+03 0.9890E+02 0.3519E-02 0.3932E+01 0.2151E+01
0.1617E-04 0.5635E+00 0.2034E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1239E+03 0.9642E+02 0.3657E-02 0.4086E+01 0.2236E+01
0.1669E-04 0.5606E+00 0.2021E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1235E+03 0.9411E+02 0.3796E-02 0.4241E+01 0.2321E+01
0.1722E-04 0.5581E+00 0.2010E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1235E+03 0.9197E+02 0.3934E-02 0.4395E+01 0.2405E+01
0.1774E-04 0.5558E+00 0.2000E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1235E+03 0.8998E+02 0.4071E-02 0.4548E+01 0.2489E+01
0.1826E-04 0.5533E+00 0.1991E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1236E+03 0.8812E+02 0.4208E-02 0.4701E+01 0.2573E+01
0.1878E-04 0.5503E+00 0.1981E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1232E+03 0.8634E+02 0.4347E-02 0.4857E+01 0.2658E+01

IN SAGGING : ULTIMATE MOMENT = 0.126140E+11 N.mm

M/Mp = 0.677429E+00

- HOGGING Ultimate Strength -

***********************************
The girder neutral axis from deck = 0.2480E+03 mm
(the effective deck section is considered)

Collapse begins at sides

PHI(deck)= 1.021326350736048E-005
PHI(side)= 4.803752807025911E-006
PHI(bott)= 7.868115643368337E-006
PHI(min) = 4.803752807025911E-006

Initial limit curvature = 0.480375E-05

Increment of curvature = 0.480375E-06

Curvat. (1/mm) M/Mp Neut. to deck Tens. Side & deck Compr.Bott. Strain=EPS Eps/EPS(ult) Eps/EPS(plastic)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.4804E-06 0.5280E-01 0.2512E+03 0.2376E+02 0.1588E+02 0.1015E+02 0.4931E-04 0.4561E-01 0.1175E-01
0.9608E-06 0.1056E+00 0.2512E+03 0.4752E+02 0.3177E+02 0.2030E+02 0.9863E-04 0.9123E-01 0.2351E-01
0.1441E-05 0.1584E+00 0.2512E+03 0.7127E+02 0.4765E+02 0.3045E+02 0.1479E-03 0.1368E+00 0.3526E-01
0.1922E-05 0.2112E+00 0.2512E+03 0.9503E+02 0.6354E+02 0.4059E+02 0.1973E-03 0.1825E+00 0.4701E-01
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 44 of 51
0.2402E-05 0.2640E+00 0.2512E+03 0.1188E+03 0.7942E+02 0.5074E+02 0.2466E-03 0.2281E+00 0.5876E-01
0.2882E-05 0.3168E+00 0.2512E+03 0.1425E+03 0.9531E+02 0.6089E+02 0.2959E-03 0.2737E+00 0.7052E-01
0.3363E-05 0.3695E+00 0.2512E+03 0.1663E+03 0.1112E+03 0.7104E+02 0.3452E-03 0.3193E+00 0.8227E-01
0.3843E-05 0.4223E+00 0.2512E+03 0.1901E+03 0.1271E+03 0.8119E+02 0.3945E-03 0.3649E+00 0.9402E-01
0.4323E-05 0.4750E+00 0.2512E+03 0.2138E+03 0.1430E+03 0.9134E+02 0.4438E-03 0.4105E+00 0.1058E+00
0.4804E-05 0.5274E+00 0.2511E+03 0.2375E+03 0.1587E+03 0.1016E+03 0.4936E-03 0.4566E+00 0.1176E+00
0.5284E-05 0.5747E+00 0.2503E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1738E+03 0.1126E+03 0.5471E-03 0.5061E+00 0.1304E+00
0.5765E-05 0.6210E+00 0.2497E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1889E+03 0.1235E+03 0.6002E-03 0.5552E+00 0.1431E+00
0.6245E-05 0.6628E+00 0.2490E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2037E+03 0.1347E+03 0.6545E-03 0.6054E+00 0.1560E+00
0.6725E-05 0.7007E+00 0.2486E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2189E+03 0.1456E+03 0.7075E-03 0.6544E+00 0.1686E+00
0.7206E-05 0.7385E+00 0.2481E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2338E+03 0.1567E+03 0.7615E-03 0.7044E+00 0.1815E+00
0.7686E-05 0.7762E+00 0.2477E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2488E+03 0.1677E+03 0.8152E-03 0.7541E+00 0.1943E+00
0.8166E-05 0.7950E+00 0.2499E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1746E+03 0.8488E-03 0.7851E+00 0.2023E+00
0.8647E-05 0.8042E+00 0.2530E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1793E+03 0.8717E-03 0.8064E+00 0.2078E+00
0.9127E-05 0.8131E+00 0.2560E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1837E+03 0.8931E-03 0.8261E+00 0.2129E+00
0.9608E-05 0.8221E+00 0.2586E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1882E+03 0.9151E-03 0.8465E+00 0.2181E+00
0.1009E-04 0.8277E+00 0.2614E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1917E+03 0.9324E-03 0.8624E+00 0.2222E+00
0.1057E-04 0.8330E+00 0.2640E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1951E+03 0.9487E-03 0.8776E+00 0.2261E+00
0.1105E-04 0.8382E+00 0.2665E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.1983E+03 0.9645E-03 0.8921E+00 0.2299E+00
0.1153E-04 0.8434E+00 0.2688E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2015E+03 0.9800E-03 0.9065E+00 0.2336E+00
0.1201E-04 0.8485E+00 0.2709E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2047E+03 0.9956E-03 0.9210E+00 0.2373E+00
0.1249E-04 0.8537E+00 0.2728E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2080E+03 0.1012E-02 0.9358E+00 0.2411E+00
0.1297E-04 0.8565E+00 0.2749E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2103E+03 0.1023E-02 0.9462E+00 0.2438E+00
0.1345E-04 0.8591E+00 0.2770E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2125E+03 0.1033E-02 0.9559E+00 0.2463E+00
0.1393E-04 0.8616E+00 0.2789E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2145E+03 0.1043E-02 0.9649E+00 0.2486E+00
0.1441E-04 0.8643E+00 0.2807E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2167E+03 0.1054E-02 0.9749E+00 0.2512E+00
0.1489E-04 0.8672E+00 0.2822E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2192E+03 0.1066E-02 0.9863E+00 0.2541E+00
0.1537E-04 0.8699E+00 0.2837E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2214E+03 0.1077E-02 0.9962E+00 0.2567E+00
0.1585E-04 0.8716E+00 0.2846E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1097E-02 0.1014E+01 0.2613E+00
0.1633E-04 0.8726E+00 0.2842E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1137E-02 0.1052E+01 0.2710E+00
0.1681E-04 0.8736E+00 0.2842E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1170E-02 0.1083E+01 0.2790E+00
0.1729E-04 0.8747E+00 0.2842E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1204E-02 0.1114E+01 0.2869E+00
0.1777E-04 0.8756E+00 0.2842E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1237E-02 0.1145E+01 0.2949E+00
0.1825E-04 0.8759E+00 0.2833E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1287E-02 0.1190E+01 0.3067E+00
0.1873E-04 0.8764E+00 0.2829E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1329E-02 0.1229E+01 0.3168E+00
0.1922E-04 0.8765E+00 0.2829E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1363E-02 0.1261E+01 0.3249E+00
0.1970E-04 0.8766E+00 0.2829E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1397E-02 0.1293E+01 0.3330E+00
0.2018E-04 0.8767E+00 0.2829E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1431E-02 0.1324E+01 0.3412E+00
0.2066E-04 0.8768E+00 0.2829E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1465E-02 0.1356E+01 0.3493E+00
0.2114E-04 0.8769E+00 0.2829E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1500E-02 0.1387E+01 0.3574E+00
0.2162E-04 0.8770E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1543E-02 0.1427E+01 0.3678E+00
0.2210E-04 0.8771E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1577E-02 0.1459E+01 0.3760E+00
0.2258E-04 0.8772E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1612E-02 0.1491E+01 0.3841E+00
0.2306E-04 0.8773E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1646E-02 0.1523E+01 0.3923E+00
0.2354E-04 0.8774E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1680E-02 0.1554E+01 0.4005E+00
0.2402E-04 0.8775E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1715E-02 0.1586E+01 0.4087E+00
0.2450E-04 0.8776E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1749E-02 0.1618E+01 0.4168E+00
0.2498E-04 0.8777E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1783E-02 0.1650E+01 0.4250E+00
0.2546E-04 0.8778E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1818E-02 0.1681E+01 0.4332E+00
0.2594E-04 0.8779E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1852E-02 0.1713E+01 0.4414E+00
0.2642E-04 0.8780E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1886E-02 0.1745E+01 0.4495E+00
0.2690E-04 0.8781E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1920E-02 0.1776E+01 0.4577E+00
0.2738E-04 0.8782E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1955E-02 0.1808E+01 0.4659E+00
0.2786E-04 0.8783E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.1989E-02 0.1840E+01 0.4740E+00
0.2834E-04 0.8785E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2023E-02 0.1872E+01 0.4822E+00
0.2882E-04 0.8785E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2058E-02 0.1903E+01 0.4904E+00
0.2930E-04 0.8786E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2092E-02 0.1935E+01 0.4986E+00
0.2978E-04 0.8787E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2126E-02 0.1967E+01 0.5067E+00
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM
Page 45 of 51
0.3026E-04 0.8788E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2160E-02 0.1998E+01 0.5149E+00
0.3074E-04 0.8789E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2195E-02 0.2030E+01 0.5231E+00
0.3122E-04 0.8789E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2229E-02 0.2062E+01 0.5313E+00
0.3170E-04 0.8790E+00 0.2824E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2263E-02 0.2094E+01 0.5394E+00
0.3219E-04 0.8791E+00 0.2820E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2312E-02 0.2138E+01 0.5510E+00
0.3267E-04 0.8792E+00 0.2820E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2346E-02 0.2170E+01 0.5592E+00
0.3315E-04 0.8793E+00 0.2820E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2381E-02 0.2202E+01 0.5674E+00

PEAK MOMENT is reached

M = 16372231283.6315 N.mm
M/Mp = 0.879266520759568

Max compr (deck or bottom) = 222.266277041042

Red Coef (TAN) = 0.972717766857841
Strain = 2.380873979368541E-003
Strain (limite) = 1.081082079170456E-003

Max tensile (deck or bottom) = 255.000000000000

Max tensile (side) = 255.000000000000

0.3363E-04 0.8790E+00 0.2820E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2415E-02 0.2234E+01 0.5757E+00

0.3411E-04 0.8786E+00 0.2820E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2450E-02 0.2266E+01 0.5839E+00
0.3459E-04 0.8782E+00 0.2815E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2500E-02 0.2312E+01 0.5957E+00
0.3507E-04 0.8778E+00 0.2815E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2534E-02 0.2344E+01 0.6040E+00
0.3555E-04 0.8775E+00 0.2815E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2569E-02 0.2376E+01 0.6123E+00
0.3603E-04 0.8770E+00 0.2811E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2620E-02 0.2423E+01 0.6243E+00
0.3651E-04 0.8767E+00 0.2811E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2655E-02 0.2455E+01 0.6327E+00
0.3699E-04 0.8764E+00 0.2811E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2689E-02 0.2488E+01 0.6410E+00
0.3747E-04 0.8761E+00 0.2809E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2733E-02 0.2528E+01 0.6513E+00
0.3795E-04 0.8758E+00 0.2809E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2768E-02 0.2560E+01 0.6596E+00
0.3843E-04 0.8755E+00 0.2807E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2811E-02 0.2600E+01 0.6700E+00
0.3891E-04 0.8752E+00 0.2807E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2846E-02 0.2633E+01 0.6784E+00
0.3939E-04 0.8749E+00 0.2807E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2881E-02 0.2665E+01 0.6867E+00
0.3987E-04 0.8746E+00 0.2802E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2934E-02 0.2714E+01 0.6993E+00
0.4035E-04 0.8744E+00 0.2802E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.2969E-02 0.2747E+01 0.7077E+00
0.4083E-04 0.8741E+00 0.2802E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.3005E-02 0.2779E+01 0.7161E+00
0.4131E-04 0.8739E+00 0.2802E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.3040E-02 0.2812E+01 0.7246E+00
0.4179E-04 0.8737E+00 0.2802E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.3075E-02 0.2845E+01 0.7330E+00
0.4227E-04 0.8734E+00 0.2800E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2550E+03 0.2223E+03 0.3120E-02 0.2886E+01 0.7436E+00

IN HOGGING : ULTIMATE MOMENT = 0.163722E+11 N.mm

M/Mp = 0.879267E+00

Following is the results from Rahman Code for sagging condition:

Table 7.2: Rehman Method – Results for Sagging Condition
Eps/EPS(plastic)
Tension Bottom
Curvat. (1/mm)

NA to Bottom

NA to Bottom

Compression
Tension Side

Eps/EPS(ult)
Plate (mm)

Plate (mm)

Strain EPS.
M/Mp

Deck
M

5.22E-07 5.73E-02 1.07E+03 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 2.77E+01 1.10E+01 1.73E+01 8.38E-05 9.36E-02 5.12E-02

1.04E-06 1.15E-01 2.14E+03 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 5.54E+01 2.21E+01 3.45E+01 1.68E-04 1.87E-01 1.03E-01

1.57E-06 1.72E-01 3.20E+03 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 8.31E+01 3.31E+01 5.17E+01 2.51E-04 2.81E-01 1.54E-01

2.09E-06 2.29E-01 4.27E+03 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 1.11E+02 4.41E+01 6.90E+01 3.35E-04 3.75E-01 2.05E-01

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 2.61E-06 2.87E-01 5.34E+03 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 1.39E+02 5.51E+01 8.62E+01 4.19E-04 4.68E-01 2.56E-01

3.13E-06 3.44E-01 6.41E+03 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 1.66E+02 6.62E+01 1.04E+02 5.03E-04 5.62E-01 3.07E-01

3.65E-06 4.01E-01 7.47E+03 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 1.94E+02 7.72E+01 1.21E+02 5.87E-04 6.55E-01 3.59E-01

4.17E-06 4.59E-01 8.54E+03 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 2.22E+02 8.82E+01 1.38E+02 6.71E-04 7.49E-01 4.10E-01

4.70E-06 5.16E-01 9.60E+03 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 2.49E+02 9.91E+01 1.55E+02 7.55E-04 8.43E-01 4.61E-01

5.22E-06 5.72E-01 1.07E+04 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 2.55E+02 1.10E+02 1.72E+02 8.39E-04 9.37E-01 5.13E-01

5.74E-06 6.12E-01 1.14E+04 2.67E+02 2.67E-01 2.55E+02 1.19E+02 1.84E+02 9.35E-04 1.04E+00 5.71E-01

6.26E-06 6.31E-01 1.17E+04 2.62E+02 2.62E-01 2.55E+02 1.24E+02 1.84E+02 1.05E-03 1.17E+00 6.40E-01

6.78E-06 6.44E-01 1.20E+04 2.58E+02 2.58E-01 2.55E+02 1.28E+02 1.84E+02 1.17E-03 1.30E+00 7.13E-01

7.30E-06 6.57E-01 1.22E+04 2.54E+02 2.54E-01 2.55E+02 1.31E+02 1.84E+02 1.29E-03 1.44E+00 7.86E-01

7.83E-06 6.68E-01 1.24E+04 2.50E+02 2.50E-01 2.55E+02 1.35E+02 1.84E+02 1.40E-03 1.57E+00 8.58E-01

8.35E-06 6.74E-01 1.26E+04 2.47E+02 2.47E-01 2.55E+02 1.39E+02 1.84E+02 1.53E-03 1.70E+00 9.32E-01

8.87E-06 6.77E-01 1.26E+04 2.43E+02 2.43E-01 2.55E+02 1.41E+02 1.82E+02 1.65E-03 1.84E+00 1.01E+00

9.39E-06 6.57E-01 1.22E+04 2.37E+02 2.37E-01 2.55E+02 1.37E+02 1.66E+02 1.81E-03 2.02E+00 1.11E+00

9.91E-06 6.42E-01 1.20E+04 2.32E+02 2.32E-01 2.55E+02 1.35E+02 1.55E+02 1.96E-03 2.18E+00 1.20E+00

1.04E-05 6.28E-01 1.17E+04 2.28E+02 2.28E-01 2.55E+02 1.32E+02 1.45E+02 2.11E-03 2.35E+00 1.29E+00

1.10E-05 6.17E-01 1.15E+04 2.24E+02 2.24E-01 2.55E+02 1.31E+02 1.37E+02 2.25E-03 2.51E+00 1.38E+00

1.15E-05 6.09E-01 1.13E+04 2.21E+02 2.21E-01 2.55E+02 1.30E+02 1.30E+02 2.39E-03 2.67E+00 1.46E+00

1.20E-05 6.02E-01 1.12E+04 2.18E+02 2.18E-01 2.55E+02 1.29E+02 1.25E+02 2.53E-03 2.83E+00 1.55E+00

1.25E-05 5.97E-01 1.11E+04 2.16E+02 2.16E-01 2.55E+02 1.29E+02 1.20E+02 2.67E-03 2.99E+00 1.63E+00

1.30E-05 5.90E-01 1.10E+04 2.14E+02 2.14E-01 2.55E+02 1.28E+02 1.15E+02 2.82E-03 3.15E+00 1.72E+00

1.36E-05 5.84E-01 1.09E+04 2.12E+02 2.12E-01 2.55E+02 1.26E+02 1.11E+02 2.96E-03 3.31E+00 1.81E+00

1.41E-05 5.79E-01 1.08E+04 2.10E+02 2.10E-01 2.55E+02 1.26E+02 1.08E+02 3.10E-03 3.46E+00 1.90E+00

1.46E-05 5.74E-01 1.07E+04 2.08E+02 2.08E-01 2.55E+02 1.25E+02 1.05E+02 3.24E-03 3.62E+00 1.98E+00

1.51E-05 5.70E-01 1.06E+04 2.06E+02 2.06E-01 2.55E+02 1.24E+02 1.02E+02 3.38E-03 3.78E+00 2.07E+00

1.57E-05 5.67E-01 1.06E+04 2.05E+02 2.05E-01 2.55E+02 1.24E+02 9.89E+01 3.52E-03 3.93E+00 2.15E+00

1.62E-05 5.64E-01 1.05E+04 2.03E+02 2.03E-01 2.55E+02 1.24E+02 9.64E+01 3.66E-03 4.09E+00 2.24E+00

1.67E-05 5.61E-01 1.04E+04 2.02E+02 2.02E-01 2.55E+02 1.24E+02 9.41E+01 3.80E-03 4.24E+00 2.32E+00

These results are used to plot the Bending Moment and Curvature for sagging condition.

Following is the results from Rahman Code for Hogging condition:

Table 7.3: Rehman Method – Results for Hogging Condition
Curvat. (1/mm)

N.A to Bottom

Eps / EPS (ult)

Tension Deck

Compression
Tension Side
N.A to DECK

N.A to DECK

Plate (mm)

Strain EPS.
Bottom
M/Mp

(mm)

(mm)
M

4.80E-07 5.28E-02 9.83E+02 2.51E+02 2.51E-01 9.75E+00 2.38E+01 1.59E+01 1.02E+01 4.93E-05 4.56E-02
9.61E-07 1.06E-01 1.97E+03 2.51E+02 2.51E-01 9.75E+00 4.75E+01 3.18E+01 2.03E+01 9.86E-05 9.12E-02
1.44E-06 1.58E-01 2.95E+03 2.51E+02 2.51E-01 9.75E+00 7.13E+01 4.77E+01 3.05E+01 1.48E-04 1.37E-01
1.92E-06 2.11E-01 3.93E+03 2.51E+02 2.51E-01 9.75E+00 9.50E+01 6.35E+01 4.06E+01 1.97E-04 1.83E-01
2.40E-06 2.64E-01 4.92E+03 2.51E+02 2.51E-01 9.75E+00 1.19E+02 7.94E+01 5.07E+01 2.47E-04 2.28E-01
2.88E-06 3.17E-01 5.90E+03 2.51E+02 2.51E-01 9.75E+00 1.43E+02 9.53E+01 6.09E+01 2.96E-04 2.74E-01

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 3.36E-06 3.70E-01 6.88E+03 2.51E+02 2.51E-01 9.75E+00 1.66E+02 1.11E+02 7.10E+01 3.45E-04 3.19E-01
3.84E-06 4.22E-01 7.86E+03 2.51E+02 2.51E-01 9.75E+00 1.90E+02 1.27E+02 8.12E+01 3.95E-04 3.65E-01
4.32E-06 4.75E-01 8.84E+03 2.51E+02 2.51E-01 9.75E+00 2.14E+02 1.43E+02 9.13E+01 4.44E-04 4.11E-01
4.80E-06 5.27E-01 9.82E+03 2.51E+02 2.51E-01 9.75E+00 2.38E+02 1.59E+02 1.02E+02 4.94E-04 4.57E-01
5.28E-06 5.75E-01 1.07E+04 2.50E+02 2.50E-01 9.75E+00 2.55E+02 1.74E+02 1.13E+02 5.47E-04 5.06E-01
5.77E-06 6.21E-01 1.16E+04 2.50E+02 2.50E-01 9.75E+00 2.55E+02 1.89E+02 1.24E+02 6.00E-04 5.55E-01
6.25E-06 6.63E-01 1.23E+04 2.49E+02 2.49E-01 9.75E+00 2.55E+02 2.04E+02 1.35E+02 6.55E-04 6.05E-01
6.73E-06 7.01E-01 1.30E+04 2.49E+02 2.49E-01 9.75E+00 2.55E+02 2.19E+02 1.46E+02 7.08E-04 6.54E-01
7.21E-06 7.39E-01 1.38E+04 2.48E+02 2.48E-01 9.75E+00 2.55E+02 2.34E+02 1.57E+02 7.62E-04 7.04E-01
7.69E-06 7.76E-01 1.45E+04 2.48E+02 2.48E-01 9.75E+00 2.55E+02 2.49E+02 1.68E+02 8.15E-04 7.54E-01
8.17E-06 7.95E-01 1.48E+04 2.50E+02 2.50E-01 9.75E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 1.75E+02 8.49E-04 7.85E-01
8.65E-06 8.04E-01 1.50E+04 2.53E+02 2.53E-01 9.75E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 1.79E+02 8.72E-04 8.06E-01
9.13E-06 8.13E-01 1.51E+04 2.56E+02 2.56E-01 9.74E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 1.84E+02 8.93E-04 8.26E-01
9.61E-06 8.22E-01 1.53E+04 2.59E+02 2.59E-01 9.74E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 1.88E+02 9.15E-04 8.47E-01
1.01E-05 8.28E-01 1.54E+04 2.61E+02 2.61E-01 9.74E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 1.92E+02 9.32E-04 8.62E-01
1.06E-05 8.33E-01 1.55E+04 2.64E+02 2.64E-01 9.74E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 1.95E+02 9.49E-04 8.78E-01
1.11E-05 8.38E-01 1.56E+04 2.67E+02 2.67E-01 9.73E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 1.98E+02 9.65E-04 8.92E-01
1.15E-05 8.43E-01 1.57E+04 2.69E+02 2.69E-01 9.73E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.02E+02 9.80E-04 9.07E-01
1.20E-05 8.49E-01 1.58E+04 2.71E+02 2.71E-01 9.73E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.05E+02 9.96E-04 9.21E-01
1.25E-05 8.54E-01 1.59E+04 2.73E+02 2.73E-01 9.73E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.08E+02 1.01E-03 9.36E-01
1.30E-05 8.57E-01 1.59E+04 2.75E+02 2.75E-01 9.73E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.10E+02 1.02E-03 9.46E-01
1.35E-05 8.59E-01 1.60E+04 2.77E+02 2.77E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.13E+02 1.03E-03 9.56E-01
1.39E-05 8.62E-01 1.60E+04 2.79E+02 2.79E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.15E+02 1.04E-03 9.65E-01
1.44E-05 8.64E-01 1.61E+04 2.81E+02 2.81E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.17E+02 1.05E-03 9.75E-01
1.49E-05 8.67E-01 1.61E+04 2.82E+02 2.82E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.19E+02 1.07E-03 9.86E-01
1.54E-05 8.70E-01 1.62E+04 2.84E+02 2.84E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.21E+02 1.08E-03 9.96E-01
1.59E-05 8.72E-01 1.62E+04 2.85E+02 2.85E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.22E+02 1.10E-03 1.01E+00
1.63E-05 8.73E-01 1.62E+04 2.84E+02 2.84E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.22E+02 1.14E-03 1.05E+00
1.68E-05 8.74E-01 1.63E+04 2.84E+02 2.84E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.22E+02 1.17E-03 1.08E+00
1.73E-05 8.75E-01 1.63E+04 2.84E+02 2.84E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.22E+02 1.20E-03 1.11E+00
1.78E-05 8.76E-01 1.63E+04 2.84E+02 2.84E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.22E+02 1.24E-03 1.15E+00
1.83E-05 8.76E-01 1.63E+04 2.83E+02 2.83E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.22E+02 1.29E-03 1.19E+00
1.87E-05 8.76E-01 1.63E+04 2.83E+02 2.83E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.22E+02 1.33E-03 1.23E+00
1.92E-05 8.77E-01 1.63E+04 2.83E+02 2.83E-01 9.72E+00 2.55E+02 2.55E+02 2.22E+02 1.36E-03 1.26E+00

These results are used to plot the Bending Moment and Curvature for Hogging condition.

Table 2.1: Ship Weight Distribution ........................................................................................................................... 5

Table 2.2: Scantling Parameters .................................................................................................................................. 6
Table 2.3: Dimensions for Midship Section ................................................................................................................ 6
Table 2.4: Dimensions and Spacing for Frame ........................................................................................................... 6
Table 2.5: Dimensions for Stiffeners and Girders ....................................................................................................... 7
Table 2.6: Points Details for Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 7
Table 2.7: Calculated Parameters for the Plate............................................................................................................ 8
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Table 2.8: Stress Notations .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Table 3.1: Initial Calculations for Total Inertia ......................................................................................................... 10
Table 3.2: Dimensions for Chine (Calculated) .......................................................................................................... 11
Table 3.3: Critical Points Details for Von Mises Stress Analysis ............................................................................. 11
Table 3.4: Input data for dimensions of stiffeners ..................................................................................................... 12
Table 3.5: Total Block Area for PAIK Input ............................................................................................................. 12
Table 3.6: Dimensions for Point A (Deck) ................................................................................................................ 13
Table 3.7: Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point A (Deck) ..................................................................................... 13
Table 3.8: Dimensions for Point B (Side Plate Upper) ............................................................................................. 13
Table 3.9: Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point B (At Side Plate Upper) ............................................................. 13
Table 3.10: Dimensions for Point C (Side Plate Lower) ........................................................................................... 14
Table 3.11: Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point C (At Side Plate Lower) ........................................................... 14
Table 3.12: Dimensions for Point D (Bottom) .......................................................................................................... 14
Table 3.13: Ultimate Strength Calculation at Point D (At Bottom Plate) ................................................................. 14
Table 3.14: Input Data for Paik Program .................................................................................................................. 14
Table 3.15: Dimensions for Input Data Paik Program .............................................................................................. 15
Table 3.16: Results for Sagging Condition ............................................................................................................... 15
Table 3.17: Results for Hogging Condition............................................................................................................... 16
Table 3.18: Values for Lateral Loads, Residual Stresses and Relative Initial Deflections ....................................... 18
Table 3.19: Real Ship Area ....................................................................................................................................... 18
Table 3.20: Virtual Beam Column Calculations for Deck and Bottom ..................................................................... 18
Table 3.21: Representative Beam Columns .............................................................................................................. 19
Table 3.22: Rehman Method – Virtual Beam Column Calculations For Deck and Bottom ..................................... 19
Table 4.1: Calculated Results for Still Water Condition ........................................................................................... 19
Table 4.2: Results for Condition of Sagging ............................................................................................................. 19
Table 4.3: Results for Condition of Hogging ............................................................................................................ 20
Table 4.4: Calculated Results for Sagging ................................................................................................................ 20
Table 4.5: Calculated Results for Hogging ............................................................................................................... 20
Table 4.6: Calculations for Bending in Bottom Plate ................................................................................................ 26
Table 4.7: Dimensions for Secondary Stresses ......................................................................................................... 26
Table 4.8: Dimensions for Tertiary Stress ................................................................................................................. 26
Table 4.9: Results for Secondary Stress .................................................................................................................... 27
Table 4.10: Results for Tertiary Stress ...................................................................................................................... 27
Table 4.11: Dimensions for Tertiary Shear Stress ..................................................................................................... 27
Table 4.12: Results for Tertiary Shear Stress ............................................................................................................ 27
Table 4.13: Dimensions for Secondary Shear Stress ................................................................................................. 28
Table 4.14: Results for Secondary Shear Stress ........................................................................................................ 28
Table 4.15: Point 1 - Results and Analysis ................................................................................................................ 28
Table 4.16: Point 2 - Results and Analysis ................................................................................................................ 29
Table 4.17: Point 3 - Results and Analysis ................................................................................................................ 29
Table 4.18: Point 4 - Results and Analysis ................................................................................................................ 29
Table 4.19: Point 5 - Results and Analysis ................................................................................................................ 30
Table 4.20: Point 6 - Results and Analysis ................................................................................................................ 30
Table 4.21: Results – Von Mises Stresses ................................................................................................................. 30
Table 4.22: Results for Ultimate Strength using PAIK Approach ............................................................................ 31
Table 4.23: Results for Sagging and Hogging Condition .......................................................................................... 31
Table 4.24: Results for Ultimate Strength using Hughes Code ................................................................................. 31
Table 4.25: Percentage Error of Ultimate Strength between PAIK Approach and Huges Approach ....................... 31
Table 4.26: Results for Ultimate Strength using Rahman Code................................................................................ 32
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER PROGRAM - Advanced Design of Ships & Offshore Structures (EMSHIP+)
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Table 4.27: Rehman Approach - Ultimate Bending Moment of the Panels .............................................................. 32
Table 4.28: Rehman Approach – Neutral Axis Values ............................................................................................. 33
Table 4.29: Percentage Error of Ultimate Bending Moment between PAIK Approach and Huges Approach ......... 35
Table 7.1: Calculations for Scantling ........................................................................................................................ 37
Table 7.2: Rehman Method – Results for Sagging Condition ................................................................................... 46
Table 7.3: Rehman Method – Results for Hogging Condition .................................................................................. 47

Figure 2.1: Ship Structure (Hull) ................................................................................................................................. 1

Figure 2.2: Loadings on Ship Structure ....................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2.3: Shear Force acting on Ship Structure ........................................................................................................ 2
Figure 2.4: Bending Moment on Ship Structure.......................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2.5: Sign Conventions ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2.6: Hogging and Sagging................................................................................................................................ 3
Figure 2.7: Mean stress profile of an axially loaded column vs Mean strain .............................................................. 3
Figure 2.8: Bending Stress Profile due to Tensile/Compression Axial Loading w.r.t Neutral Axis ........................... 4
Figure 2.9: Ultimate Carrying Moment Variation w.r.t hull girder curvature ............................................................. 4
Figure 2.10: Real Example of Progressive collapse under Hogging ........................................................................... 5
Figure 2.11: Scantling of Midship Section .................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 2.12: Stress distribution on Parts of Structures ................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2.13: Assumptions of Simply Supported ......................................................................................................... 8
Figure 4.1: Locations of Points ................................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 4.2: Stress Distribution in Sagging Condition (Left) and Sagging Condition (Right) ................................... 15
Figure 4.3: PAIK - Stress Distribution in Sagging Condition ................................................................................... 16
Figure 4.4: PAIK - Stress Distribution in Hogging Condition .................................................................................. 16
Figure 4.5: Illustration of section transformation (Left: Original Section; Right: Equivalent Section) .................... 17

Graph 1: Loading Diagram of Hull Girder without Wave Condition........................................................................ 20

Graph 2: Shear Force Diagram of Hull Girder without Wave Condition.................................................................. 21
Graph 3: Bending Moment Diagram of Hull Girder without Wave Condition ......................................................... 21
Graph 4: Loading Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Sagging.......................................................... 22
Graph 5: Shear Force Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Sagging.................................................... 22
Graph 6: Bending Moment Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Sagging ........................................... 23
Graph 7: Loading Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Hogging......................................................... 23
Graph 8: Shear Force Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Hogging ................................................... 24
Graph 9: Bending Moment Diagram of Hull Girder under Wave Condition – Hogging .......................................... 24
Graph 10: Shear Force Diagram Analysis (Still Water, Sagging, and Hogging) ...................................................... 25
Graph 11: Bending Moment Diagram Analysis (Still Water, Sagging, and Hogging) ............................................. 25
Graph 2.1: Rehman Method - Plot of Bending Moment and Curvature ................................................................... 32
Graph 3.1: Rehman Method – Deck Hogging and Sagging ...................................................................................... 33
Graph 3.2: Rehman Method – Bottom Hogging & Sagging ..................................................................................... 34
Graph 3.3: Rehman Method – Side Hogging and Sagging ....................................................................................... 34
Graph 3.4: Rehman Method – Neutral Axis vs Curvature ........................................................................................ 35

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