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Lecture 3

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Lecture 3

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Srijani Goswami

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Technical document preparation with LaTeX?

With hands on experience

Kaushik Roy

West Bengal State University, Barasat

[email protected]

May 28, 2024

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 1 / 30

Outline

1 Introduction to LATEX

2 Text formatting
Font, List, Comments & Spacing, Special Characters

3 Figure & Tables

4 Mathematics & Algorithm

5 Reference & Cross Reference

6 Advanced features of LATEX

7 Presentation using LATEX

8 Drawing Figures

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 2 / 30

Commands & Environments
LATEX uses a series of Commands & Environments.

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 3 / 30

Commands & Environments
LATEX uses a series of Commands & Environments.

Commands: LATEXdocuments behaviour can be controlled by using

specific command. Typical command structure is as following:

\commandname[optional argument]{main argument}

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 3 / 30

Commands & Environments
LATEX uses a series of Commands & Environments.

Commands: LATEXdocuments behaviour can be controlled by using

specific command. Typical command structure is as following:

\commandname[optional argument]{main argument}

Environments: A special type of command is the environment. Typical

environment structure is as following:

\begin{environmentname}
content
\end{environmentname}

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 3 / 30

Commands & Environments
LATEX uses a series of Commands & Environments.

Commands: LATEXdocuments behaviour can be controlled by using

specific command. Typical command structure is as following:

\commandname[optional argument]{main argument}

Environments: A special type of command is the environment. Typical

environment structure is as following:

\begin{environmentname}
content
\end{environmentname}

Some environments take arguments and optional arguments, like

commands. e.g Figure
Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 3 / 30
Body of Text

• Start with \begin{document}

• End with \end{document}

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 4 / 30

Body of Text

• Start with \begin{document}

• End with \end{document}
• Typesetting Text
• \\ or \newline and
• Quotations
• Bold \textbf{. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . } or \bf
• Italics \emph{. . . . . . . . . . . . } or \textit{. . . . . . . . . } or \it
• Underline \underline{. . . . . . . . . . . . } or \ul

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 4 / 30

Body of Text

• Start with \begin{document}

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 4 / 30

Page Layout

\documentclass{report}

\begin{document}

So we are able to generate the equivalent text document.

\end{document}

Output
So we are able to generate the equivalent text document.

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 5 / 30

Fragile and Robust commands
LaTeX commands are either robust or fragile.
Fragile commands need special care if they are part of a moving
argument.
Some fragile commands
The following list is not exhaustive, but illustrates the kind of
commands which are fragile
• All commands that have an optional argument are fragile.
• Environments delimited by \begin ... \end are fragile.
• Display math environment delimited by \[ . . . \]
• Math environment $ . . . $
• However, . . . (\ldots) is robust
• Line breaks, \ \
• \item commands
• \footnote commands

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 6 / 30

Lengths

A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a

length as an argument. A length of one inch is specified by typing 1in
or, to specify the same length using metric units, by typing 2.54cm.
Units LaTeX knows about the following common units.
• in - inches
• mm - millimeters
• cm - centimeters
• pt - points (about 1/72 inch)
• em - approximately the width of an ”M” in the current font
• ex - approximately the height of an ”x” in the current font

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 7 / 30

Length commands
A length may also be specified by a length command. An example is
\parindent whose value specifies the current width of the indentation
which begins paragraphs. Multiples of such length commands may be
specified, for example by writing 2.5\parindent or -0.1\parindent.
Some length commands are
• \parindent - normal paragraph indentation
• \baselineskip - normal vertical distance between lines in a
paragraph
• \baselinestretch - multiplies \baselineskip
• \parskip - the extra vertical space between paragraphs
• \textwidth - the width of text on the page
• \linewidth - width of a line in the local environment
• \extheight - the height of text on the page
• \unitlength - units of lenght in Picture Environment

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 8 / 30

Space

To create white space we can use the following commands:

• Horizontal space
• \hfill
• \hspace

• Vertical Space
• \addvspace
• \smallskip
• \medskip
• \bigskip
• \vfill
• \vspace

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 9 / 30

Special Characters

The following characters play a special role in LATEXand are called

special printing characters, or simply special characters.
• # Used to define use of arguments,
• $ used to delineate math and displaymath Enviroments.
• % used to insert Comments in the input file,
• & used to separate items in the array and tabular Enviroments.
• ˜ generates a nonbreaking space
• used to create subscripts
• ˆ used to create superscripts
• \ used in command definitions
• { } for enclosing command arguments

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 10 / 30

Page numbering

\pagenumbering command is used

\pagenumbering{num style}

Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num style are:
• arabic Arabic numerals
• roman Lowercase roman numerals
• Roman Uppercase roman numerals
• alph Lowercase letters
• Alph Uppercase letters

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 11 / 30

Font
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\begin{Huge}
Output
\textbf{Technical Institute}
\end{Huge}
\begin{Large}
\textsc{Certification}
\end{Large}
This to certify that Prof. Pal has undergone a course in this
institute and is qualified to be Technical Expert.
\begin{flushright}
\textsf{The Director}
Technical Institute \end{flushright}
%used for aligning to the right \end{document}

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 12 / 30

Subscript

Can be used only in math mode.

So, for a simple expression this can be a part of the running text:

To get an expression, exp , to appear as a subscript, you just type

{exp}.

Output
H2 O is the formula for water

Subscripts are normally displayed in a different font JRoman ; to change

we can use standard fonts like Roman. $J { \rm Roman}$

Output
$J { \rm Roman}$ will produce JRoman not JRoman

Kaushik Roy (WBSU) LaTeX May 28, 2024 13 / 30

Superscript
ˆ
Similarly use {exp}, to produce superscript, like exp

Output
x3 is the third power of x

Superscripts may have their own superscripts:

ˆ {z}}$
$x{y ˆ should display something like
z
xy