Cloud Computing

UNIT 2: CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

❖ WHAT IS A CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODEL?

The Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing environment with a

deployment architecture that varies depending on the amount of data you want to store and
who has access to the infrastructure.
Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models
The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based on
ownership, scale, access, and the cloud’s nature and purpose. A cloud deployment model
defines the location of the servers you use and who controls them. It specifies how your cloud
infrastructure will look, what you can change, and whether you will be given services or must
create everything yourself. Cloud deployment types also define relationships between the
infrastructure and your users. Different types of cloud computing deployment models are
described below.
• Public Cloud
• Private Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud
• Community Cloud
• Multi-Cloud

1. Public Cloud
The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services. The public
cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud is one in which cloud
infrastructure services are provided over the internet to the general people or major industry
groups. The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the entity that delivers the cloud
services, not by the consumer. It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users
to easily access systems and services. This form of cloud computing is an excellent example
of cloud hosting, in which service providers supply services to a variety of customers. In this
arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a subscription, or on
a per-user basis—for example, Google App Engine, etc.

Public Cloud

Advantages of the Public Cloud Model

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• Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no substantial

upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require immediate access to
resources.
• No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud service
providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
• Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does not
necessitate infrastructure management.
• No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (not
users).
• Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources
are accessible.

Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model

• Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so there is no
guarantee of high-level security.
• Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be customized
according to personal requirements.

2. Private Cloud
The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud deployment
model. It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer). There is no need to share
your hardware with anyone else. The distinction between private and public clouds is in how
you handle all of the hardware. It is also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability
to access systems and services within a given border or organization. The cloud platform is
implemented in a cloud-based secure environment that is protected by powerful firewalls and
under the supervision of an organization’s IT department. The private cloud gives greater
flexibility of control over cloud resources.

Private Cloud

Advantages of the Private Cloud Model

• Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You gain complete
command over service integration, IT operations, policies, and user behavior.
• Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate information to
which only authorized staff have access. By segmenting resources within the same
infrastructure, improved access and security can be achieved.
• Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work with legacy
systems that are unable to access the public cloud.

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• Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud allows a

company to tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.

Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model

• Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as there is less
number of clients.
• Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide personalized facilities.

3. Hybrid Cloud
By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of proprietary software, hybrid cloud
computing gives the best of both worlds. With a hybrid solution, you may host the app in a
safe environment while taking advantage of the public cloud’s cost savings. Organizations
can move data and applications between different clouds using a combination of two or more
cloud deployment methods, depending on their needs.

Hybrid Cloud

Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

• Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can design
personalized solutions that meet their particular needs.
• Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be responsible for
paying for the extra capacity if you require it.
• Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data theft by
attackers are considerably reduced.

Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

• Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is a
combination of both public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
• Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud takes place
through the public cloud so latency occurs.

4. Community Cloud
It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is a distributed
system that is created by integrating the services of different clouds to address the specific
needs of a community, industry, or business. The infrastructure of the community could be

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shared between the organization which has shared concerns or tasks. It is generally managed
by a third party or by the combination of one or more organizations in the community.

Community Cloud

Advantages of the Community Cloud Model

• Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared by multiple
organizations or communities.
• Security: Community cloud provides better security.
• Shared resources: It allows you to share resources, infrastructure, etc. with
multiple organizations.
• Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both collaboration and data
sharing.

Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model

• Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable as many
organizations share the same resources according to their collaborative interests.
• Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared among different
organizations according to their mutual interests if an organization wants some
changes according to their needs they cannot do so because it will have an impact
on other organizations.

What is the Right Choice for the Cloud Deployment Model?

As of now, no such approach fits picking a cloud deployment model. We will always consider
the best cloud deployment model as per our requirements. Here are some factors that should
be considered before choosing the best deployment model.
• Cost: Cost is an important factor for the cloud deployment model as it tells how
much amount you want to pay for these things.
• Scalability: Scalability talks about the current activity status and how much we
can scale it.
• Easy to use: It tells how much your resources are trained and how easily can you
manage these models.
• Compliance: Compliance talks about the laws and regulations which impact the
implementation of the model.
• Privacy: Privacy talks about what data you gather for the model.

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Each model has some advantages and some disadvantages, and the selection of the best is
only done based on your requirements. If your requirements change, you can switch to any
other model.
Overall Analysis of Cloud Deployment Models
The overall Analysis of these models concerning different factors is described below.
Factors Public Cloud Private Cloud Community Hybrid Cloud
Cloud
Initial Setup Easy Complex, Complex, Complex,
requires a requires a requires a
professional professional professional
team to setup team to setup team to setup
Scalability High High Fixed High
and
Flexibility
Cost- Cost-Effective Costly Distributed cost Between public
Comparison among members and private
cloud
Reliability Low Low High High
Data Security Low High High High
Data Privacy Low High High High

❖ SERVICE MODELS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud Computing helps in rendering several services according to roles, companies, etc.
Cloud computing models are explained below.
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
• Platform as a service (PaaS)
• Software as a service (SaaS)

1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure

managed over the Internet. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps in delivering computer
infrastructure on an external basis for supporting operations. Generally, IaaS provides
services to networking equipment, devices, databases, and web servers.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps large organizations, and large enterprises in managing
and building their IT platforms. This infrastructure is flexible according to the needs of the
client. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users avoid the cost and complexity
of purchasing and managing physical servers.
IaaS provider provides the following services -
• Compute: Computing as a Service includes virtual central processing units and
virtual main memory for the VMs that are provisioned to the end-users.
• Storage: The IaaS provider provides back-end storage for storing files.
• Network: Network as a Service (NaaS) provides networking components such as
routers, switches, and bridges for the VMS.
• Load balancers: It provides load-balancing capability at the infrastructure layer.
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Characteristics of IaaS
• Resources are available as a service
• Services are highly scalable
• Dynamic and flexible
• GUI and API-based access
• Automated administrative tasks

Advantages of IaaS
• IaaS is cost-effective as it eliminates capital expenses.
• IaaS cloud provider provides better security than any other software.
• IaaS provides remote access.
• IaaS allows multiple users to share the same physical infrastructure.
• IaaS providers provide services based on a pay-as-per-use basis. The users are
required to pay for what they have used.
• IaaS providers focus on the organization's core business rather than on IT
infrastructure.
• On-demand scalability is one of the biggest advantages of IaaS. Using IaaS, users
do not worry about upgrading software and troubleshooting issues related to
hardware components.

Disadvantages of IaaS
• In IaaS, users have to secure their data and applications.
• Cloud computing is not accessible in some regions of the World.
• Security is one of the biggest issues in IaaS. Most of the IaaS providers are not
able to provide 100% security.
• Although IaaS service providers maintain the software, they do not upgrade the
software for some organizations.
• It is difficult to migrate VM from one IaaS provider to the other, so the customers
might face problems related to vendor lock-in.

Examples: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google
Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.

2. Platform as a service (PaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a type of cloud computing that helps developers to build
applications and services over the Internet by providing them with a platform. PaaS helps in
maintaining control over their business applications. PaaS cloud computing platform is
created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage the applications.

PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application frameworks, Databases,

and other tools:

• Programming languages
PaaS providers provide various programming languages for the developers to develop the
applications. Some popular programming languages provided by PaaS providers are Java,
PHP, Ruby, Perl, and Go.

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• Application frameworks
PaaS providers provide application frameworks to easily understand application
development. Some popular application frameworks provided by PaaS providers are Node.js,
Drupal, Joomla, WordPress, Spring, Play, Rack, and Zend.

• Databases
PaaS providers provide various databases such as ClearDB, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and
Redis to communicate with the applications.

• Other tools
PaaS providers provide various other tools that are required to develop, test, and deploy the
applications.

Characteristics of PaaS
• Accessible to various users via the same development application.
• Integrates with web services and databases.
• Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down
as per the organization's need.
• Support multiple languages and frameworks.
• Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".

Advantages of PaaS
• PaaS is simple and very convenient for the user as it can be accessed via a web
browser.
• PaaS has the capabilities to efficiently manage the lifecycle.
• PaaS allows developers to focus on development and innovation without worrying
about infrastructure management.
• No need for up-front investment in hardware and software. Developers only need
a PC and an internet connection to start building applications.
• Some PaaS vendors also provide already defined business functionality so that
users can avoid building everything from very scratch and hence can directly start
the projects only.
• PaaS vendors frequently provide online communities where the developer can get
ideas to share experiences and seek advice from others.
• Applications deployed can scale from one to thousands of users without any
changes to the applications.

Disadvantages of PaaS
• PaaS has limited control over infrastructure as they have less control over the
environment and are not able to make some customizations.
• PaaS has a high dependence on the provider.
• One has to write the applications according to the platform provided by the PaaS
vendor, so the migration of an application to another PaaS vendor would be a
problem.
• Corporate data, whether it be critical or not, will be private, so if it is not located
within the walls of the company, there can be a risk in terms of privacy of data.
• some applications may be local, and some are in the cloud. So there will be
chances of increased complexity when we want to use data in the cloud with the
local data.

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Examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App
Engine, Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.

3. Software as a service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is software in which the applications are
hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of an
internet connection and web browser.

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a type of cloud computing model that is the work of delivering
services and applications over the Internet. The SaaS applications are called Web-Based
Software or Hosted Software. SaaS has around 60 percent of cloud solutions and due to this,
it is mostly preferred by companies.
There are the following services provided by SaaS providers -

• Business Services - The SaaS Provider provides various business services to start up
the business. The SaaS business services include ERP (Enterprise Resource
Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), billing, and sales.
• Document Management - SaaS document management is a software application
offered by a third party (SaaS provider) to create, manage, and track electronic
documents.

Example: Slack, Samepage, Box, and Zoho Forms.

• Social Networks - As we all know, social networking sites are used by the general
public, so social networking service providers use SaaS for their convenience and
handle the general public's information.
• Mail Services - To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on e-mail
services, many e-mail providers offer their services using SaaS.

Characteristics of SaaS
• Managed from a central location
• Hosted on a remote server
• Accessible over the internet
• Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied
automatically.
• The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

Advantages of SaaS
• SaaS can access app data from anywhere on the Internet.
• SaaS provides easy access to features and services.
• SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee subscription, so it allows
organizations to access business functionality at a low cost, which is less than
licensed applications.
• Unlike traditional software, which is sold as a licensed base with an up-front cost
(and often an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers generally price the
applications using a subscription fee, most commonly a monthly or annual fee.
• SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means a single instance of the
application is shared by multiple users.

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• The software is hosted remotely, so organizations do not need to invest in

additional hardware.
• Software as a service removes the need for installation, set-up, and daily
maintenance for the organizations. The initial set-up cost for SaaS is typically less
than the enterprise software. SaaS vendors are pricing their applications based on
some usage parameters, such as several users using the application. So SaaS does
easy to monitor and automatic updates.
• All users will have the same version of the software and typically access it through
the web browser. SaaS reduces IT support costs by outsourcing hardware and
software maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.
• SaaS services can be accessed from any device such as desktops, laptops, tablets,
phones, and thin clients.
• SaaS services easily integrate with other software or services through standard
APIs.
• SaaS services are accessed directly from the service provider using an internet
connection, so do not need to require any software installation.

Disadvantages of SaaS
• SaaS solutions have limited customization, which means they have some
restrictions within the platform.
• SaaS has little control over the data of the user.
• SaaS are generally cloud-based, they require a stable internet connection for
proper working.
• Actually, data is stored in the cloud, so security may be an issue for some users.
However, cloud computing is not more secure than in-house deployment.
• Since data and applications are stored in the cloud at a variable distance from the
end-user, there is a possibility that there may be greater latency when interacting
with the application compared to local deployment. Therefore, the SaaS model is
not suitable for applications whose demand response time is in milliseconds.
• Switching SaaS vendors involves the difficult and slow task of transferring very
large data files over the internet and then converting and importing them into
another SaaS also.

Examples: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,

ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IAAS, PAAS, AND SAAS

IaaS Paas SaaS

It provides a virtual data center to store It provides virtual platforms It provides web software
information and create platforms for app and tools to create, test, and and apps to complete
development, testing, and deployment. deploy apps. business tasks.
It provides access to resources such as virtual It provides runtime It provides software as a
machines, virtual storage, etc. environments and deployment service to the end-users.
tools for applications.
It is used by network architects. It is used by developers. It is used by end users.
IaaS provides only Infrastructure. PaaS provides Infrastructure + SaaS provides
Platform. Infrastructure + Platform +
Software.

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❖ HOW CLOUD COMPUTING WORKS

Cloud computing is a computing technique in which a large group of remote servers are
networked to allow centralized data storage and online access to computer services and
resources.

Example: Suppose you have a list of important documents and you cannot lose it at any cost,
so you upload these documents to your favorite document storage website like Google Drive,
One Drive, etc. through your computer. You didn’t realize but you have started using cloud
computing where all your documents are stored in a cloud which you can access from
anywhere you want by logging in to your account.

Working:
The data you wish to store is stored in a huge secret data warehouse that is full of computers.
These data warehouses are also called Data Centers and are located all over the world. In all
these data warehouses there are huge computer towers that are more powerful than the home
computers. It is difficult to know where exactly are your data stored or located in the cloud,
because it may be stored in dozens of data warehouses all at once. To keep your data safe
you need to trust the web storage companies like Google and Microsoft.

Cloud computing is a safer option to store data as there comes the risk of Stealing data,
Breach of data, damage to storage devices, or data corruption.

When you use the cloud, you don’t store the data in only one place but all over the place so
that if one data center is damaged the data can be accessed from the other. You can share
these data from data from anywhere.
The place that manages cloud storage systems is called a Data Center. At its most
fundamental level, a cloud storage system requires just one data server connected to the
internet. A Client subscribes to the cloud storage, and transfers copies of his files across the
internet to the data server. Which then writes the information in the cloud storage.

When a client wants to recover the information, he/she can access the data server through a
web-based interface. The server then transfers the files back to the client to locate and manage
the files on the server itself.

The working of any data in cloud computing is functions in 4 steps;

1. Data Creation
2. Data Maintenance
3. Data Recovery
4. Data Deletion

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Data Data
Deletion Creation

Data Data
Recovery Maintenance

1. Data Creation
The life cycle of cloud data begins with the creation of data in the cloud storage systems.
When the primary piece of data is produced, a certain number of additional copies of the
cloud data also need to be created, according to the specific security need of each data and
storage policy. All these copies are transferred and saved in a specific storage device in a
shared way.

2. Data Maintenance
After the data is generated and saved the maintenance stage begins which holds the majority
of the cloud data life. At this step, cloud data is prepared within applications to accomplish
these purposes. However, most of the time these data are simply saved in storage devices
remaining for later usage. Certain mechanisms are performed to maintain all the copies so
that the service qualities may not be endangered. From the data security aspect, the
redundancy of cloud data is maintained at a specific level. So that sufficient data reliability
support can be given to meet the storage user's security requirements.

3. Data Recovery
At the data maintenance stage, copies could be lost due to storage breakdown. Either Restore
or Prevent the data from Total Loss data recovery is required. At this step, specific
mechanisms are carried out to recover the lost copies. These mechanisms follow different
recovery policies and the duration of the data recovery stage may vary.

4. Data Deletion
When the data is no longer required it is removed. The storage space restoration mechanism
of the cloud then recycles the preoccupied space and the life cycle of the cloud data ends.

❖ WHAT IS THE ROLE OF NETWORKING IN CLOUD COMPUTING?

Networking plays a critical role in cloud computing. It enables cloud computing providers to
connect their data centers, deliver cloud services to users, and secure cloud computing
environments.
Networks are used to establish connections between various components of the cloud
infrastructure, ensuring high availability, scalability, and efficient data transfer.

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Without networking, cloud computing would not be possible, as it forms the backbone of
communication and resource sharing in the cloud environment.

What is Networking?
Networking involves the connection of computers, servers, and devices to enable
communication and resource sharing. Networks can be local (e.g., home or office networks)
or wide-area (e.g., the internet).
In the context of cloud computing, networking facilitates the transfer of data between cloud
service providers’ data centers, users, and other components of the cloud infrastructure.

Benefits of Networking
• Networks allow computers and devices to communicate with each other, enabling
file sharing, collaborative work, and real-time interactions.
• Networks enable the sharing of resources such as printers, storage devices, and
applications among connected devices. This promotes efficiency and reduces
costs by eliminating the need for redundant resources.
• Networking provides a central point for managing access to resources, allowing
for the implementation of security measures such as firewalls, access controls, and
intrusion detection systems.
• Networks establish multiple paths for data to travel between devices, improving
availability and ensuring seamless connectivity even in the event of network
failures.

Role of Networking in Cloud Computing

Networking plays an important role in various aspects of cloud computing:

1. Connecting Data Centers

Cloud computing providers use networks to interconnect their data centers, which are the
physical locations where cloud services are hosted. These networks facilitate the transfer of
data and enable resource sharing between data centers, ensuring high availability, fault
tolerance, and scalability of cloud services.

2. Delivering Cloud Services

Networks are crucial for delivering cloud services to users. Cloud providers utilize various
network technologies, including the internet, private networks, and dedicated connections, to
ensure the efficient transfer of data between their infrastructure and end-users. These networks
enable users to access cloud services from anywhere, at any time, with minimal latency.

3. Securing Cloud Computing Environments

Networking plays a significant role in securing cloud computing environments. Cloud

providers implement network-level security measures such as firewalls, virtual private
networks (VPNs), and intrusion detection systems (IDS) to protect against unauthorized access,
data breaches, and other security threats. Networks also facilitate traffic monitoring and
encryption to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data within the cloud infrastructure.

4. Increases cost-efficiency

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Cloud networking or Network as a Service (NaaS) offers a cost-effective alternative to

traditional setups, as organizations can avoid the upfront expenses of purchasing and
maintaining their network equipment and software. The pay-per-use model allows businesses
to pay only for the resources they consume, promoting financial efficiency.

5. Helps boost productivity

Cloud networking services handle configuration, maintenance – updates, and upgrades, freeing
up valuable time for the IT staff, and allowing them to redirect their efforts from routine tasks
like hardware and software upgrades to more strategic business priorities.

6. Enables reliability and high availability

It minimizes downtime by efficiently distributing workload, reducing the need for system
shutdown during updates. By ensuring uninterrupted access to resources, cloud networking
enables high availability.

7. Enables quick deployment

Cloud networking enables rapid deployment of new applications without having to wait for the
installation and configuration of networking tools. It also allows you to swiftly adapt to
changing requirements without significant delays.

8. Provides high scalability and flexibility

Cloud networking providers can easily scale an organization’s resources without the need for
additional on-premises infrastructure. Users have the flexibility to choose from public, private,
or hybrid cloud deployment models based on their specific needs.

9. Enhances security

Cloud networking providers offer robust security options, including firewalls, encryption,
authentication, and malware protection. These security features help safeguard data and
infrastructure addressing concerns associated with unauthorized access and cyber threats.

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