MANUAL ULTRASONIC TESTING - FORMULAS

Feature Formula Remarks

T1 → Actual Thickness, T2 → Apparent Thickness}
Velocity in the material V2 = {T1/ T2} x V1
V1 → Velocity of Medium 1 V2 → Velocity of Medium 2
Wavelength λ = V/F λ → Wave Length [m]
V → Velocity [m/s]
Frequency F = V/ λ F → Frequency (Hz)
V → Velocity [m/s]
Acoustic Impedance Z=Vxρ ρ → Density [kg/m3
Z → Acoustic Impedance
E →Modulus of elasticity (Young’s modulus) [N/m2]
VL ={E(1-v) /ρ(1+v) (1-2v)}1/2 m/s
Longitudinal wave velocity ρ → Mass density [kg/m3]
v → Poisson’s ratio

Transverse wave velocity VT ={E/2ρ(1+v)}1/2 = (G/ρ) 1/2 m/s G →Shear modulus [N/m2]

Snell's Law Sinθi / Sinθr = Vi/ Vr Vi, Vr → the longitudinal wave velocities in the first and second
materials, respectively
1st Critical Angle Sinθi / Sin900 = Vi/ Vr θi, θr → the angles of incident and refracted longitudinal waves,
respectively
→Longitudinal waves are refracted into the second medium at
2nd Critical Angle Sinθi / Sin900 = Vi/ Vr 90o
→shear waves are refracted into the second medium at 90o
Reflection coefficient for normal
R = {(Z2-Z1) / (Z2+ Z1)}2
incidence
% Reflected Sound Pressure R = (Z2-Z1) / (Z2+ Z1) x 100% Z1 →Acoustic impedance of Medium 1
Transmission coefficient for normal Z2 → Acoustic impedance of Medium 2
T = 4Z1Z2/ (Z2 + Z1)
incidence
% Transmitted Pressure T = 2Z2/ (Z2 + Z1) x 100%
V1 → Velocity of Material A1
Refractive Index n = Vc1/Vc2
V2 → Velocity of material B2
TBW = (Depth - N) (2Tan θ ) + T x Element
Total Beam Width
Diameter
Transit Time TT=2T /V V = 2T/t & V → Sound velocity (longitudinal or shear) [m/s]
Distance to reflector or T → Time difference [s]
D = V x T/2 D → Distance (m)
discontinuity

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Center Frequency FC= F1 + F2 /2

Bandwidth %BW = (F2-F1 ) / Fc x 100%
FC→ Centre frequency F2→ lower frequency F1→Higher
Q Factor FC/ (F2-F1)
Frequency
D → Transducer diameter [mm]
Near Field Length No = D2x F/4V or D2/4λ F → Transducer frequency [Hz]
λ → Sound velocity [mm/s]
Sin(θ/2) = 1.22 x V/ DF x or 1.22 λ/ D or k λ/ D θ → Beam divergence angle from centerline to point where signal
Beam Spread {dB→ Theoretical Null k=1.22; @20dB k=1.08;
is at half strength
@10dB k=0.88; @6dB k=0.56; @3dB k=0.37)
A0 → Initial (un-attenuated) amplitude
A = A0e-µt A → Attenuation [dB/m]
Attenuation
µ = 0.693/x t → Traveled distance [m]
µ → Attenuation coefficient of material
Skip Distance 2T x Tan θ
Full beam Path 2T / Cos θ BP → Sound/Beam Path
Full surface Distance BP x Sin θ SD → Skip/Surface/Projected Distance
T → Thickness
Depth (1st Leg) BP x Cos θ D → Depth
Depth (2nd Leg) 2T - (BP x Cos θ) SD = Sin θ∘ x sound path length (BP)
Depth (3rd Leg) (BP x Cos θ) - 2T
Depth Depth = SD / Tan θ
Maximum specimen thickness for a T → thickness (Max)
T = V/PRR*2
given pulse rate PRR → Pulse Repetition Rate (Hz)
Maximum Pulse Repetition Rate Max PRR = V1/2t
V → Velocity of Specimen mm s-1
Pulse Repetition Frequency PRR = Vm / 2 x n x tjob T → Distance of return trip (2 x thickness) mm
Max distance (range) for given n → Number of hits
Range max = V/2 x PRF
PRF/PRR
VScan = (Ø + d) * PRR Time = {(Ø + d) PRR}/n

circumference of a Circle P x Diameter

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Distance Speed x Time; time=distance/speed

Piezo Electric Crystal Thickness t = λ/2 = V/2f t → Thickness, λ → wavelength, V → Velocity f → frequency
Speed / Circumference & RPM = No. of
Revolution/Time
RPM
No.of revolution = Length /Db & 2∏r/Surface
Speed
Linear speed RPM x Db
Circumference Speed SC = ∏ x D x RPM
Linear Scanning Speed (SL) = W x RPM
W = Probe Ø – overlap
Scanning Index
Effective scan area = Probe area – overlap
W = Width of the plate So area scanned / see = s x w
L = Length Total area = L x W
minimum PRF VxN/D
Maximum Scanning Speed (x,y) (Min. Flaw Length + EBW) x PRR
dB ratio between two reflectors of
dB = 20 Log (A1 / A2) dB →gain, A1 →Reflector Amplitude1, A2→Reflector Amplitude 2
known area two screen height
Calculation of the dB ratio between
dB = 40 Log (A1 / A2) dB→ gain, D1 →Diameter of Reflector1, D2 →Diameter of Reflector2
two reflectors of known diameter
dB Ratio Inv Log (dB / 20) {i,e H2 = H1 Antilog (dB/20)}
WE = F(water) x (C(water)) / (C(steel));
Water Equivalent (steel)
(F - Focal Length)
Minimum water path Material Thickness X {VW/VM}
MAX b Suitable testing angle for pipe SIN -1 (ID / OD)
F → Focal Length and R →Radius of lens curvature
Focal Length R = F (n-1)/n or F = R {n/(n-1)}
n → Refractive Index
Angle Beam Testing of pipe T = d*(1-Sinɸ)/2; Sinɸ = 1-(2t/d) t →Maximum wall thickness, d → OD of Pipe, ɸ →Probe angle
Z → Acoustic Impedance; A → Amplitude
2 2
Elastic force Energy α ZA or P /Z P → Pressure of piezoelectric Crystal

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Longitudinal/Transverse/ Surface
VT ≈ 0.5VL & VR = 0.9 VT
wave Relations
Minimum tip length for a delay line T →Thickness of Specimen
MTL = t x V1/V2
(standard) probe V1 →Velocity tip of Material1 and V2 →Velocity of Specimen2
Probe Angle (shear) = Arc Sin 2 pipe thickness mm
Angle Beam Testing of Pipe/Lugs Θ0 = Arc Sin 2t/d
Pipe outer diameter mm
Angle Beam Testing of Pipe/Lugs
Probe Angle (shear) = Arc Sin x (inner diameter mm/outer
(Also applies to any curved surfaces θ∘ = Arc Sin (ID/OD) x Sin 450
diameter mm) x Sin 45∘
with constant thickness)
Minimum Water Path in Immersion Minimum Water Path
MWP = t x (V1/V2)
Tests (MWP) = Thickness of Specimen x (Velocity Water/Velocity Specimen)
Water Path for Immersion Tests with Water Path mm = Focal Depth w – {Focal Depth x Velocity of
F1 = F2 - {F3 x V3/V2}
Focused Probes Material/Velocity of Water}
Focal distance in range = Water Path + (water focal distance –
Beam Focal Distance in 2 Materials F = WP + {fw-WP)*V1/V2)}
water path) x V water/V specimen)

TABLE FOR SOUND VELOCITIES

Material Longitudinal Velocity Shear Velocity

Aluminum VL= 6320 m/s Vs= 3130 m/s
Al.250 VL= 6350 m/s Vs=3100 m/s
Beryllimn VL= 12800 m/s Vs= 8710 m/s
Brass VL = 4430 m/s Vs = 2120 m/s
Copper VL = 4700 m/s Vs= 2260 m/s
Lucite VL = 2670 m/s Vs= 1120 m/s
Perspex VL = 2730 m/s Vs= 1430 m/s
Steel VL = 5940 m/s Vs= 3250 m/s
Stainless steel VL = 5660 m/s Vs= 3120 m/s
Water VL= 1480 m/s --------------------
Barium Titanate VL=4400 m/s --------------------

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