There has never been a better time than this to explore a career around data

warehousing, and with companies investing in tools like Informatica

PowerCenter, there is a critical need for trained personnel to leverage these
tools for better business insights. So we, at Edureka, have compiled a set of
Question Answer type and Scenario based Informatica Interview questions,
which will help you ace the Informatica interviews.

You can go through this Informatica Interview Questions video lecture where
our expert is discussing the important question that can help you ace your
interview.

Informatica Interview Questions and Answers for 2022 |

Edureka

Informatica Interview Questions:

Over the years, the data warehousing ecosystem has changed. Data warehouses
aren’t just bigger than a few years ago, they’re faster, support new data types,
and serve a wider range of business-critical functions. But the most important
change has been in their ability to provide actionable insights to enterprises and
reshape the way companies look at innovation, competition and business
outcomes. The fact that data warehousing is today one of the most critical
components of an enterprise, has led to tremendous growth in job opportunities
and roles. If you are exploring a job opportunity around Informatica, here is a
list of Informatica interview questions that will help you crack your Informatica
interview. However, if you have already taken an Informatica interview, or have
more questions, we urge you to add them in the comments tab below to help
the community at large.

1. What are the differences between connected lookup and

unconnected lookup?

Connected vs Unconnected Lookups

Connected Lookup Unconnected Lookup

1. It receives input from the pipeline &

1. It receives input from the result of an LKP
participates in the data flow.

2. It can use both, dynamic and static cache. 2. It can’t be dynamic.

3. It can return more than one column value i.e.

3. It can return only one column value.
output port.

4. It caches only the lookup output ports in t

4. It caches all lookup columns.
return port & lookup conditions.

5. It supports user-defined default values. 5. It doesn’t support user-defined default va

2. What is Lookup transformation?

 Lookup transformation is used to look up a source, source qualifier, or

target in order to get relevant data.
 It is used to look up a ‘flat file’, ‘relational table’, ‘view’ or ‘synonym’.
 Lookup can be configured as Active or Passive as well as Connected or
Unconnected transformation.
 When the mapping contains the lookup transformation, the integration
service queries the lookup data and compares it with lookup input port
values. One can use multiple lookup transformations in a mapping.
 The lookup transformation is created with the following type of ports:
o Input port (I)
o Output port (O)
o Look up Ports (L)
o Return Port (R)

3. How many input parameters can exist in an unconnected

lookup?
Any number of input parameters can exist. For instance, you can provide input
parameters like column 1, column 2, column 3, and so on. But the return value
would only be one.

4. Name the different lookup cache(s)?

Informatica lookups can be cached or un-cached (no cache). Cached lookups can
be either static or dynamic. A lookup cache can also be divided as persistent or
non-persistent based on whether Informatica retains the cache even after
completing session run or if it deletes it.

 Static cache
 Dynamic cache
 Persistent cache
 Shared cache
 Recache

5. Is ‘sorter’ an active or passive transformation?

It is an active transformation because it removes the duplicates from the key

and consequently changes the number of rows.

6. What are the various types of transformation?

 Aggregator transformation
 Expression transformation
 Filter transformation
 Joiner transformation
 Lookup transformation
 Normalizer transformation
 Rank transformation
 Router transformation
 Sequence generator transformation
 Stored procedure transformation
 Sorter transformation
 Update strategy transformation
 XML source qualifier transformation

7. What is the difference between active and passive

transformation?

Active Transformation:- An active transformation can perform any of the

following actions:
  Change the number of rows that pass through the transformation: For
instance, the Filter transformation is active because it removes rows that
do not meet the filter condition.
 Change the transaction boundary: For e.g., the Transaction Control
transformation is active because it defines a commit or roll back
transaction based on an expression evaluated for each row.
 Change the row type: For e.g., the Update Strategy transformation is
active because it flags rows for insert, delete, update, or reject.

Passive Transformation: A passive transformation is one which will satisfy all

these conditions:

 Does not change the number of rows that pass through the
transformation
 Maintains the transaction boundary
 Maintains the row type

8. Name the output files created by Informatica server during

session running.

 Informatica server log: Informatica server (on UNIX) creates a log for all
status and error messages (default name: pm.server.log). It also creates
an error log for error messages. These files will be created
in the Informaticahome directory.
 Session log file: Informatica server creates session log files for each
session. It writes information about sessions into log files such as
initialization process, creation of SQL commands for reader and writer
threads, errors encountered and load summary. The amount of detail
in the session log file depends on the tracing level that you set.
 Session detail file: This file contains load statistics for each target in
mapping. Session detail includes information such as table name, number
of rows written or rejected. You can view this file by double clicking on the
session in the monitor window.
 Performance detail file: This file contains session performance details
which tells you where performance can be improved. To generate this
file, select the performance detail option in the session property sheet.
 Reject file: This file contains the rows of data that the writer does not write
to targets.
 Control file: Informatica server creates a control file and a target file when
you run a session that uses the external loader. The control file contains
the information about the target flat file such as data format and loading
instructions for the external loader.
  Post session email: Post session email allows you to automatically
communicate information about a session run to designated recipients.
You can create two different messages. One if the session completed
successfully and another if the session fails.
 Indicator file: If you use the flat file as a target, you can configure the
Informatica server to create an indicator file. For each target row, the
indicator file contains a number to indicate whether the row was marked
for insert, update, delete or reject.
 Output file: If a session writes to a target file, the Informatica server
creates the target file based on file properties entered in the session
property sheet.
 Cache files: When the Informatica server creates a memory cache, it also
creates cache files. For the following circumstances, Informatica server
creates index and data cache files.

9. How do you differentiate dynamic cache from static cache?

The differences are shown in the table below:

10. What are the types of groups in router transformation?

  Input group
 Output group
 Default group

11. What is the difference between STOP and ABORT options in

Workflow Monitor?

On issuing the STOP command on the session task, the integration service stops
reading data from the source although it continues processing the data to
targets. If the integration service cannot finish processing and committing data,
we can issue the abort command.

ABORT command has a timeout period of 60 seconds. If the integration service

cannot finish processing data within the timeout period, it kills the DTM process
and terminates the session

12. How can we store previous session logs?

If you run the session in the time stamp mode then automatically session log out
will not overwrite the current session log.

Go to Session Properties –> Config Object –> Log Options

Select the properties as follows:

Save session log by –> SessionRuns

Save session log for these runs –> Change the number that you want to save the
number of log files (Default is 0)

If you want to save all of the log files created by every run, and then select the
option Save session log for these runs –> Session TimeStamp

You can find these properties in the session/workflow Properties.

13. What are the similarities and differences between ROUTER and
FILTER?

The differences are:

Advantages of Router transformation over Filter transformation:

 Better Performance; because in mapping, the Router transformation

Informatica server processes the input data only once instead of as many
times, as you have conditions in Filter transformation.
 Less complexity; because we use only one Router transformation instead
of multiple Filter transformations.
 Router transformation is more efficient than Filter transformation.

For E.g.:

Imagine we have 3 departments in source and want to send these records into 3
tables. To achieve this, we require only one Router transformation. In case we
want to get same result with Filter transformation then we require at least 3
Filter transformations.

Similarity:

A Router and Filter transformation are almost same because both

transformations allow you to use a condition to test data.

14. Why is sorter an active transformation?

When the Sorter transformation is configured to treat output rows as distinct, it

assigns all ports as part of the sort key. The integration service discards
duplicate rows that were compared during the sort operation. The number of
input rows will vary as compared to the output rows and hence it is an active
transformation.
15. When do you use SQL override in a lookup transformation?

You should override the lookup query in the following circumstances:

1. Override the ORDER BY clause. Create the ORDER BY clause with fewer
columns to increase performance. When you override the ORDER BY
clause, you must suppress the generated ORDER BY clause with a
comment notation.
Note: If you use pushdown optimization, you cannot override the ORDER
BY clause or suppress the generated ORDER BY clause with a comment
notation.
2. A lookup table name or column names contains a reserved word. If the
table name or any column name in the lookup query contains a reserved
word, you must ensure that they are enclosed in quotes.
3. Use parameters and variables. Use parameters and variables when you
enter a lookup SQL override. Use any parameter or variable type that you
can define in the parameter file. You can enter a parameter or variable
within the SQL statement, or use a parameter or variable as the SQL
query. For example, you can use a session parameter,
$ParamMyLkpOverride, as the lookup SQL query, and set
$ParamMyLkpOverride to the SQL statement in a parameter file. The
designer cannot expand parameters and variables in the query override
and does not validate it when you use a parameter or variable. The
integration service expands the parameters and variables when you run
the session.
4. A lookup column name contains a slash (/) character. When generating
the default lookup query, the designer and integration service replace any
slash character (/) in the lookup column name with an underscore
character. To query lookup column names containing the slash character,
override the default lookup query, replace the underscore characters with
the slash character, and enclose the column name in double quotes.
5. Add a WHERE clause. Use a lookup SQL override to add a WHERE clause to
the default SQL statement. You might want to use the WHERE clause to
reduce the number of rows included in the cache. When you add a WHERE
clause to a Lookup transformation using a dynamic cache, use a Filter
transformation before the Lookup transformation to pass rows into the
dynamic cache that match the WHERE clause.
Note: The session fails if you include large object ports in a WHERE clause.
6. Other. Use a lookup SQL override if you want to query lookup data from
multiple lookups or if you want to modify the data queried from the
lookup table before the Integration Service caches the lookup rows. For
example, use TO_CHAR to convert dates to strings.
16. What are data driven sessions?

When you configure a session using update strategy, the session property data
driven instructs Informatica server to use the instructions coded in mapping to
flag the rows for insert, update, delete or reject. This is done by
mentioning DD_UPDATE or DD_INSERT or DD_DELETE in the update
strategy transformation.

“Treat source rows as” property in session is set to “Data Driven” by default
when using a update strategy transformation in a mapping.

17. What are mapplets?

•A Mapplet is a reusable object that we create in the Mapplet Designer.

•It contains a set of transformations and lets us reuse that transformation logic
in multiple mappings.
18. What is the difference between Mapping and Mapplet?

19. How can we delete duplicate rows from flat files?

We can make use of sorter transformation and select distinct option to delete
the duplicate rows.

20. What is the use of source qualifier?

The source qualifier transformation is an active, connected transformation used

to represent the rows that the integrations service reads when it runs a session.
You need to connect the source qualifier transformation to the relational or flat
file definition in a mapping. The source qualifier transformation converts the
source data types to the Informatica native data types. So, you should not alter
the data types of the ports in the source qualifier transformation.

The source qualifier transformation can be used to perform the following tasks:
  Joins: You can join two or more tables from the same source database. By
default, the sources are joined based on the primary key-foreign key
relationships. This can be changed by explicitly specifying the join
condition in the “user-defined join” property.
 Filter rows: You can filter the rows from the source database. The
integration service adds a WHERE clause to the default query.
 Sorting input: You can sort the source data by specifying the number for
sorted ports. The integration service adds an ORDER BY clause to the
default SQL query
 Distinct rows: You can get distinct rows from the source by choosing the
“Select Distinct” property. The integration service adds a SELECT DISTINCT
statement to the default SQL query.
 Custom SQL Query: You can write your own SQL query to do calculations.

21. What are the different ways to filter rows using Informatica
transformations?

 Source Qualifier
 Joiner
 Filter
 Router

22. What are the different transformations where you can use a
SQL override?

 Source Qualifier
 Lookup
 Target

23. Why is it that in some cases, SQL override is used?

The Source Qualifier provides the SQL Query option to override the default
query. You can enter any SQL statement supported by your source database.
You might enter your own SELECT statement, or have the database perform
aggregate calculations, or call a stored procedure or stored function to read the
data and perform some tasks.

24. State the differences between SQL Override and Lookup

Override?

 The role of SQL Override is to limit the number of incoming rows entering
the mapping pipeline, whereas Lookup Override is used to limit the
 number of lookup rows to avoid the whole table scan by saving the
lookup time and the cache it uses.
 Lookup Override uses the “Order By” clause by default. SQL Override
doesn’t use it and should be manually entered in the query if we require it
 SQL Override can provide any kind of ‘join’ by writing the query
Lookup Override provides only Non-Equi joins.
 Lookup Override gives only one record even if it finds multiple records for
a single condition
SQL Override doesn’t do that.

If you want to get hands-on learning on Informatica, you can also check out the
tutorial given below. In this tutorial, you will learn about Informatica
Architecture, Domain & Nodes in Informatica, and other related concepts.

25. What is parallel processing in Informatica?

After optimizing the session to its fullest, we can further improve performance
by exploiting under utilized hardware power. This refers to parallel processing
and we can achieve this in Informatica Powercenter using Partitioning Sessions.

The Informatica Powercenter Partitioning Option increases the performance of

the Powercenter through parallel data processing. The Partitioning option will let
you split the large data set into smaller subsets which can be processed in
parallel to get a better session performance.
26. What are the different ways to implement parallel processing
in Informatica?

We can implement parallel processing using various types of partition

algorithms:

Database partitioning: The Integration Service queries the database system for
table partition information. It reads partitioned data from the corresponding
nodes in the database.

Round-Robin Partitioning: Using this partitioning algorithm, the Integration

service distributes data evenly among all partitions. It makes sense to use
round-robin partitioning when you need to distribute rows evenly and do not
need to group data among partitions.

Hash Auto-Keys Partitioning: The Powercenter Server uses a hash function to

group rows of data among partitions. When the hash auto-key partition is used,
the Integration Service uses all grouped or sorted ports as a compound partition
key. You can use hash auto-keys partitioning at or before Rank, Sorter, and
unsorted Aggregator transformations to ensure that rows are grouped properly
before they enter these transformations.

Hash User-Keys Partitioning: Here, the Integration Service uses a hash

function to group rows of data among partitions based on a user-defined
partition key. You can individually choose the ports that define the partition key.

Key Range Partitioning: With this type of partitioning, you can specify one or
more ports to form a compound partition key for a source or target. The
Integration Service then passes data to each partition depending on the ranges
you specify for each port.

Pass-through Partitioning: In this type of partitioning, the Integration Service

passes all rows from one partition point to the next partition point without
redistributing them.

27. What are the different levels at which performance

improvement can be performed in Informatica?
Image Source

28. Mention a few design and development best practices for

Informatica.

Mapping design tips:Standards – sticking to consistent standards is beneficial in

the long run. This includes naming conventions, descriptions, environment
settings, parameter files, documentation, among others.

 Reusability – in order to react quickly to potential changes, use

Informatica components like mapplets, worklets, and reusable
transformations.
 Scalability – when designing and developing mappings, it is a good
practice to keep volumes in mind. This is caching, queries, partitioning,
initial vs incremental loads.
 Simplicity – it is recommended to create multiple mappings instead of few
complex ones. Use Staging Area and try to keep the processing logic as
clear and simple as possible.
 Modularity – use the modular design technique (common error handling,
reprocessing).

Mapping development best practices

 Source Qualifier – use shortcuts, extract only the necessary data, limit
read of columns and rows on source. Try to use the default query options
(User Defined Join, Filter) instead of using SQL Query override which may
impact database resources and make unable to use partitioning and
push-down.
 Expressions – use local variables to limit the amount of redundant
calculations, avoid datatype conversions, reduce invoking external scripts
(coding outside of Informatica), provide comments, use operators (||, +, /)
 instead of functions. Keep in mind that numeric operations are generally
faster than string operations.
 Filter – use the Filter transformation as close to the source as possible. If
multiple filters need to be applied, usually it’s more efficient to replace
them with Router.
 Aggregator – use sorted input, also use as early (close to the source) as
possible and filter the data before aggregating.
 Joiner – try to join the data in Source Qualifier wherever possible, and
avoid outer joins. It is good practice to use a source with fewer rows, such
as a Master source.
 Lookup – relational lookup should only return ports that meet the
condition. Call Unconnected Lookup in expression (IIF). Replace large
lookup tables with joins whenever possible. Review the database objects
and add indexes to database columns when possible. Use Cache
Calculator in session to eliminate paging in lookup cache.

29. What are the different types of profiles in Informatica?

30. Explain shared cache and re cache.

To answer this question, it is essential to understand persistence cache. If we are

performing lookup on a table, it looks up all the data brings it inside the data
cache. However, at the end of each session, the Informatica server deletes all the
cache files. If you configure the lookup as a persistent cache, the server saves
the lookup under an anonymous name. Shared cache allows you to use this
cache in other mappings by directing it to an existing cache.

31.Differentiate between Informatica and DataStage.

Informatica and IBM InfoSphere DataStage are both popular data integration
and ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tools used in the field of data management.
They serve similar purposes but have differences in their features, capabilities,
and underlying architectures. Here’s a comparison between the two:

Informatica Certification Training Course

 Instructor-led Sessions
 Real-life Case Studies
 Assignments
 Lifetime Access

Explore Curriculum

IBM InfoSphere
Aspect Informatica
DataStage
IBM (International
Vendor Informatica Corporation Business Machines
Corporation)
Comprehensive ETL, data ETL, data
Features and integration, data profiling, data transformation, data
Capabilities quality, data governance, master quality, parallel
data management processing
Scalable with emphasis
Scalability Scalable for large volumes of data
on parallel processing
Visual interface with a
User-friendly drag-and-drop
User Interface steeper learning curve for
interface
business users
Integrates well with other
Wide range of connectors and
Integration IBM products and
integration options
technologies
Deployment On-premises and cloud-based On-premises and cloud
Options options deployment options
Market Widely recognized and used in the Strong market presence,
Presence industry particularly among
 IBM InfoSphere
Aspect Informatica
DataStage
IBM (International
Vendor Informatica Corporation Business Machines
Corporation)
Comprehensive ETL, data ETL, data
Features and integration, data profiling, data transformation, data
Capabilities quality, data governance, master quality, parallel
data management processing
Scalable with emphasis
Scalability Scalable for large volumes of data
on parallel processing
existing IBM users

32.What is Informatica PowerCenter?

Informatica PowerCenter is a widely-used enterprise data integration and ETL

(Extract, Transform, Load) tool developed by Informatica Corporation. It serves
as a comprehensive data integration platform that allows organizations to
efficiently and securely move, transform, and manage large volumes of data
across various systems, applications, and platforms.

Key features and components of Informatica PowerCenter include:

1. ETL Capabilities: PowerCenter facilitates the extraction of data from

multiple sources, its transformation based on business rules, and the
loading of transformed data into target systems, such as data
warehouses, databases, and cloud storage.
2. Data Profiling and Quality: PowerCenter includes tools for data profiling,
which enables the assessment and analysis of data quality, consistency,
and completeness. It helps identify data issues and anomalies.
3. Data Governance: The platform supports data governance initiatives by
providing data lineage, impact analysis, and metadata management
capabilities. This helps ensure data accuracy, compliance, and
accountability.
4. Data Integration: PowerCenter supports integration with a wide range of
data sources and destinations, including relational databases, cloud
services, flat files, mainframes, and more.
5. Scalability: PowerCenter is designed to handle large-scale data
integration projects, making it suitable for enterprises with diverse data
integration needs.
 6. Connectivity: The tool provides a variety of connectors and adapters to
connect with different data sources, applications, and systems, facilitating
seamless data movement.
7. Workflow Automation: PowerCenter enables the creation of workflows
to orchestrate and schedule data integration tasks. This automation
enhances efficiency and reduces manual intervention.
8. Transformation: PowerCenter offers a wide range of transformation
functions for data cleansing, enrichment, aggregation, and more. Users
can design and customize transformations based on specific business
requirements.
9. Performance Optimization: The platform includes features like
pushdown optimization, parallel processing, and caching to enhance data
processing speed and efficiency.
10.Monitoring and Management: PowerCenter provides monitoring and
management tools to track job execution, manage resources, and
troubleshoot issues in real-time.

Informatica PowerCenter is widely used across industries to address data

integration challenges, streamline business processes, and enable data-driven
decision-making. It has become a go-to solution for organizations seeking a
robust and flexible platform to manage their data integration and ETL
requirements.

33.Mention some use cases of Informatica.

Certainly, here are some additional use cases of Informatica:

1. Regulatory Compliance: Informatica is used to ensure compliance with

data protection regulations like GDPR (General Data Protection
Regulation) by managing and securing personal data.
2. Data Governance: Organizations employ Informatica to establish data
governance frameworks, defining data ownership, quality standards, and
policies to ensure data accuracy and consistency.
3. Data Integration for Mergers and Acquisitions: During mergers or
acquisitions, Informatica helps integrate data from disparate systems,
ensuring a smooth transition and consolidation of data.
4. Logistics and Transportation: Informatica aids in integrating data from
different logistics systems, optimizing routes, tracking shipments, and
enhancing overall supply chain efficiency.
5. Energy and Utilities: Informatica is used to integrate data from various
sources in the energy sector, such as smart meters and sensors, to
monitor energy consumption and optimize distribution.
 6. Media and Entertainment: Informatica supports media companies in
managing content, metadata, and distribution data across different
platforms and channels.
7. Education Institutions: Educational institutions use Informatica to
integrate student data, course information, and administrative records for
effective management.
8. Government Services: Informatica helps government agencies integrate
and manage citizen data, improving service delivery and enhancing data
accuracy.
9. Manufacturing: Informatica assists in integrating data from production
lines, sensors, and manufacturing systems, optimizing processes and
improving overall productivity.
10.Pharmaceuticals: In the pharmaceutical industry, Informatica aids in
integrating data from clinical trials, research databases, and regulatory
systems for efficient drug development and compliance.
11.Insurance: Informatica is used to integrate customer information, policy
data, and claims data, enabling insurers to provide better services and risk
assessment.
12.Hospitality and Travel: Informatica helps integrate booking data,
customer preferences, and loyalty program information, enhancing
customer experiences in the hospitality sector.
13.Agriculture: In the agriculture industry, Informatica assists in integrating
data from sensors, weather forecasts, and crop management systems to
optimize farming practices.
14.Automotive: Automotive companies use Informatica to integrate data
from production lines, supply chains, and customer feedback systems to
enhance quality control and innovation.
15.Non-profit Organizations: Informatica helps non-profits integrate donor
information, program data, and fundraising records for improved donor
relationship management.

These use cases illustrate the versatility of Informatica across a wide range of
industries and sectors, showcasing its ability to address diverse data integration
and management challenges.

34.In Informatica Workflow Manager, how many repositories can be

created?

You can build multiple repositories in Informatica Workflow Manager to organize

and handle your ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) workflows and related items.
There is no hard limit on how many repositories you can make, but it usually
relies on your Informatica license and the hardware tools you have to host the
repositories.

Each repository is its own area where workflows, maps, sessions, and other
related items can be made, saved, and managed. You could make multiple
folders to keep projects, teams, or settings separate. But the number of folders
you can make may depend on how your Informatica system is licensed and how
much space it has.

When choosing how many sources to make, it’s important to think about the
organization’s needs, security needs, and speed. If you work in a setting with
more than one team or have more than one project, making separate
repositories can help keep things organized and easy to handle. For the best
ways to handle a repository, you should look at the official instructions from
Informatica and the rules from your company.

35.How do pre- and post-session shell commands function?

In Informatica PowerCenter, pre-session and post-session shell commands are

custom commands that you can execute before and after a session runs within a
workflow. These commands allow you to perform specific actions outside the
scope of the session itself, such as preparing the environment, cleaning up
resources, or logging information.

Here’s how pre-session and post-session shell commands function:

Pre-Session Shell Command:

1. Configuration: In the workflow, when you define a session, you can

specify a pre-session shell command. This command is defined in the
session properties and is executed before the session begins its
execution.

2. Purpose: Pre-session shell commands are often used to set up the

environment for the session. This can include tasks like initializing
variables, clearing temporary files, or connecting to external resources.
 3. Execution: Just before the session starts running, the Informatica server
executes the pre-session shell command. It’s a script or command that
you provide, and you can include any necessary commands or logic within
it.

Post-Session Shell Command:

1. Configuration: Similar to the pre-session command, you can specify a

post-session shell command in the session properties. This command is
executed after the session completes its execution.

2. Purpose: Post-session shell commands are used for actions that need to
take place after the session runs. This can include tasks like generating
reports, archiving logs, or triggering notifications.

3. Execution: After the session has finished running, the Informatica

server immediately executes the post-session shell command. Like
the pre-session command, you can include custom commands or scripts
to perform the desired actions.

Usage:

– You can use pre-session and post-session shell commands to customize and
extend the functionality of your ETL processes.

– These commands can be written in various scripting languages like Unix Shell
Script, Windows Batch Script, or any language supported by the execution
environment.

Considerations:

– When using shell commands, ensure that the environment and permissions
are set correctly to execute the desired actions.
– Be cautious with these commands, as they run outside the scope of the actual
ETL logic. Incorrect commands can lead to unexpected results or errors.

Overall, pre-session and post-session shell commands provide a way to integrate

external actions into your ETL workflows, enhancing the overall automation and
management of your data integration processes.

36.What can we do to improve the performance of Informatica

Aggregator transformation?

To enhance the performance of Informatica Aggregator transformations, you

can employ several optimization techniques. These strategies aim to streamline
data processing and minimize resource usage. Here are some ways to improve
the performance of the Aggregator transformation:

1. Sort Data: If possible, sort the data before it enters the Aggregator
transformation. Sorting data beforehand improves the efficiency of
grouping and aggregation processes.
2. Minimize Input Rows: Filter out irrelevant rows from the input data using
filters and routers. This reduces the data volume entering the Aggregator.
3. Use Sorted Ports for Grouping: If your data is already sorted, utilize
ports with “sorted” attributes for grouping. This speeds up group
processing.
4. Simplify Expressions: Reduce the use of complex expressions within the
Aggregator transformation, as these can slow down processing.
5. Limit Grouping Ports: Only use necessary grouping ports to avoid
unnecessary memory usage.
6. Aggregator Cache: Utilize the Aggregator cache to store intermediate
results and minimize data processing repetition.
7. Enable Aggregator Sorted Input: If the data isn’t pre-sorted, enable the
“Aggregator Sorted Input” option to sort data within the transformation.
8. Parallel Processing: Leverage partitioning and parallel processing to
distribute workloads across multiple resources, if feasible.
9. Memory Allocation: Adjust memory settings in session properties to
allocate adequate memory for the Aggregator transformation.
10.Source Indexes and Partitioning: Consider using indexes and
partitioning in the source database for efficient data retrieval.
11.Pushdown Optimization: If supported, use pushdown optimization to
perform some aggregation operations directly within the source
database.
 12.Persistent Cache: For large datasets, implement persistent cache to store
aggregated data across sessions, minimizing recalculations.
13.Regular Monitoring: Monitor session logs and performance metrics to
identify performance bottlenecks and areas for optimization.
14.Test Different Configurations: Test various configurations to determine
the most effective settings for your specific environment.
15.Aggregate at Source: Whenever possible, perform aggregations at the
source database level before data extraction.
16.Use Aggregator Expressions Wisely: Use built-in aggregate functions
rather than custom expressions whenever feasible.
17.Avoid Unnecessary Ports: Remove any unused input/output ports from
the Aggregator transformation.
18.Properly Define Ports: Ensure that the “precision” and “scale” properties
of output ports are appropriately defined to minimize data type
conversions.
19.Session-Level Recovery: Enable session-level recovery to resume a
session from the point of failure, minimizing reprocessing.

Implementing a combination of these techniques based on your specific use

case can significantly improve the performance of your Informatica Aggregator
transformations and overall ETL processes.

37.How can we update a record in the target table without using Update
Strategy?

To update records in the target table without using the Update Strategy
transformation in Informatica, you can use the “Update” option available in the
Target Designer. This approach is suitable when you want to update existing
records in the target table based on certain conditions. Here’s how you can
achieve this:

1. Using the Target Designer:

– Open the Target Designer in Informatica.

– Edit the target table definition.

– In the “Keys” tab, specify the primary key or unique key columns that will be
used to identify records for updates.
 – In the “Update as Update” option, select the columns that you want to update
in the target table.

– Save the target definition.

2. In the Mapping:

– In your mapping, ensure that you are using the same primary key or unique
key columns in the source that match the key columns defined in the target.

– Connect the source to the target, passing data through transformations as

needed.

– The mapping will pass data to the target table, and during the session run,
Informatica will compare the source data with the target data using the defined
key columns.

– Records with matching keys will be updated in the target table based on the
columns you specified in the “Update as Update” option.

3. In the Session:

– Open the session properties.

– In the “Mapping” tab, make sure the target table is linked to the correct target
definition.

– In the “Properties” tab, ensure the “Target Load Plan” is set to “Normal” or
“Update.”

– Save the session properties.

By configuring the target definition and session properties as described above,

Informatica will automatically handle the update operation for you based on the
matching keys. This method is effective when you want to perform updates
without explicitly using the Update Strategy transformation. However, it’s
essential to thoroughly test this approach to ensure it aligns with your data
update requirements and produces the desired results.
 38.Why do we use mapping parameters and mapping variables?

Mapping parameters and mapping variables are essential components in

Informatica that enable you to add flexibility, reusability, and dynamic behavior
to your ETL processes. They serve different purposes and are used in various
scenarios:

Mapping Parameters:

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 1. Dynamic Configuration: Mapping parameters allow you to pass values
dynamically to a mapping during runtime. This is useful when you need to
provide different parameter values for each session run, such as source
file paths, target table names, or database connection information.
2. Reusability: By using mapping parameters, you can create reusable
mappings that can be configured differently for different tasks or
environments without modifying the mapping itself.
3. Change Impact Management: If a source or target changes, you can
update the parameter value instead of modifying the mapping, reducing
the impact of changes.
4. Session Overrides: Mapping parameters can be overridden at the session
level, giving you control to adjust values specifically for each session run.
5. Globalization and Localization: Mapping parameters can be used to
accommodate language or country-specific variations without altering the
mapping structure.

Mapping Variables:

1. Calculations and Transformations: Mapping variables allow you to

perform calculations and transformations within a mapping. You can use
them to calculate derived values, perform conditional logic, or manipulate
data.
2. Change Data Capture: Mapping variables can be used to capture
changes in data or to track row counts, which can be important for
auditing purposes.
3. Custom Expressions: Mapping variables can be used to create custom
expressions, enhancing the mapping’s functionality beyond built-in
transformations.
4. Session-Level Operations: Mapping variables can be referenced in
session tasks to control session behavior dynamically. For example, you
can use them to generate dynamic file names or log messages.
5. Looping and Iterations: Mapping variables can be used in iterative
processes, allowing you to perform actions repetitively while incrementing
or modifying the variable value.

In summary, mapping parameters and mapping variables are essential tools for
making your Informatica mappings adaptable, reusable, and capable of handling
dynamic scenarios. They provide a way to externalize configuration details,
perform calculations, and enable dynamic behavior without altering the
underlying mapping structure.
 39.Define the Surrogate Key.

A surrogate key is a unique identifier assigned to each record in a database

table. It ensures uniqueness and simplifies data management. Unlike natural
keys, surrogate keys lack real-world meaning and are often integers. They
enhance data integrity, aid in efficient joins, and are valuable in data
warehousing and integration.

40.Explain sessions and shed light on how batches are used to combine
executions.

In the context of Informatica PowerCenter, a session is a unit of work that

represents the execution of a single ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) job. It
includes all parts of the data processing flow, such as getting data from source
systems, changing it, and putting it into target systems. Sessions are important
parts of a process, and the PowerCenter process Manager is used to coordinate
them.

Key Components of a Session:

1. Mapping: A session is associated with a mapping, which defines the

transformation logic applied to source data to generate target data.

2. Source and Target Definitions: Source definitions define the structure of

source data, while target definitions specify the structure of the
destination or target data.

3. Session Properties: These properties configure various aspects of the

session, including connections, transformation settings, error handling,
performance tuning, and recovery strategies.

4. Workflow Integration: Sessions are often integrated into workflows,

enabling the orchestration of multiple tasks within a coherent ETL
process.

Batches in Sessions:
Batches are used in sessions to make sure that big files are processed as quickly
as possible. Instead of handling all the data at once, batches break the data up
into smaller pieces that are easier to handle. This method improves speed,
resource use, and the way memory is handled. Batching is especially helpful
when working with a lot of data to make sure everything runs smoothly and
keep the system from getting too busy.

How Batches are Used:

1. Partitioning: Batching is often used in conjunction with data partitioning.

The data is divided into partitions, and each partition is processed as a
separate batch.

2. Memory Efficiency: Batching prevents excessive memory consumption

by processing a subset of data at a time. This is crucial for maintaining
system stability and performance.

3. Scalability: Batching facilitates scalability by allowing the system to

efficiently handle large datasets, as each batch can be processed
individually.

4. Parallel Processing: Batching enables parallelism by processing multiple

batches simultaneously, leveraging the available hardware resources.

5. Error Isolation: If errors occur within a batch, they can be contained and
addressed without affecting the entire dataset.

6. Commit Points: Batching introduces commit points at the end of each

batch, ensuring data integrity and recoverability in case of failures.

7. Optimized Resource Utilization: Batching helps manage resources

effectively and mitigates potential bottlenecks by controlling the data flow.
In conclusion, sessions in Informatica PowerCenter encompass the execution of
ETL tasks, while batches are utilized within sessions to enhance the processing
of large datasets. Batching improves memory usage, scalability, parallelism,
error management, and overall ETL performance. It’s an essential technique for
maintaining efficient data processing and ensuring the stability of the ETL
environment.

41.What is incremental aggregation?

Incremental aggregation is a technique used in data warehousing and ETL

(Extract, Transform, Load) processes to efficiently update aggregated data
without recalculating the entire dataset. Instead of processing all the source
data, incremental aggregation focuses on processing only the new or changed
data since the last aggregation run. This approach reduces processing time and
resource usage, making it particularly useful for large datasets.

42.What are the features of Informatica Developer 9.1.0?

Informatica Developer 9.1.0 is a powerful tool for data integration. It provides a

variety of features that make it easy to extract, transform, and load data from a
variety of sources.

Here are some of the key features of Informatica Developer 9.1.0:

1. Enhanced user interface: The user interface has been redesigned to be

more intuitive and user-friendly.
2. New wizards: A number of new wizards have been added to make it
easier to create and manage data integration projects.
3. Improved performance: Informatica Developer 9.1.0 has been optimized
for performance, so it can handle larger and more complex data sets.
4. New features: A number of new features have been added, such as the
ability to create and manage data profiles, the ability to use machine
learning to improve data quality, and the ability to integrate with cloud-
based services.

Here are some specific examples of the new features in Informatica Developer
9.1.0:

1. Data profiling: You can now create and manage data profiles in
Informatica Developer. Data profiles can help you to understand the
quality of your data and identify any potential problems.
 2. Machine learning: You can now use machine learning to improve the
quality of your data in Informatica Developer. Machine learning can help
you to identify and correct errors in your data, and it can also help you to
identify patterns in your data.
3. Cloud integration: Informatica Developer 9.1.0 can now integrate with
cloud-based services, such as Amazon S3 and Microsoft Azure. This allows
you to store and process data in the cloud, and it also allows you to
connect to cloud-based applications.

If you are looking for a powerful and feature-rich tool for data integration, then
Informatica Developer 9.1.0 is a good choice. It has a number of new features
that can help you to improve the quality of your data and to integrate your data
with cloud-based services.

43.What are the advantages of using Informatica as an ETL tool over

Teradata?

Informatica and Teradata are two different types of tools within the data
management ecosystem. Informatica is primarily known as an ETL (Extract,
Transform, Load) tool, while Teradata is a data warehousing and analytics
platform. It’s important to understand their roles and how they complement
each other rather than directly comparing them. However, here are some
advantages of using Informatica as an ETL tool:

Advantages of Informatica as an ETL Tool:

1. Versatility: Informatica is a versatile ETL tool that supports a wide range

of data sources and targets, making it suitable for complex data
integration scenarios.
2. Transformation Capabilities: Informatica provides powerful visual
transformation capabilities, allowing users to design and implement
complex data transformations with ease.
3. Data Quality: Informatica offers data profiling and cleansing features,
ensuring that data quality is maintained during the ETL process.
4. Metadata Management: Informatica provides robust metadata
management, facilitating better data lineage, impact analysis, and
governance.
5. Reusability: Informatica supports the creation of reusable components,
such as mappings and transformations, which promotes consistency and
reduces development time.
6. Change Data Capture: Informatica can efficiently handle change data
capture processes, allowing incremental updates to be processed.
 7. Scalability: Informatica is designed to handle large data volumes, making
it suitable for enterprises with complex data integration needs.
8. Broad Integration: Informatica integrates well with various data
warehousing platforms, including Teradata, allowing for seamless data
movement between systems.

On the other hand, Teradata offers advantages in terms of data warehousing

and analytics capabilities:

Advantages of Teradata:

1. Scalability: Teradata is known for its scalability, capable of handling

massive data volumes and supporting analytical workloads.
2. Parallel Processing: Teradata’s architecture enables parallel processing,
resulting in fast query performance for complex analytical queries.
3. Advanced Analytics: Teradata provides advanced analytics capabilities,
including machine learning and predictive analytics, for deriving insights
from data.
4. Data Storage: Teradata’s data warehousing capabilities provide
optimized storage and retrieval of historical data for analysis.
5. Performance Optimization: Teradata’s query optimizer and indexing
mechanisms contribute to efficient query performance.

In essence, Informatica and Teradata serve different purposes within the data
management landscape. Informatica is valuable for ETL processes and data
integration, while Teradata excels in data warehousing and advanced analytics.
They often work together in data pipelines, with Informatica handling data
movement and transformation, and Teradata managing the storage and analysis
of data.

Informatica Intermediate Interview Questions

1. Define Target Designer.

Target Designer is a component within Informatica PowerCenter used to design

and define the structure of target databases or tables where data will be loaded
during ETL processes. It enables you to specify columns, data types,
relationships, and transformations for accurate data loading. Target Designer
integrates with other Informatica components, aids in metadata management,
and supports efficient ETL development.
 2. How can we access repository reports without SQL or other
transformations?

In Informatica PowerCenter, you can access repository reports without using

SQL or other transformations by leveraging the built-in functionality provided by
the PowerCenter Client tools. Here’s how you can access repository reports
directly:

1. Using the Repository Manager:

– Open the Informatica Repository Manager tool.

– Connect to the repository where your PowerCenter metadata is stored.

– In the left panel, expand the “Reports” node.

– Browse through the available reports under categories such as “Database

Reports,” “Transformation Reports,” etc.

– Click on the desired report to view its details and results.

2. Using the PowerCenter Workflow Monitor:

– Open the PowerCenter Workflow Monitor tool.

– Connect to the repository where your workflows and sessions are managed.

– In the left panel, navigate to the “Reports” tab.

– You’ll find various predefined reports that provide insights into workflow and
session runs, status, performance, etc.

– Click on a report to view its details and results.

3. Using the PowerCenter Designer:

– Open the PowerCenter Designer tool.

– Connect to the repository where your mappings, transformations, and

workflows are designed.

– In the menu, go to “Tools” > “Repository Reports.”

– This will provide a list of repository reports categorized based on their

content.
 – Click on a report to access its details.

4. Using the Informatica Administrator Console:

– Open the Informatica Administrator Console.

– Navigate to the “Reports” section.

– You’ll find various reports related to the health, performance, and utilization
of the Informatica environment.

– Click on a report to view its details.

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3. Mention the types of metadata that are stored in the repository.

In an Informatica PowerCenter repository, various types of metadata are stored

to manage, document, and facilitate the ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) process.
Some of the key types of metadata stored in the repository include:

1. Source Metadata: Information about source systems, source tables,

columns, data types, keys, and other attributes needed to extract data.
2. Target Metadata: Details about target databases, tables, columns,
indexes, constraints, and other information required for loading
transformed data.
3. Mapping Metadata: Definitions of mappings that specify how source
data is transformed into target data. This includes transformations,
expressions, joins, filters, and aggregations.
4. Workflow Metadata: Information about workflows that orchestrate the
execution of tasks, sequences, and dependencies within ETL processes.
 5. Session Metadata: Details about individual sessions within workflows,
including source-to-target mappings, transformations applied, session
properties, and session run statistics.
6. Transformation Metadata: Specifications of various transformations
used in mappings, including their properties, input/output ports, and
expressions.
7. Parameter and Variable Metadata: Definitions of parameters and
variables used to make mappings and workflows more dynamic and
flexible.
8. Connection Metadata: Configuration details for connecting to various
source and target systems, including database connections, file paths, and
connectivity settings.
9. Repository Objects Metadata: Information about repository-level
objects such as folders, users, groups, roles, privileges, and security
settings.
10.Dependency Metadata: Relationships between various objects, such as
mappings, workflows, and sessions, to ensure proper execution and
impact analysis.
11.Scheduler Metadata: Details about scheduling tasks, defining schedules,
and managing execution frequency for workflows and sessions.
12.Audit and Logging Metadata: Information related to logging levels, error
handling, and audit settings to monitor and troubleshoot ETL processes.
13.Versioning and History Metadata: Records of changes made to objects
over time, enabling version control and historical tracking.
14.Repository Reports Metadata: Details of predefined and custom reports
that provide insights into various aspects of the repository and ETL
processes.

These types of metadata collectively enable users to design, develop, schedule,

execute, and monitor ETL processes using Informatica PowerCenter. They play a
vital role in ensuring data accuracy, lineage, governance, and the efficient
management of the ETL lifecycle.

4. What is Code Page Compatibility?

Code Page Compatibility refers to the process of converting characters from one
character encoding (code page) to another to enable accurate data transfer
between systems with different character sets. This conversion ensures that
characters are preserved during data integration and transformation, especially
when moving data between languages, regions, or applications.

5. Define Aggregator Transformation.

An Aggregator Transformation is a data transformation component in
Informatica PowerCenter, an ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tool. It is used to
perform aggregate calculations on groups of data rows based on specified
group-by columns. The Aggregator Transformation allows you to calculate
summary information, such as totals, averages, counts, and minimum/maximum
values, within groups of data.

Key points about the Aggregator Transformation:

1. Grouping: The Aggregator Transformation groups data rows based on

one or more columns specified as group-by columns. Each unique
combination of values in the group-by columns forms a group.
2. Aggregations: Within each group, you can define multiple aggregate
expressions to calculate summary values. These expressions can include
functions like SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX, etc.
3. Output Ports: The Aggregator Transformation generates output columns
that contain the aggregated results. These columns represent the
calculated values for each group.
4. Sorted Input: For optimal performance, the input data should be sorted
by the group-by columns before entering the Aggregator Transformation.
This helps the transformation process groups more efficiently.
5. Aggregate Cache: The Aggregator Transformation uses an aggregate
cache to store intermediate results during processing. This improves
performance by reducing the need to repeatedly access source data.
6. Transformation Logic: The transformation logic includes selecting group-
by columns, defining aggregate expressions, and specifying how to handle
NULL values and duplicates.
7. Transformation Order: The Aggregator Transformation is typically used
after the Source Qualifier and any necessary transformations and before
the Target.
8. Memory Utilization: Aggregator Transformations may require significant
memory resources, especially when dealing with large datasets. Adequate
memory allocation is important for performance.
9. Performance Considerations: Proper optimization of group-by columns,
sorting, and cache size can significantly impact the performance of the
Aggregator Transformation.
10.Usage: Aggregator Transformations are used in scenarios where you
need to calculate summary statistics on groups of data, such as
generating reports, computing averages, and aggregating sales data.

In summary, the Aggregator Transformation is a powerful tool in Informatica

PowerCenter that facilitates the calculation of summary information within
groups of data. It’s commonly used for generating aggregated results required
for reporting and analytics purposes.

6. What is Expression Transformation?

Expression Transformation is a key component in Informatica PowerCenter, an

ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tool, used for performing data transformations by
applying expressions and calculations to input data. It allows you to modify,
manipulate, and transform data values based on defined logic, and then pass
the transformed data to subsequent transformations or target systems.

Key points about the Expression Transformation:

1. Data Manipulation: Expression Transformation enables you to perform

various data manipulations, such as mathematical calculations, string
manipulations, date calculations, conditional statements, and more.
2. Single-Row Transformation: It operates on a row-by-row basis,
processing each data row independently and applying the specified
expressions.
3. Custom Logic: You can define custom expressions using functions,
operators, and conditions to derive new values, modify existing values, or
create calculated fields.
4. Input and Output Ports: Expression Transformation has both input and
output ports. Input ports receive data from preceding transformations or
source systems, and output ports pass the transformed data to
subsequent transformations or target systems.
5. Reusable Expressions: Expressions created in the Expression
Transformation can be reused across different mappings, promoting
consistency and efficiency.
6. Null Handling: Expression Transformation provides options for handling
NULL values, allowing you to manage data quality and transformations
effectively.
7. Usage: Expression Transformations are used for various tasks, such as
data cleansing, data formatting, data validation, data enrichment, and
creating derived fields.
8. Performance Considerations: Expression Transformations can impact
performance, especially when complex expressions are used or when
processing large volumes of data.
9. Transformation Order: Expression Transformations are typically used
after Source Qualifier or any upstream transformations and before other
transformations or the Target.
 10.Debugging: Expression Transformation includes debugging features that
allow you to preview data at different stages of the transformation
process and identify issues in your expressions.

Expression Transformations are fundamental for transforming and enriching

data within an ETL pipeline. They provide a versatile and flexible way to modify
and manipulate data based on specific business requirements, enabling data
integration processes to generate accurate and meaningful outcomes.

7. What are Sessions? List down their properties.

In Informatica PowerCenter, a session is a unit of work that describes the ETL

(Extract, Transform, Load) process for moving data from source systems to
target systems. A session encapsulates the entire data movement and
transformation process and can include one or more workflows, mappings, and
transformations. Sessions are designed to perform specific data integration
tasks.

Properties of a session in Informatica PowerCenter include:

1. Session Name: A unique name that identifies the session within the
project.
2. Workflow: The workflow associated with the session, which defines the
execution flow, dependencies, and triggers.
3. Mapping: The mapping used to transform the data from source to target.
The mapping specifies how data is manipulated, filtered, and
transformed.
4. Source and Target Connections: The database or file connections used
to connect to the source and target systems.
5. Session Configuration: Settings related to the session execution, such as
database connections, commit intervals, error handling, and target load
types.
6. Source Qualifier Transformation: If the source is a relational database, a
Source Qualifier Transformation is used to extract data from the source
database.
7. Session Properties: Various session-specific properties, including
parameters, variables, and session environment settings.
8. Pre-Session Command: Optional command or script executed before the
session starts. This can include setup tasks or data validation.
9. Post-Session Command: Optional command or script executed after the
session completes. This can include cleanup tasks or notifications.
10.Mapping Parameters and Variables: Parameters and variables used
within the mapping to make it dynamic and flexible.
 11.Session Log: Records information about the session’s execution, including
source data statistics, transformation logic, errors, and status.
12.Recovery Strategy: Specifies how the session should handle failures and
how to restart from the point of failure.
13.Performance Optimization: Configurations related to performance, such
as partitioning, sorting, and indexing strategies.
14.Commit and Rollback: Control settings for commit intervals and
transaction boundaries during data loading.
15.Session Schedule: Specifies when and how often the session should run,
either on-demand or according to a defined schedule.
16.Session Parameters: Parameters passed to the session that can affect its
behavior, such as date ranges or filter conditions.
17.Session Status: Indicates whether the session is enabled, disabled, or
inactive.
18.Email Notifications: Options to send email notifications after the session
completes or when specific conditions are met.
19.Session Variables: Variables used in expressions or scripts within the
session, allowing for dynamic behavior.
20.Performance Monitoring: Options for performance monitoring and
logging to identify bottlenecks and optimize the session’s execution.

Sessions serve as the backbone of the data integration process, orchestrating

the execution of mappings, transformations, and workflows to ensure accurate
and efficient movement of data from source to target systems.

After a while, data in a table becomes old or redundant. In a scenario where new
data enters the table, re cache ensures that the data is refreshed and updated in
the existing and new cache.

I hope this Informatica Interview questions blog was of some help to you. We
also have another Informatica Interview questions wherein scenario based
questions have been compiled. It tests your hands-on knowledge of working on
Informatica tool. You can go through that Scenario based Informatica Interview
Questions blog by clicking on the hyperlink or by clicking on the button at the
right hand corner.