2) Functions and Graphs

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Functions and graphs

P 10 A student attempts to solve the equation |3x + 4| = x. The student writes the following working:
3x + 4 = x −(3x + 4) = x
4 = − 2x or −3x − 4 = x
x = −2 −4 = 4x
x= −1
Solutions are x = −2 and x = −1.

Explain the error made by the student.

11 a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = −|3x + 4| and y = 2x − 9.


b Solve the inequality −|3x + 4| < 2x − 9.

E 12 Solve the inequality |2x + 9| < 14 − x. (4 marks)


1
E/P 13 The equation |6 − x| = __x + k has exactly one solution. Problem-solving
2
a Find the value of k. (2 marks) The solution must be at the vertex of
the graph of the modulus function.
b State the solution to the equation. (2 marks)

Challenge

f(x) = |x 2 + 9x + 8| and g(x) = 1 − x


a On the same axes, sketch graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x).
b Use your sketch to find all the solutions to |x 2 + 9x + 8| = 1 − x.

2.2 Functions and mappings


A mapping transforms one set of numbers into a different set of numbers. The mapping can be
described in words or through an algebraic equation. It can also be represented by a graph.
■ A mapping is a function if every input has a distinct output. Functions can either be one-to-
one or many-to-one.
A B A B A B

one-to-one many-to-one not a function


function function
__
Many mappings can be made into functions by changing the domain. Consider y = √ x :
y

Notation The domain is the set of all possible


y= x
inputs for a mapping.
The range is the set of all possible outputs for
x the mapping.
O

27
Chapter 2

__
If the domain were all of the real numbers, ℝ, then y = √ x would not be a function because values of
x less than 0 would not be mapped anywhere.
If you restrict the domain to x > 0, every element in the domain is mapped to exactly one element in
the range.
Notation You can also write this function as:
We can write this function
__
together with its __
√ f : x ↦ √ x , x ∈ ℝ, x > 0
domain as f(x) = x , x ∈ ℝ, x > 0.

Example 7

For each of the following mappings:


i State whether the mapping is one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many.
ii State whether the mapping is a function.
a b y c y 1 d y
3 y= x y = x2 – 1
9
–3 y = 2x + 5 y
2 y
4
–2
1
1 O x
–1 –x x
O x

O x x

a i Every element in set A gets mapped to


two elements in set B, so the mapping You couldn’t write down a single value for f(9).
is one-to-many.
ii The mapping is not a function.
For a mapping to be a function, every input in the
b i Every value of x gets mapped to one domain must map onto exactly one output.
value of y, so the mapping is one-to-one.
ii The mapping is a function. The mapping in part c could be a function if
c i The mapping is one-to-one. x = 0 were omitted from the domain. You could
ii x = 0 does not get mapped to a value 1
write this as a function as f(x) = __
x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0.
of y so the mapping is not a function.
d i On the graph, you can see that x and –x
both get mapped to the same value of y.
Therefore, this is a many-to-one mapping.
ii The mapping is a function.

Example 8

Find the range of each of the following functions:


a f(x) = 3x − 2, domain {x = 1, 2, 3, 4} b g(x) = x2, domain {x ∈ ℝ, −5 < x < 5}
1
c h(x) = __x , domain {x ∈ ℝ, 0 < x < 3}
State if the functions are one-to-one or many-to-one.

28
Functions and graphs

a f(x) = 3x − 2, {x = 1, 2, 3, 4} The domain contains a finite number of elements,


so you can draw a mapping diagram showing the
1 1 whole function.
2 4
3 7
4 10

Range of f(x) is {1, 4, 7, 10}.


f(x) is one-to-one.

b g(x) = x2, {−5 < x < 5} The domain is the set of all the x-values that
y correspond to points on the graph. The range is
the set of y-values that correspond to points on
25
y =g(x) the graph.

–5 O 5 x

Range of g(x) is 0 < g(x) < 25.


g(x) is many-to-one.
1
c h(x) = __
x {x ∈ ℝ, 0 < x < 3}
y
y = h(x)

1
1 Calculate h(3) = __ to find the minimum value in
3 1
3 the range of h. As x approaches 0, __
x approaches
∞, so there is no maximum value in the range of h.
O 3 x

1
Range of h(x) is h(x) > __
3
h(x) is one-to-one.

Example 9
Notation This is an example of a piecewise-
The function f(x) is defined by
defined function. It consists of two parts: one
f: x ↦ { 2
5 − 2x, x < 1 linear (for x < 1) and one quadratic (for x > 1).
x + 3, x > 1
y

a Sketch y = f(x), and state the range of f(x). Online


x

Explore graphs of functions


b Solve f(x) = 19. on a given domain using technology.

29
Chapter 2

a y Watch out Although the graph jumps at x = 1,


the function is still defined for all real values of x:
f(0.9) = 5 − 2(0.9) = 3.2
f(1) = (1)2 + 3 = 4
y =f(x)
5
4 Sketch the graph of y = 5 − 2x for x < 1, and the
3 graph of y = x2 + 3 for x > 1.

f(1) lies on the quadratic curve, so use a solid dot


on the quadratic curve, and an open dot on the
O 1 x
line.
The range is the set of values that y takes
and therefore f(x) > 3. Note that f(x) ≠ 3 at x = 1
b y so f(x) . 3
y =5 – 2x y = x2 + 3 not f(x) > 3
19

There are 2 values of x such that f(x) = 19.

Problem-solving
O x
The positive solution is where Use x2 + 3 = 19 to find the solution in the range
x2 + 3 = 19 x > 1 and use 5 − 2x = 19 to find the solution in
the range x , 1.
x2 = 16
x = ±4
x=4 Ignore x = −4 because the function is only equal
The negative solution is where to x2 + 3 for x > 1.
5 − 2x = 19
−2x = 14
x = −7
The solutions are x = 4 and x = −7.

Exercise 2B
1 For each of the following functions:
i draw the mapping diagram
ii state if the function is one-to-one or many-to-one
iii find the range of the function.
a f(x) = 5x − 3, domain {x = 3, 4, 5, 6}
b g(x) = x 2 − 3, domain {x = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
7
c h(x) = _____ , domain {x = −1, 0, 1}
4 − 3x

30
Functions and graphs

2 For each of the following mappings:


i State whether the mapping is one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many.
ii State whether the mapping could represent a function.
a y b y c y

O x O x O x

d y e y f y

O x O x
O x

3 Calculate the value(s) of a, b, c and d given that:


a p(a) = 16 where p: x ↦ 3x − 2, x ∈ ℝ b q(b) = 17 where q: x ↦ x2 − 3, x ∈ ℝ
c r(c) = 34 where r: x ↦ 2(2x) + 2, x ∈ ℝ d s(d) = 0 where s: x ↦ x2 + x − 6, x ∈ ℝ

4 For each function:


i represent the function on a mapping diagram, writing down the elements in the range
ii state whether the function is one-to-one or many-to-one.
a f(x) = 2x + 1 for the domain {x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
__
__
b g: x ↦ √ x for the domain {x = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36} Notation Remember, √ x means
c h(x) = x2 for the domain {x = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2} the positive square root of x.
2
d j: x ↦ __
x for the domain {x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
e k(x) = ex + 3 for the domain {x = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

5 For each function:


i sketch the graph of y = f(x)
ii state the range of f(x)
iii state whether f(x) is one-to-one or many-to-one.
a f: x ↦ 3x + 2 for the domain {x > 0} b f(x) = x2 + 5 for the domain {x > 2}
_____
c f: x ↦ 2 sin x for the domain {0 <x < 180} d f: x ↦ √ x + 2 for the domain {x > −2}
e f(x) = ex for the domain {x > 0} f f(x) = 7 log x, for the domain, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 0}

6 The following mappings f and g are defined on all the real numbers by

f(x) = { 2 g(x) = { 2
4 − x, x , 4 4 − x, x , 4
x + 9, x > 4 x + 9, x . 4
a Explain why f(x) is a function and g(x) is not. b Sketch y = f(x).
c Find the values of: i f(3) ii f(10) d Find the solution of f(a) = 90.

31
Chapter 2

P 7 The function s is defined by

s(x) = {
x2 − 6, x , 0
10 − x, x > 0 Problem-solving
a Sketch y = s(x). The solutions of s(x) = x are the values in the
b Find the value(s) of a such that s(a) = 43. domain that get mapped to themselves in the
c Solve s(x) = x. range.

E/P 8 The function p is defined by

p(x) = { 3
e−x, −5 < x , 0
x + 4, 0 < x < 4
a Sketch y = p(x). (3 marks)
b Find the values of a, to 2 decimal places, such that p(a) = 50. (4 marks)

E/P 9 The function h has domain −10 < x < 6, and is linear from (−10, 14) to (−4, 2) and from
(−4, 2) to (6, 27).
a Sketch y = h(x). (2 marks) Problem-solving
b Write down the range of h(x). (1 mark) The graph of y = h(x) will consist of two
c Find the values of a, such that h(a) = 12. (4 marks) line segments which meet at (−4, 2).

P 10 The function g is defined by g(x) = cx + d where c and d are constants to be found.


Given g(3) = 10 and g(8) = 12 find the values of c and d.

P 11 The function f is defined by f(x) = ax3 + bx − 5 where a and b are constants to be found.
Given that f(1) = −4 and f(2) = 9, find the values of the constants a and b.

E/P 12 The function h is defined by h(x) = x2 − 6x + 20 and has Problem-solving


domain x > a. Given that h(x) is a one-to-one function find
First complete the square for h(x).
the smallest possible value of the constant a. (6 marks)

2.3 Composite functions


Two or more functions can be combined to make a new function. The new function is called a
composite function.
■ fg(x) means apply g first, then apply f.
■ fg(x) = f(g(x))
g f Watch out The order in which the functions are
x g(x) fg(x) combined is important: fg(x) is not necessarily
the same as gf(x).

fg

Example 10

Given f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x + 1, find:


a fg(1) b gf(3) c ff(−2)

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