AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,

MAYUR VIHAR

STUDY OF PHENOMENON OF
OSMOSIS
ENDOSMOSIS AND EXOSMOSIS

Chemistry Investigatory Project

By: Priya Mathur

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 Certificate

This is to certify that Priya Mathur of Class XII of AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,
MAYUR VIHAR has satisfactorily completed the Chemistry Investigatory Project on the title
‘Study the Phenomenon of Osmosis- Endosmosis and Exosmosis’, under my supervision and
guidance. This project is as per the CBSE guidelines of the year 2020-2021.

Signature of Teacher Incharge

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 Acknowledgement

I would sincerely like to thank my Chemistry Teacher and the Chemistry Lab Incharge for their
able guidance and support in completing the project.
I am also thankful to my parents for their unprecedented support in completing my project in this
difficult time of pandemic.

Priya Mathur

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Contents
Certificate ..................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgement .....................................................................................................................3
Introduction...............................................................................................................................5
Theory .......................................................................................................................................6
Osmotic Solutions ..................................................................................................................6
Variations Of Osmosis ...........................................................................................................7
Factors Affecting Osmosis .....................................................................................................8
Experiment ................................................................................................................................9
Aim .........................................................................................................................................9
Apparatus ..............................................................................................................................9
Procedure ...............................................................................................................................9
Observations ........................................................................................................................ 11
Results .................................................................................................................................. 14
Precautions .......................................................................................................................... 14
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 15
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 16

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Introduction
Osmosis was first thoroughly studied in 1877 by a German plant physiologist, Wilhelm Pfeffer
and was quoted general term osmose (now osmosis) in 1854 by British chemist, Thomas Graham.

Osmosis is a process by which the solvent molecules pass from a solution of low concentration to
a solution of high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. The movement happens in
the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

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Theory

Osmotic Solutions
Based on relative solute concentrations and cell membrane’s permeability to those solutes, the
ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by solutions can be
divided into three types-

a. Hypertonic Solution - If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, there will be a net flow of
water out of the cell, and the cell will lose volume. A solution will be hypertonic to a cell if
its solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the
membrane.

b. Hypotonic Solution - If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of
water into the cell, and the cell will gain volume. If the solute concentration outside the cell
is lower than inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then that solution is
hypotonic to the cell.

c. Isotonic Solution - If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net flow of water
into or out of the cell, and the cell’s volume will remain stable. If the solute concentration
outside the cell is the same as inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then
that solution is isotonic to the cell.

Hypertonic Solution Hypotonic Solution Isotonic Solution

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Variations Of Osmosis

Variations
of Osmosis

Endosmosis Exosmosis

1. Endosmosis is the movement of water into 1. Exosmosis is the movement of water out of
the cell. the cell.

2. Cell is placed in a solution having a higher 2. Cell is placed in a solution having a lower
concentration of water than the cell i.e. concentration of solute than the cell i.e.
hypertonic solution. hypotonic solution.

3. Cell may swell. 3. Cell may shrink.

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Factors Affecting Osmosis

Osmosis is a result of various factors, and thus the rate of osmosis is influenced by a number of
such factors:

a. Temperature

b. Concentration gradient

c. Water potential/ Solvent potential

d. Surface area and thickness of the membrane

e. Pressure

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Experiment
Aim
To study the phenomemon of osmosis- endosmosis and exosmosis in an egg.

Apparatus
1. 4 tranparent containers of the same size
2. 2 eggs with approximately same size
3. Vinegar
4. Distilled Water
5. Sugar
6. String
7. Spoon
8. Centimeter Scale
9. Coloured paper
10. Marker

Procedure
1. Fill Vinegar in the two transparent containers and label them Container 1 and Container 2 using
coloured paper.
2. Put first egg in Container 1 and the second egg in Container 2.
3. Leave the eggs in the containers for 48 hours.
4. Take two more containers and label them ‘Distilled Water’ and ‘Sugar Solution’.
5. Pour the distilled water in the ‘Distilled Water’ container.
6. Pour the distilled water in the ‘Sugar Solution’ container and add 5 spoons of sugar. Stir it till
the sugar dissolves completely.
7. Remove the egg from Container 1.
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8. Gently remove the egg using the spoon and rinse with tap water in the sink.
9. Using the string measure the diameter of the the egg.
10. Measure the length of the string using the centimeter scale.
11. Note down the readings.
12. Put the egg from Container 1 in ‘Distilled Water’ container.
13. Remove the egg from Container 2.
14. Repeat Step 8, Step 9, Step 10 and Step 11 for egg removed from Container 2.
15. Put the egg from Container 2 in ‘Sugar Solution’ Container.
16. Wait for 48 hours.
17. Remove both the eggs.
18. Repeat Step 8, Step 9, Step 10 and Step 11 for each egg.

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Observations

Apparatus Required

Egg 1 immersed in vinegar Egg 2 immersed in vinegar

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 After 24 hours in vinegar After 24 hours in vinegar

After 48 hours in vinegar After 48 hours in vinegar

The egg shell is removed on both eggs. Egg is now flexible and can be compressed

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Egg 1 after removing from distilled water

Egg 2 after removing from Sugar solution

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Results
Diameter before putting Diameter after removing Final Diameter
egg in Vinegar solution egg from Vinegar solution

Egg 1 15.5 cm 15.6 cm 20.3 cm

(in distilled water)
Egg 2 15.5 cm 15.6 cm 7.5 cm
(in sugar solution)

Precautions
1. Remove the eggs from the container carefully.
2. Rinse the egg before placing in the Distilled water and Sugar Solution.
3. Ensure the sugar is dissolved in the solution before putting the egg.
4. Measure the diameter using the string. Ensure the egg is kept on the smooth surface.

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Conclusion
The egg shell is made up of Calcium Carbonate. After putting the egg 1 and egg 2 in vinegar
which constitutes Acetic Acid for 48 hours the following reaction takes place-

𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 → (𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂)2 𝐶𝑎 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂

Due to the above reaction, CO2 is disspated causing the eggshell to dissolve fully. The diameter
of the eggs is slightly increased since the water in the vinegar enter the egg through the membrane.
This is because vinegar has a higher concentration of water than the inside of egg. After dissolving
the eggshell, we are left with a membrane that holds the insides of the egg. This is the selectively
permeable membrane of the egg.

After removing the eggs from vinegar, the egg 1 and egg 2 are placed in ‘Distilled Water’ and
‘Sugar solution’.
 Distilled water has very less solutes as compared to egg, it acts as a hypotonic solution. To
reach equilibrium, osmosis cause the water molecules from Distilled Water to flow into the
egg, as a result the egg swelled up.
 Sugar solution has excess of solutes as compared to egg and it acts as hypertonic solution.
To reach equilibrium, osmosis cause the water molecules to move out of egg so the causing
the egg to shrink.

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Bibliography

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis#:~:text=Osmosis%20is%20the%20movement%20of,s
upercritical%20liquids%2C%20and%20even%20gases

2. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-structure-and-
function/mechanisms-of-transport-tonicity-and-osmoregulation/a/osmosis

3. https://microbenotes.com/osmosis-and-diffusion/

4. https://pediaa.com/difference-between-endosmosis-and-exosmosis/

5. https://www.zmescience.com/science/what-is-osmosis-0634/

6. https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/following-diagram-identify-type-solution-
hypertonic-hypotoni-chapter-3-problem-20rq-solution-9780321786654-exc

7. https://byjus.com/biology/osmosis/

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