302 pp2

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
GY 302: Crystallography &

Mineralogy
Lecture 2: More Symmetry

Operations, Bravais Lattices
Last Time
A long winded introduction

Introduction to crystallography
Symmetry
Crystal Systems
The 6 (or 7) Crystal Systems.
Crystal System Axes Angles between axes Mineral examples
1 Cubic a=b=c  = = =90° Halite, Galena, Pyrite
2 Tetragonal a=b≠c  = = =90° Zircon
3a Hexagonal a1= a2=a3≠ c  = =120° ,  =90° Apatite
3b Trigonal a= a1=b≠ c  = =120° ,  =90° Quartz, Calcite
4 Orthorhombic a≠b≠c  = = =90° Aragonite, Staurolite
5 Monoclinic a≠b≠c  = =90° ,  ≠ 90° Gypsum, Orthoclase
6 Triclinic a≠b≠c  ≠  ≠  ≠ 90° Plagioclase

Crystal Systems
In order to fully understand how crystals are “put together”, We
need to reconsider symmetry.
In the last lab, we examined 3 symmetry operations:
1) Reflection (mirror planes)

Crystal Systems
In order to fully understand how crystals are “put together”, We
need to reconsider symmetry.
In the last lab, we examined 3 symmetry operations:

2) Rotation (2, 3, 4, 6 fold axes)
Crystal Systems
There are two other operations that we did not have a chance to
discuss at the start of lab 1 (e.g., rotoinversion)

2) Rotation (2, 3, 4, 6 fold axes) Center of
Inversion
3) Inversion
Crystal Systems
2) Rotation (2, 3, 4, 6 fold axes) Basic symmetry
3) Inversion operations
4) Translation
5) Screw Rotation
Compound symmetry
6) Glide Rotation
operations
7) Rotoinversion
Today’s Agenda
1. Rotoinversion
2. Translational Symmetry
3. Bravais Lattices
Symmetry in Crystals
Rotation axes:
2-fold Rotation Axis - If an object appears

identical after a rotation of 180o, that is twice in a
360o rotation, then it is said to have a 2-fold
rotation axis (360/180 = 2).
Note that in these examples the axes we are

referring to are imaginary lines that extend toward
you perpendicular to the page or blackboard. A
filled oval shape represents the point where the 2-
fold rotation axis intersects the page. http://www.cartage.org.lb
Rotation axes:
2-fold Rotation Axis - If an object appears

identical after a rotation of 180o, that is twice in a
360o rotation, then it is said to have a 2-fold
rotation axis (360/180 = 2).
Note that in these examples the axes we are

referring to are imaginary lines that extend toward
you perpendicular to the page or blackboard. A
filled oval shape represents the point where the 2-
fold rotation axis intersects the page.
Rotation axes:
3-fold Rotation Axis - Objects that repeat

themselves upon rotation of 120o are said to have
a 3-fold axis of rotational symmetry (360/120 =3),
and they will repeat 3 times in a 360o rotation. A
filled triangle is used to symbolize the location of
3-fold rotation axis.
http://www.cartage.org.lb
Rotation axes:
6-fold Rotation Axis -If rotation of 60o about an

axis causes the object to repeat itself, then it has 6-
fold axis of rotational symmetry
(360/60=6). A filled hexagon is used as the
symbol for a 6-fold rotation axis.
Rotation axes:
Although objects themselves may appear to have 5-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, or 12-fold
rotation axes, these are not possible in crystals. The reason is that the external shape of
a crystal is based on a geometric arrangement of atoms and they must be able to
completely fill in space in order to exist in nature (Think unit cells or floor tiles).
Rotoinversion: A combination of rotation with a center of
inversion.
look down this axis
look down this axis
2 fold rotation
look down this axis
2 fold rotation
invert
inversion.
2-fold Rotoinversion - The operation of 2-fold

rotoinversion involves first rotating the object
by 180 degrees then inverting it through an
inversion center.
This operation is equivalent to having a mirror

plane perpendicular to the 2-fold rotoinversion
axis.
inversion.
3-fold Rotoinversion - This involves rotating

the object by 120o (360/3 = 120), and inverting
through a center. A cube is good example of
an object that possesses 3-fold rotoinversion
axes.
inversion.
4-fold Rotoinversion - This involves rotation of the object

by 90o then inverting through a center.
Note that an object possessing a 4- fold rotoinversion axis

will have two faces on top and two identical faces upside
down on the bottom, if the axis is held in the vertical
position.
inversion.
6-fold Rotoinversion - involves rotating the object by 60o

and inverting through a center. Note that this operation is
identical to having the combination of a 3-fold rotation
axis perpendicular to a mirror plane.
Translation: Repetition of points by lateral displacement.
Consider 1 dimensional translations:
a
a
a
b
a
a
b
a a
b
a
a
b
a a
b
a a
a b a
b
a a
b
a a
a b a
b
b b
a a a
b b
a a a
a b a b a
b b
Unit Mesh or
Plane Lattice
Orthorhombic a≠b≠c  = = =90°
One of 14 possible 3D or Bravais Lattices

Orthorhombic a≠b≠c  = = =90°
Another possible 3D or Bravais Lattices

Bravais Lattices
Primative (P)
Bravais Lattices in the Isometric System

Bravais Lattices
Body Centered (I)

Bravais Lattices
Face Centered (F)

The 14
Bravais
Lattices
Bravais Lattices
Bravais Lattices in crystals are more or less synonymous with

unit cells as used by chemists…
… but unit cells are defined as the smallest repeating unit that
forms an infinite crystalline material
Unit Cells
NaCl
(Halite)
-Na +
Source: www.chm.bris.ac.uk
-Cl-
Face-centered isometric crystal
Unit Cells
NaCl
(Halite)
-Na +
Source: www.chm.bris.ac.uk
-Cl-
Face-centered isometric crystal
Unit Cells
CaF2
(Fluorite)
-Ca 2+
Source: http:\\staff.aist.go.jp
-F-
Body-centered isometric crystal

Unit Cells
CaF2
(Fluorite)
-Ca 2+
-F-
Body-centered isometric crystal

Unit Cells
CaCO3
(Aragonite)
-Ca 2+
-O 2-
- C4+
Orthorhombic
Unit Cells
CaCO3
(Calcite)
-Ca 2+
-O 2-
- C4+
Trigonal
Unit Cells
K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2
(Biotite)
Monoclinic
Today’s Homework
1. Get your notes in order
Lab Today
1. In class activity: symmetry in models
Next Week
Miller Indices and Point Groups (3)
1.
2. Labs: Isometric & Hexagonal Wooden Models

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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA

GY 302: Crystallography &

Lecture 2: More Symmetry

A long winded introduction

2 Tetragonal a=b≠c  = = =90° Zircon

3a Hexagonal a1= a2=a3≠ c  = =120° ,  =90° Apatite

3b Trigonal a= a1=b≠ c  = =120° ,  =90° Quartz, Calcite

4 Orthorhombic a≠b≠c  = = =90° Aragonite, Staurolite

5 Monoclinic a≠b≠c  = =90° ,  ≠ 90° Gypsum, Orthoclase

6 Triclinic a≠b≠c  ≠  ≠  ≠ 90° Plagioclase

In the last lab, we examined 3 symmetry operations:

1) Reflection (mirror planes)

In the last lab, we examined 3 symmetry operations:

1) Reflection (mirror planes)

1) Reflection (mirror planes)

2-fold Rotation Axis - If an object appears

Note that in these examples the axes we are

2-fold Rotation Axis - If an object appears

Note that in these examples the axes we are

3-fold Rotation Axis - Objects that repeat

6-fold Rotation Axis -If rotation of 60o about an

2-fold Rotoinversion - The operation of 2-fold

This operation is equivalent to having a mirror

3-fold Rotoinversion - This involves rotating

4-fold Rotoinversion - This involves rotation of the object

Note that an object possessing a 4- fold rotoinversion axis

6-fold Rotoinversion - involves rotating the object by 60o

Orthorhombic a≠b≠c  = = =90°

One of 14 possible 3D or Bravais Lattices

Orthorhombic a≠b≠c  = = =90°

Another possible 3D or Bravais Lattices

Bravais Lattices in the Isometric System

Body Centered (I)

Bravais Lattices in the Isometric System

Face Centered (F)

Bravais Lattices in the Isometric System

Bravais Lattices in crystals are more or less synonymous with

Body-centered isometric crystal

Body-centered isometric crystal

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