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Lec2 Trigint

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13 views5 pages

Lec2 Trigint

Uploaded by

khuship2708
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATH1020U: Chapter 3 cont… 1

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION cont…

Trigonometric Integrals (Section 3.2; Book 2)

 cos x sin
8
Recall: We’ve dealt with integrating trig functions before, e.g. x dx .

 cos
3
Question: Now what about, for example, x sin8 x dx ?

 sin
5
Example: x cos x dx
MATH1020U: Chapter 3 cont… 2

What if both powers of the trigonometric functions are odd?

 cos x  sin11 x dx
3
Example:

What if both powers of the trigonometric functions are even?

 sin
2
Example: x dx

The following formulas will help:


Half-Angle Formulas:
sin 2 ( x ) =
1
(1 − cos(2 x)) cos 2 ( x ) =
1
(1 + cos(2 x))
2 2
Double-Angle Formulas:
sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x cos 2 x − sin 2 x = cos 2 x

1
2

 sin
2
Example: x dx
0
MATH1020U: Chapter 3 cont… 3


2 2
Example: cos x sin x dx

What happens when we want to integrate powers of tan x and sec x , or cot x and
csc x ?

The following formulas will help:


1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x
1 + cot 2 x = csc2 x

Also, recall the following:


d d d d
sec x = sec x tan x csc x = − csc x cot x tan x = sec 2 x cot x = − csc 2 x
dx dx dx dx
 sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x | + C  csc xdx = ln | csc x − cot x | + C
 tan xdx = ln | sec x | +C  cot xdx = ln | sin x | +C

Master Plan for secx and tanx (same concept for cscx and cotx):

1. If you have an even power of sec x , then:

2. If you have an odd power of tan x , then:


MATH1020U: Chapter 3 cont… 4

 tan
2
Example: x sec4 xdx

Summary of the Overall Strategy:


(Note: pg. 277 and 280 of the text give the strategy more formally)

Powers of sin(x) and cos(x):


• One power odd → split up odd power
• Both powers odd → easiest to split up the smallest power
• Both powers even → use half-angle or double-angle formulas

Powers of tan(x) and sec(x):


• If sec x has an even power → split off sec 2 x

• If tan x has an odd power → split off tan x  sec x

Powers of cot(x) and csc(x):


• Similar strategy as for tan x and sec x

Other combinations of trig functions (not “natural pairings”):


• Convert to sin x and cos x and follow those rules
MATH1020U: Chapter 3 cont… 5

Let’s finish off with some extra examples:

 xsin xdx
2
Example: tan

 tan x sec
3
Example: xdx

 cot
3
Example: x csc 4 xdx

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