MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

MOTION
Rest and motion are relative terms. An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with
time, with respect to the observer.
OBSERVER
While studying the motion of a body, the observed values of different kinematical quantities (like
displacement, velocity, speed, acceleration etc) depend upon the position from where the motion
is being observed.
REFERENCE FRAME
The frame of reference is a system of coordinate axes attached to an observer having a clock with
him, with respect to which, the observer can describe position, displacement acceleration etc. of a
moving object.
POSITION VECTOR
Position of an object is specified with respect to a reference frame.
In a reference frame, an observer measures the position of the other object at any instant of time,
with respect to a coordinate system chosen and fixed arbitrarily on the reference frame.
Example 1: At the given instant what will be the position of O, A, B and C w.r.t. Reference
origin ‘O’.
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X X-axis
C O A B
Solution: The position of particle at O, A, B and C are Zero, +2, +5 and –2 respectively with
respect to origin (O) of reference frame.

DISPLACEMENT OF A PARTICLE
1. The change in position of a body in a certain direction is known as displacement.
2. The distance between the initial and final position is known as magnitude of displacement.
3. Displacement of an object may be positive, negative or zero and it is independent of the path
followed by the object.
4. Its SI unit is meter and dimensional formula is [M0L1T0].
Example 2: Position of object change with time as x  t2  4t  5, . Find the net displacement of
the object in time interval t  1s to t = 4s
Solution: Given that, x  t2  4t  5
xi t1  (1)2  4(1)  5  1  4  5  10unit
xf t 4
 (4)2  4(4)  5  16  16  5  37unit
Net displacement, x  xf  x i  37  10  27unit

DISTANCE TRAVELED BY A PARTICLE

1. The total length of actual path traversed by the body between initial and final positions is
called distance.
2. It has no direction and is always positive.
3. Distance covered by particle never decreases.
4. Its SI unit is meter (m) and dimensional formula is [M0L1T0].

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISTANCE (PATH LENGTH) AND DISPLACEMENT

DISTANCE (PATH LENGTH) DISPLACEMENT
1. Actual distance moved 1. Shortest distance of final position from initial
position

2. Does not have any 2. It has a direction which is from the initial
direction position to the final position.

3. Can have only positive 3. Can be (–), (0) or (+).

values
4. Scalar quantity 4. Vector quantity
Example 3: A person walks along a semiconductor path from A to B as shown in the figure
given below

A O B
Calculate the displacement and distance traversed by the person.
Solution: Distance travelled by the person from A to B is equal to the circumference of the
semicircular path= R.
The shortest distance between the final position (B) and initial position (A) is-
AB = 2R
 The displacement of the person is 2R.
AVERAGE VELOCITY
Average velocity is that uniform velocity with which the object will undergo the same
displacement in a given interval of time as it does with its actual variable velocity during the
given interval of time. Quantitatively, it is defined as-
Displacement of a particle in a given duration
Vav =
time elapsed for the displacement.
If x is displacement in time  t , then average velocity in time interval  t will be
x x f  x i
v 
t tf  ti
Here xf and xi be the position of particle at time tf and ti (tf > ti) with respect to a given frame of
reference.
 Average velocity is always directed along the displacement vector.
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
The instantaneous velocity of an object at an instant of time is defined as the limit of average
velocity as time interval  t at the given instant of time, becomes infinitesimally small.
Mathematically,
x dx
v  Limit  v   Limit 
t 0 t 0 t dt
The direction of instantaneous velocity is always along the tangent to the trajectory of the
particle drawn at instantaneous position of the particle.
INSTANTANEOUS SPEED
The magnitude of instantaneous velocity at a given instant is called instantaneous speed at that
instant.

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

AVERAGE SPEED
It is defined as distance travelled by particle per unit time in a given interval of time.
Distance travelled by a particle
Speedav 
time elapsed to travel the distance
If S is the distance travelled by particle in time interval t, then-
S
Average speed= .
t
Magnitude of average velocity  Average speed . The equality sign holds well when the particle
moves on a straight line without change of direction or when the particle is at rest.
Example 4: A car moves from city A to city B on a straight line and then comes back. While
moving from A to B, it covers first half of the distance at a rate of 40 km/h and
next half with 60 km/h. While moving back from B to A, it moves with 40 km/h
for half the time and 60 km/h for remaining half remaining half time. Find its
average speed and average velocity
(i) During its motion from A to B
(ii) During its motion from B to A.
Solution: Let the distance between A and B be 2x (in km). Average speed = total distance
traversed/total time taken.
x x
The time intervals for the two halves are and respectively.
40 60
2x
So, average speed   48 km / h and average velocity is also equal to
 x x 
  
 40 60 
48km/h as the car moves straight without any change in direction.

During return journey, let the total time be 2t (in hours). The total distance from
B to A is 40  t  60  t(in km)
(40t  60t)
Average speed = total distance traversed/total time   50 km/h
2t
Again for this time interval the average speed is equal to average velocity as the
car moves straight without any change in direction.

DIFFERENT CASES OF AVERAGE SPEED AND AVERAGE VELOCITY

1. If a body covers s1 distance with speed v1, s2 with speed v2, then its average speed is

vav =
s1  s 2

s
s1 s 2 s

v1 v 2
v
2. If a body coves first half distance with speed v1 and next half with speed v2, then
2v1v2
Average speed = (Harmonic mean)
v1  v2
3. If a body travels with uniform speed v1 for time t1 and with uniform speed v2 for time t2, then
v t  v 2t2  vt
average speed = 1 1  .
t1  t2 t
T v  v2
If t1 = t2 = then v av  1 [T = time of journey] (Arithmatic mean)
2 2

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

4. If body covers first one third with speed v1, next one third with speed v2 and remaining one
3v1v2v3
third with speed v3 then vav  .
v1v2  v2v3  v3 v1

5. If a body moves from one point (A) to another point (B) with speed v1 and returns back (from B
2v1v2
to A) with speed v2 then average velocity is 0 but average speed =
v1  v2
AVERAGE ACCELERATION
Acceleration is rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Average acceleration of an object for
a given motion is defined as the ratio of total change in velocity of the object during motion to the
total time taken. If v is change in velocity in time  t , then average acceleration in time interval
 t is-
v vf  vi
<a>=  .
t tf  ti
Example 5: The velocity of an object changes from 50 m/s to 60 m/s in 20 seconds. What is
the average acceleration of the object over that interval?
Change in velocity
Solution: Average acceleration 
Time in which the change occurred
60  50 10
   0.5 m/s2
20 20
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
Instantaneous acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity w.r.t time at a particular
instant of time.
v dv
a = Limit  a   Limit  .
t 0 t 0 t dt
Hence, the instantaneous acceleration of an object at a given instant is defined as the limiting
value of the average acceleration in a small time interval around the given instant, when the time
interval tends to zero.
Thus, the instantaneous acceleration of an object
(i) is equal to the first time derivative of velocity at the given instant or
(ii) is equal to the second time derivative of position of the object at the given instant.
UNIFORM AND VARIABLE ACCELERATION
If the change in velocity of the particle is equal in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of
the body is said to be uniform. Neither direction, nor magnitude changes with respect to time.
If change in velocity is different in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of the particle is
known as variable. If either direction or magnitude or both magnitude and direction of
acceleration change with respect to time, then acceleration is variable.
EQUATIONS OF MOTION UNDER ACCELERATION:
1. General equations of motion:
dx
v  dx  vdt  x   dx   vdt
dt
dv
a  dv  adt  v   dv   adt
dt
vdv
a  vdv  adx   vdv   adx
dx

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

2. Equations of motion under uniform acceleration in straight line:

1. v = u + at
1
2. S  ut  at2
2
3. v2 = u2 + 2aS
1
4. Snth  u  a(2n  1)
2
1
5. x  x 0  ut  at2
2
Here- u= velocity of particle at t= 0
S = Displacement of particle between 0 to t
= x – x0 (x0 = position of particle at t = 0, x = position of particle at time t)
a = uniform acceleration
v = velocity of particle at time t
Snth = Displacement of particle in nth second (t = (n – 1) sec to t = n sec)

PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS GRAPHS:

POSITION-TIME:
1. Position-time (x-t) graph gives the position of the moving body at any time.
2. Slope of Position-time (x-t) graph gives instantaneous velocity.
Displacement

(x - t) curve
(x ) P


dx
Time (t) tan    v (Instantaneous Velocity at point P)
dt
3. Slope of the chord joining two points on the position-time graph gives the average velocity
during the time interval between those points.
Displacement (x)

(x - t) curve

xi

xf
x f  xi
tan    Vav
ti tf
Time (t ) t f  ti

VELOCITY-TIME:
1. The graph represents instantaneous velocity.
2. Slope of v-t graph gives instantaneous acceleration.
Tangent (v-t graph)

v P


dv
Time (t) tan    a (Instantaneous acceleration at P)
dt

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

3. Slope of the chord joining two points on the velocity-time graph gives the average acceleration
during the time interval between those points.
vf

v
vi 

vf  vi
ti tf t tan    a av  Average acceleration in time interval tf – ti
tf  ti

4. The area under the velocity-time graph between ti and tf gives the displacement (xf – xi)
between the two instants.
v
Velocity

ti tf time t Shaded area = displacement in time (tf – ti)

SPEED-TIME:
1. speed-time graph gives the speed of the moving body at any time.
2. The area under speed-time graph between ti and tf gives distance covered by particle in the
interval tf – ti.

V
speed

ti tf t (time)
Shaded area = distance covered in time (tf – ti)

ACCELERATION-TIME:
1. The graph represents instantaneous acceleration.
2. The area under the acceleration-time graph between ti and tf gives the change in velocity (vf –
vi) between the two instants.

ti tf t Shaded area = vf – vi = change in velocity

IMPORTANT NOTE:
1. The displacement-time graph cannot take sharp turns because it gives two different velocities
at that point.
2. The displacement-time graph cannot be symmetric about the time-axis because at an instant
a particle cannot have two displacements, but the graph may be symmetric about the
displacement-axis.
3. The distance-time graph is always an increasing curve for a moving body.
4. The displacement-time graph does not show the trajectory of the particle.
APPLICATIONS
1. If a particle is moving with uniform acceleration and have velocity VA at A and VB at B, then
VA2  VB2
velocity of particle midway on line AB is V  .
2

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

2. If a body starts from rest with acceleration a and then retards to rest with retardation b, such
that total time of journey is T, then v
  
(a) Maximum velocity during the trip vmax.    .T
  vmax
1    2  x x 
(b) Length of the journey L   T
2  1 2

v T x1  t1 1 2
(c) Average velocity of the trip = max.  & (d)   t
T
2 2(  ) x 2  t2 t1 t2

Example 6: The acceleration – time graph of a particle is shown in figure. At time t = 0, the
velocity of the particle is 8 m/s. What is the velocity at t = 10 s?

Solution: From acceleration – time graph

Area under the curve and t-axis represent to
change in velocity
1
A1   (6  0)  (10  0)
2
1
  6  10  30 m/s
2
1  20  1 20 40
A2   (10  6)      4  m/s
2  3  2 3 3
 40  90  40 50
Change in velocity  vf  vi  30     
 3  3 3
50
vf  8 
3
50 24  50 74
vf  8    m/s
3 3 3
NON UNIFORM MOTION
If acceleration is variable, then following cases may be possible:
Case (I): Acceleration is a function of time (t):
a = f(t). Now, if
dv
(1) velocity is asked, then write a  . So,
dt
dv
 f  t   dv  f  t  dt
dt
Now integrate both sides:  dv   f  t  dt .
(2) displacement is asked, then first find velocity as a function of time (v = g(t)) by using the steps
dx
shown above, then write v  . So,
dt
dx
 g  t   dx  g  t  dt .
dt
Now integrate both sides:  dx   g  t  dt .

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

Case (II): Acceleration is a function of x:

a = f(x). Now, if
dv
(1) velocity is asked, then write a  v . So,
dx
dv
v  f  x   vdv  f  x  dx
dx
Now integrate both sides:  vdv   f  x  dx .
(2) displacement is asked, then first find velocity as a function of x (v = g(x)) by using the steps
dx
shown above, then write v  . So,
dt
dx 1
 g x  dx  dt .
dt g x
1
Now integrate both sides:  g  x  dx   dt .
Example 7: Acceleration of a particle varies as a = 2t. If it starts from rest, find its velocity
after 2 seconds.
dv
Solution:  2t  dv  2tdt
dt
Now integrate both sides:
v 2 2
 t2 
 dv   2tdt  2    4m/s .
0 0  2 0

Example 8: In the above question, find its displacement after 2 seconds.

dv
Solution:  2t  dv  2tdt
dt
Now integrate both sides:
v t

 dv   2tdt
0 0
t
 t2 
 v  2    t2
 2 0
dx
  t2  dx  t2dt Now integrating both sides:
dt
x 2 2
 t3  8
 
2
dx  t dt    
0 0  0 3
3

GRAPHICAL PROOF OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION UNDER UNIFORM ACCELERATION

(1) v = u + at
Let us take a particle moving with constant acceleration such that
u  initial velocity of the particle
v  final velocity of the particle
a  acceleration of the particle
In case of uniformly accelerated motion, the average acceleration
equals the constant value of acceleration during the interval. So,

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

vu
a  tan    v  u  at
t
v  u  at ……………………(I)
1 2
(2) S = ut + at
2
As we know that area under v-t curve gives displacement, so
S  Area of triangle ABC + Area of rectangle OACD
1
  v  u t  ut.
2
from (I) v  u  at   v  u  at
1 1
S   at  t  ut  ut + at2 …..………….(II)
2 2

(3) v2 = u2 + 2as
vu
if we put t  in the (II) equation,
a
2
 v  u 1  v  u v 2  u2
s  u   a   
 a  2  a  2a
2 2
v  u  2as …………….(III)
1
(4) Snth = u + a  2n -1
2
1 1
S  n   un  an2 & S  n  1  u  n  1  a  n  1
2
2 2
Now, Sn  S  n   S  n  1


1  
 
1
2

Sn  un  an2   un  u  a n2  2n  1 
2 
 
1
Sn  u  a  2n  1 .....  IV 
2
Proof of Equations of Motion under Uniform Acceleration by Calculus:
(1) v = u + at
dv
a  dv  a.dt (Calculus)
dt
Integrating both sides,
v t

 dv   a.dt  v  u  a  t  0  v  u  at
u 0
1 2
(2) S = ut + at
2
dx
V=
dt
Integrating both sides,
S t t

 dx   v.dt    u + at  .dt
0 0 0
1 2 1
 S  0   ut  at  S  ut  at2
2 2

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

(3) v2 = u2 + 2as
dv
av  adx  vdv
dx
Integrating both sides,
s v

 adx  vdv
0 u
v  u22
as 
2
2 2
v = u + 2as
1
(4) Snth = u + a  2n -1
2
dx
v  dx  vdt
dt
Integrating both sides,
Sn n n

 dx   vdt    u + at  dt
Sn-1 n-1 n-1
n
 1 
Sn  Sn-1  ut  at2 
 2  n-1


1
 2  1

 u n   n  1  a n2   n  1   u  a  2n  1
2  2

Example 9: A particle having initial velocity 4 m/s moves with a constant acceleration 1 m/s 2
for a time interval of 10 second in straight line. Find the displacement of the
particle in the last second and the total distance travelled in 10 second.
1 1 1
Solution: Here, u  a(2t  1)  4   1(2  10  1)  4   19  4  9.5  13.5 m
2 4 2
1 1
s10  ut  at2  4(10)   1  1(10)2
2 2
1
 40   100  90 m
2
MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
Whenever a particle is thrown up or down or released from a height, it falls freely under the effect
of gravitational force of earth.
The equations of motion:
1. v = u + gt
1 1
2. h  h0  ut  gt2 or h  h0  s  ut  gt2
2 2
2 2 2 2
3. v = u + 2g(h – h0) or v = u + 2gs
g
4. hnth  u  (2n  1)
2
where h = vertical displacement, hnth = vertical displacement in nth second.

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

Following are the important cases of interest.

1. A particle is projected from ground with velocity u in vertically upward direction then
Time of flight T u
(a) Time of ascent = Time of descent =  
2 2 g
u2
(b) Maximum height attained =
2g
(c) Speed of particle when it hits the ground = u
(d) Graphs

a
Velocity u
(g = const)

Speed
O u
O u 2u Time
t g g
–g –u O
u 2 u Time
g g
Displacement

Distance
2
u
2g
(Parabolic)
O O u
u 2u Time 2u Time
g g g g

(e) Displacement of particle in complete journey = zero  average velocity = 0

u2
(f) Distance covered by particle in complete journey =
g
u
(g) Average speed in complete journey =
2
2. A body is thrown upward such that it takes t seconds to reach its highest point.
(a) Distance travelled in (t)th second = distance travelled in (t + 1)th second.
(b) Distance travelled in (t – 1)th second = distance travelled in (t + 2)th second.
(c) Distance travelled in (t – r)th second = distance travelled in (t + r + 1)th second.
3. A body is projected upward from certain height h with initial speed u.
(a) Its speed when it acquires the at same level is u.
T
(b) Its speed at the ground level is A t=
2
v  u2  2gh x
 Here x = 0
(c) The time require to attain same level is t=0
u u
t =T particle follows
2u – 0 B same path during
T= h ascent and descent
g
(d) Total time of flight (T) is obtained by solving
v = u 2+2 gh
8h
T  T2  C t =T 
1 g 2u
– h = + uT¢ + gT2 or T  , where T 
2 2 g

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS

1. During free fall distance increases by equal amounts i.e., g during 1st , 2nd, 3rd seconds of
fall, i.e., 4.9m, 14.7m, 24.5m are the distances travelled during 1st, 2nd and 3rd seconds
respectively.

2. From the top of a tower a body is projected upward with a certain speed, 2nd body is thrown
downward with same speed and 3rd is let to fall freely from same point then
t 3  t1t 2
where, t1 = Time of flight of body projected upward
t2 = Time of flight of body thrown downward
t3 = Time of flight of body dropped.

3. If a body falls freely from a height h on a sandy surface and it buries into sand upto a depth
of x, then the retardation with which body travels in the sand is
gh
a 
x

4. If u and v are velocity of particle at t = t1 and t = t2, which is moving with uniform
u v
acceleration, then average velocity of particle during time interval (t2 – t1) is Vav  .
2

5. For a body starting from rest and moving with uniform acceleration, the ratio of distances
covered in 1s, 2s, 3s, etc. is 12 : 22 : 32 etc., i.e. 1 : 4 : 9 etc.

6. A body starting from rest and moving with uniform acceleration has distances covered by it
in 1st, 2nd and 3rd seconds in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 etc. i.e., odd numbers only: Galileo’s Law
of Odd Numbers.

7. A body moving with a velocity v is stopped by application of brakes after covering a distance
s. If the same body moves with a velocity nv, it stops after covering a distance n2.s by the
application of same brake force..

8. In the absence of air resistance, the velocity of projection is equal to the velocity with which
the body strikes the ground.
9. In case of air resistance, the time of ascent is less than time of descent for a body projected
vertically upward.

10. For a body projected vertically upwards, the magnitude of velocity at any given point on the
path is same whether the body is moving in upwards or downward direction.
Example 10: An object is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 60 m/s. After what time
will it strike the ground? Use g  10 m/s2.
Solution: Let the time of ascent of the particle be t
Using v  u  gt
u 60
t   6s
g 10
As the time of ascent is equal to the time of descent, therefore
t  6  6  12s

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Example 11: An object is thrown vertically upward with speed 19.6 m/s. The object returns to
the ground after some time. Draw the x-t, v-t and a-t graphs of the motion of
object, talking point of projection as origin and vertically upward direction as
positive.
x
v=0
x=19.6m t=2s

a=g

u=19.6m/s
x=0 t=0
Solution: The object is thrown with velocity 19.6 m/s. At the top its velocity becomes zero.
The motion is uniformly accelerated with negative acceleration (a = -g). It takes 2 s
for the object to reach to the top (use v = u + at). The height attained till this time
is 19.6 m (use v2  u2  2as) . Then the object acceleration downwards with same
rate (a = –g) and reaches the ground after further 2s. The time at which the object
returns to ground is t = 4 s
x-t graph

The entire journey is uniformly accelerated motion with a  9.8 m/s2. The x-t
graph is a parabola opening downward. The initial and final positions of object is
zero.
v-t graph

The initial velocity of object is +19.6 m/s and the final velocity is -19.6 m/s. The v-
t graph is a straight line with negative slope ( a  g).
a-t graph

The a-t graph is a straight line parallel to time axis with negative acceleration
a  9.8 m/s2.

Example 12: A falling stone takes 0.25 to fall across a window which is 1m high. From how far
above the top of the window was the stone dropped (take g = 10 m/s2)?
Solution: Let the particle be dropped from O and it takes t s to fall up to A, so
1 1
OA  ut  gt2  0  gt 2 (  u=0)
2 2

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1 2
OA  gt
2
1
and OB  g (t  0.2)2
2
Since, OB  OA  1m
1
g [(t  0.2)2  t2 ]  1
2
 5[t2  0.4t  0.04  t2 ]  1
 5[0.4t  0.04]  1
 2t  0.2  1
 2t  1  0.2  0.8
0.8
 t  0.4s
2
1
So, OA   10  0.4  0.4  0.8 m
2
RELATIVE MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION
1. If two bodies A and B are moving in straight line same direction with velocity VA and VB, then
relative velocity of A with respect to B is vAB = vA – vB. Similarly vBA = vB – vA
A vA B vB

2. If two bodies A and B are moving in straight line in opposite direction then
vAB = vA + vB (towards B)
A B
vA vB vBA = vB + vA (towards A)
vAB = – vBA
Same concept is used for acceleration also.

3. If two cars A and B are moving in same direction with velocity vA and vB (vA > vB) when A is
behind B at a distance d, driver in car A applies brake which causes retardation a in car A,
(v  v B )2 (v  v B )2
then minimum value of d to avoid collision is A i.e., d  A .
2a 2a

4. A particle is dropped and another particle is thrown downward with initial velocity u, then
(a) Relative acceleration is always zero
(b) Relative velocity is always u.
x
(c) Time at which their separation is x is .
u
5. Two bodies are thrown upwards with same initial velocity with time gap t. They will meet after
a time t from projection of first body.
 u
t 
2 g

Example 13: Two trains having lengths 120m and 100m are running in the opposite directions
with velocities 40 km/h and 50 km/h. In what time they will completely cross
each other?

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Solution: Relative velocity of one train w.r.t. second =40 – (–50) = 90 km/h = 25 ms–1
Total distance travelled = 120 + 100 = 220 m
distance 220
Time    8.8s
velocity 25

Example 14: Two cars A and b are moving in opposite directions with speeds as indicated in
figure. Find vAB and vBA.
Positive
B 20m/s
10m/s A
Solution: v AB  v A  vB
 vAB  (10)  (20)  30m/s
 velocity of A relative to B is 30 m/s along the negative direction.
vBA  vB  vA
 vBA  20  (10)  30m/s
 Velocity of B relative to A is 30 m/s along the positive direction.
Example 15: A stone is thrown upward with velocity 25 m/s. Another stone is simultaneously
thrown downward from the same point with speed 10 m/s. When the first stone is
at a height 10 m, what is the relative velocity of first stone w.r.t second?
Solution: Take upward direction is positive and downward negative
Initial velocity of first stone = +25 m/s
Initial velocity of second stone = -10 m/s
Velocity of 1st stone w.r.t. 2nd stone = 25 – (-10) = +35 m/s
Example 16: When two particles A and B are at point O, A is moving with a constant velocity 50
m/s, while B is not moving. But B possesses a constant acceleration of 10 m/s 2.
After how much time they will be at a distance of 125 m?
Solution: uA  50m/s, a A  0
uB  0, a B  10 m/s2
uAB  uA  uB  50m/s
a AB  a A  a B  10 m/s2
1
s AB  uAB t  a ABt2
2
125  50t  5t2 or t2  10t  25  0  (t  5)2  0  t  5s.

RIVER PROBLEM IN ONE DIMENSION

Velocity of river is u & velocity of man in still water is v.
Case - 1
Man swimming downstream (along the direction of river flow)
(u + v)
In this case velocity of river vR = + u
u
velocity of man w.r.t. river vmR = +v
now vm  vmR  vR  u  v

Case - 2
Man swimming upstream (opposite to the direction of river flow)
In this case velocity of river vR = – u
velocity of man w.r.t. river vmR = +v (v - u)
u
now vm  vmR  vR  v  u
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Example 17: A swimmer capable of swimming with velocity ‘v’ relative to water jumps in a
flowing river having velocity ‘u’ . The man swims a distance d down stream and
returns back to the original position. Find out the time taken in complete motion.
Solution : Total time = time of swimming downstream + time of swimming upstream
d d 2dv
t = tdown + tup = + = 2
vu vu v  u2

EXERCISE – I
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-WISE)
DISTANCE/DISPLACEMENT:
1. An aeroplane flies 400 m north and 300 m east and then flies 1200 m upwards then net
displacement is
(A) 1200 m (B) 1300 m (C) 1400 m (D) 1500 m
2. The numerical ratio of displacement to the distance covered is always
(A) Less than one
(B) Equal to one
(C) Equal to or less than one
(D) Equal to or greater than one
3. If displacement of a particle is zero, the distance covered :–
(A) must be zero (B) may or may not be zero
(C) cannot be zero (D) depends upon the particle
4. If the distance covered is zero, the displacement :–
(A) must be zero (B) may or may not be zero
(C) cannot be zero (D) depends upon the particle
5. The location of a particle is changed. What can we say about the displacement and distance
covered by the particle :–
(A) Both cannot be zero
(B) One of the two may be zero
(C) Both must be zero
(D) If one is positive, the other is negative and vice-versa

VELOCITY/SPEED
6. If a car at rest accelerates uniformly to a speed of 144 km/h in 20 second, it covers a distance
of
(A) 20 m (B) 400 m (C) 1440 m (D) 2980 m
7. A 150 m long train is moving with a uniform velocity of 45 km/h. The time taken by the train
to cross a bridge of length 850 meters is
(A) 56 sec (B) 68 sec (C) 80 sec (D) 92 sec
8. A train covers the first half of the distance between two stations at a speed of 40 km/h and
the other half at 60 km/h. Then its average speed is :–
(A) 50 km/h (B) 48 km/h (C) 52 km/h (D) 100 km/h

9. The motion of a particle is described by the equation x  a  bt2 where a  15 cm and b  3

cm/s2. Its instantaneous velocity at time 3 sec will be
(A) 36 cm/sec (B)18 cm/sec (C) 16 cm/sec (D) 32 cm/sec

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10. The magnitude of average velocity is equal to the average speed when a particle moves :–
(A) one a curved path (B) in the same direction
(C) with constant acceleration (D) with constant retardation

ACCELERATION:
11. The displacement is given by x  2t2  t  5 , the acceleration at t  2s is
(A) 4 m /s2 (B) 8 m /s2 (C)10 m /s2 (D)15 m /s2

12. The velocity of a body depends on time according to the equation v  20  0.1t2 . The body is
undergoing
(A) Uniform acceleration (B) Uniform retardation
(C) Non-uniform acceleration (D) Zero acceleration

13. The position x of a particle varies with time (t) as x = at2 – bt3. The acceleration at time t of
the particle will be equal to zero, where t is equal to :–
2a a a
(A) (B) (C) (D) zero
3b b 3b

14. The position x of a particle varies with time (t) as x = at2 – bt3. The acceleration at time t of
the particle will be equal to zero, where t is equal to :–
2a a a
(A) (B) (C) (D) zero
3b b 3b

15. The position x of a particle varies with time (t) as x = at2 – bt3. The acceleration at time t of
the particle will be equal to zero, where t is equal to-
2a a a
(A) (B) (C) (D) zero
3b b 3b
GRAPHS:
16. The x  t graph shown in figure represents

(A) Constant velocity

(B) Velocity of the body is continuously changing
(C) Instantaneous velocity
(D) The body travels with constant speed upto time t1 and then stops

17. From the following displacement-time graph find out the velocity of a moving body

1 1
(A) m/s (B) 3 m/s (C) 3 m/s (D)
3 3

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18. A ball is dropped from the certain height on the surface of glass. It is collide elastically the
comes back to initial position. If this process it repeated then the velocity time graph is :–

velocity
velocity

T 2T
(A) (B) t
T 2T t

velocity
velocity

T 2T 2T
(C) t (D) T t

19. A lift is going up. The variation in the speed of the lift is as given in the graph. What is the
height to which the lift takes the passengers

(A) 3.6 m
(B) 28.8 m
(C) 36.0 m
(D) Cannot be calculated from the above graph
20. A particle starts from rest. Its acceleration (1) versus time (t) is as shown in the figure. The
maximum speed of the particle will be

(A) 110 m/s (B) 55 m/s (C) 550 m/s (D) 660 m/s

EQUATIONS OF MOTION:
21. A particle starting from rest with constant acceleration travels a distance x in first 2 seconds
and a distance y in next two seconds, then
(A) y  x (B) y  2x (C) y  3x (D) y  4x

22. The initial velocity of a body moving along a straight line is 7 m/s . It has a uniform
acceleration of 4m /s2 . The distance covered by the body in the 5th second of its motion is
(A) 25 m (B) 35 m (C) 50 m (D) 85 m

23. If a body starts from rest and travels 120m in the 8th second, then acceleration is :–
(A) 16 m/s2 (B) 10 m/s2 (C) 0.227 m/s2 (D) 0.03 m/s2

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24. A car moving with a speed of 40 km/hr can be stopped by applying brakes after at least 2m. If
the same car is moving with a speed of 80 km/hr., what is the minimum stopping distance ?
(A) 2 m (B) 4 m (C) 6 m (D) 8 m
25. A motor car moving with a uniform speed of 20m/sec comes to stop on the application of
brakes after travelling a distance of10m Its acceleration is
(A) 20 m /sec2 (B) 20m /sec 2 (C) 40 m /sec2 (D) 2m /sec2

MOTION UNDER GRAVITY:

26. A ball is thrown upward with a velocity of 100 m/s. It will reach the ground after :–
(A) 10 s (B) 20 s (C) 5 s (D) 40 s
27. If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with 40 m/s. its velocity after two second will be :–
(A) 10 m/s (B) 20 m/s (C) 30 m/s (D) 40 m/s
28. A ball is thrown upwards from the ground with an initial speed of u. The ball is at a point of
80 m at two times. The time interval being 6 s. Find u (take g = 10 m/s2):
(A) 50 m/s (B) 20 m/s (C) 25 m/s (D) 40 m/s
29. A body is dropped from a tower with zero velocity, reaches ground in 4s. The height of the
tower is about :–
(A) 80 m (B) 20 m (C) 160 m (D) 40 m
30. Two balls are dropped from heights h and 2h respectively from the earth surface. The ratio of
time of these balls to reach the earth is
(A) 1: 2 (B) 2 :1 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 4

RELATIVE MOTION:
31. A train of 150m length is going towards north direction at a speed of 10 ms –1. A parrot flies at
a speed of 5ms–1 towards south direction parallel to the railway track. The time taken by the
parrot to cross the train is equal to :–
(A) 12 s (B) 8 s (C) 15 s (D) 10 s
32. Two cars are moving in the same directions with the same speed of 30 km/hr. They are
separated by 5 km. What is the speed of car moving in the opposite direction if it meets the
two cars at an interval of 4 minute :–
(A) 45 km/hr. (B) 60 km/hr (C) 105 km/hr (D) None
33. A train moves in north direction with a speed of 54 km/hr. and a monkey running on the roof
of the train, against its motion with a velocity of 18 km/hr. with respect to the train, then the
velocity of monkey as observed by a man standing on the ground :–
(A) 5 ms–1 due south (B) 25 ms–1 due south
–1
(C) 10 ms due south (D) 10 ms–1 due north

34. A boat takes 2 hours to go 8 km and come back in still water lake. With water velocity of
4km/hr, the time taken for going upstream of 8 km and coming back is :–
(A) 140 min (B) 150 min (C) 160 min (D) 170 min

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35. A boat covers certain distance between two spots on a river taking 't1' time, going down
stream and 't2' time going upstream, what time will be taken by the boat to cover the same
distance in still water :–
t t t 3 2t1t2 t1  t2
(A) 1 2 (B) 1  t2 (C) (D)
2 2 4 t1  t2 2t1t2

EXERCISE – II
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A jet air plane travelling at a speed of 500 km/h ejects its products of combustion at a speed
of 1500km/h relative to the jet plane. The speed of the latter with respect to an observer on
the ground is :–
(A) 1500 km/h (B) 2000 km/h (C) 1000 km/h (D) 500 km/h
2. The distance between two particles is decreasing at the rate of 6 m/sec. If these particles
travel with same speeds and in the same direction, then the separation increase at the rate of
4 m/sec. The particles have speeds as
(A) 5 m/s ; 1 m/s (B) 4 m/s ; 1 m/s
(C) 4 m/s ; 2 m/s (D) 5 m/s ; 2 m/s
3. The velocity-time graph of a body moving in a straight line is shown in the figure. The
displacement and distance travelled by the body in 6 sec are respectively

(A) 8 m, 16 m (B) 16 m, 8 m (C) 16 m, 16 m (D) 8 m, 8 m

4. The fig. shows the displacement time graph of a particle moving on a straight line path. What
is the magnitude of average velocity of the particle over 10 seconds?
(A) 2 ms–1 (B) 4 ms–1 (C) 6 ms–1 (D) 8 ms–1
5. A stone is thrown with an initial speed of 4.9 m/s from a bridge in vertically upward direction. It
falls down in water after 2 sec. The height of the bridge is
(A) 4.9 m (B) 9.8 m (C) 19.8 m (D) 24.7 m
6. Two balls A and B of same masses are thrown from the top of the building. A, thrown upward
with velocity V and B, thrown downward with velocity V, then
(A) Velocity of A is more than B at the ground
(B) Velocity of B is more than A at the ground
(C) Both A & B strike the ground with same velocity
(D) None of these

7. A stone falls from a balloon that is descending at a uniform rate of 12 ms –1. The displacement
of the stone from the point of release after 10 sec is :–
(A) 490 m (B) 510 m (C) 610 m (D) 725 m
8. A body starts to fall freely under gravity. The distances covered by it in first, second and third
second are in ratio
(A) 1 : 3 : 5 (B) 1 : 2 : 3 (C) 1 : 4 : 9 (D) 1 : 5 : 6
9. A ball is thrown upward with a velocity of 100 m/s. It will reach the ground after:
(A) 10 s (B) 20 s (C) 5 s (D) 40 s

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10. A particle is thrown vertically upwards. If its velocity at half of the maximum height is 10 m/s,
then maximum height attained by it is (Take g  10 m/s2)
(A) 8 m (B) 10 m (C) 12 m (D) 16 m
11. A body projected vertically upwards with a velocity u returns to the starting point in
4 seconds. If g  10 m/sec2, the value of u is
(A) 5 m/sec (B) 10 m/sec (C) 15 m/sec (D) 20 m/sec
12. A body is projected vertically upward from the surface of the earth, then the velocity-time
graph is :–

v v v v
(A) (B) t (C) (D)
t t t
13. Starting from rest, acceleration of a particle is a  2(t 1). The velocity of the particle at t  5s
is
(A) 15 m/sec (B) 25 m/sec (C) 5 m/sec (D) None of these
14. The engine of a train passes an electric pole with a velocity 'u' and the last compartment of the
train crosses the same pole with a velocity v. Then the velocity with which the mid-point of
the train passes the pole is :–
u v u2  v2
(A) u (B) v (C) (D)
2 2
15. A car moving with a velocity of 10 m/s can be stopped by the application of a constant force F
in a distance of 20m. If the velocity of the car is 30 m/s. It can be stopped by this force in :–
20
(A) m (B) 20 m (C) 60 m (D) 180 m
3
16. If a train travelling at 72 km/h is to be brought to rest in a distance of 200 m, then its
retardation should be :–
(A) 20 m/s2 (B) 2 m/s2 (C) 10 m/s2 (D) 1 m/s2
17. A particle experiences a constant acceleration for 20 sec after starting from rest. If it travels a
distance S1 in the first 10 sec and a distance S2 in the next 10 sec, then
(A) S1  S2 (B) S1  S2 /3 (C) S1  S2 /2 (D) S1  S2 /4

18. A particle moves for 20 seconds with velocity 3 m/s and then velocity 4 m/s for another 20
seconds and finally moves with velocity 5 m/s for next 20 seconds. What is the average
velocity of the particle
(A) 3 m/s (B) 4 m/s (C) 5 m/s (D) Zero
19. The ratio of the numerical values of the average velocity and average speed of a body is always
(A) Unity (B) Unity or less
(C) Unity or more (D) Less than unity
20. If a car at rest accelerates uniformly to a speed of 144 km/h in 20 second, it covers a distance
of
(A) 20 m (B) 400 m (C) 1440 m (D) 2980 m

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EXERCISE – III
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
TYPE (I): VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: [01 MARK EACH]
1. Are rest and motion absolute or relative terms?
2. Under what condition will the distance and displacement of a moving object will have the
same magnitude?
3. What will be nature of x–t graph for a uniform motion?
4. Can x-t graph be a straight line parallel to position axis?
5. Can x-t graph be a straight line parallel to time-axis for an object which is moving?
6. What does slope of v-t graph represent?
7. Two balls of different masses (one lighter and other heavier) are thrown vertically upward with
same initial speed. Which one will rise to the grater height?
8. Is it possible that velocity of an object is zero but its acceleration is none zero? If yes, then give
an example.
9. What does speedometer of a car measure?
10. An object A is moving with 10 m/s and B is moving with 5 m/s in the same direction of
positive x-axis. A is 100 m behind B as shown. Find the time taken by A to meet B.

TYPE (II): SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: [02 MARKS EACH]

11. Given below are some examples of motion. State in each case, if the motion is one, two or
three dimensional : (a) a kite flying on a windy day (b) a speeding car on a long straight
highway (c) an insect crawling on a globe (d) a carrom coin rebounding from the side of the
board (e) a planet revolving around its star.

12. A car travelling with a speed of 90 kmh–1 on a straight road is ahead of scooter travelling with
a speed of 60 kmh–1,calculate velocity of car wrt to scooter. solve above problem if scooter is
ahead of car.
13. Show that slope of displacement-time graph is equal to the velocity of uniform motion.
14. Delhi is at a distance of 250 km from Chandigarh. A sets out from Chandigarh at a speed of
80 kmh–1 and B sets out at the same time from Delhi at a speed of 45 kmh–1. When will they
meet each other.
15. Derive the equation
1 2
x(t) = x(0) + v(0) t + at
2
16. ‘The direction in which an object moves is given by the direction of velocity of the object and
not by the direction of acceleration.’ Explain the above statement with some suitable example.
17. Fig. below gives x-t plot of a particle in one dimensional motion. Three different equal intervals
of time are shown. In which interval is the average speed greatest and in which is it the least ?
Give the sign of average velocity for each interval.

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18. Prove that v2 – u2 = 2aS, where symbols have their usual meanings.
19. Prove that the distance travelled by a body in nth second is given by
a
Snth = u + (2n – 1)
2
where symbols have their usual meanings.

20. A train is moving with a speed of 40 km/h. As soon as another train going in the opposite
direction passes by the window, the passenger of the first train starts his stopwatch and notes
that other train passes the window in 3 s. Find the speed of the train going in the opposite
direction if its length is 75 m.

TYPE (III): LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: [05 MARK EACH]

21. Derive an expression for the distance travelled by uniformly accelerated body in t seconds.
Also derive an expression for the distance travelled by the body in the nth second.
22. Deduce the following relations analytically for a uniform motion along a straight time, where
the terms have their usual meanings :
1
(i) v = u + at (ii) S = ut + at2 (iii) v2 – u2 = 2aS
2

23. The driver of a car A going at 25 ms–1 applies the brakes, decelerates uniformly, and stops in
10s. The driver of another car B going at 15 ms–1 puts less pressure on this brakes and stops
in 20 s. On the same graph, plot speed-time for each of the two cars.
(a) Which of the two cars travelled farther after the brakes were applied?
(b) Add a line to the graph, which shows the car B decelerating at the same rate as the car A.
How long does it take the car B to stop at this rate of deceleration?
24. Draw velocity-time graph of uniform motion and prove that the displacement of an object in a
time interval is equal to the area under velocity-time graph in that time interval.
25. The driver of a train A running at 25 m s–1 sights a train B moving in the same direction on
the same track with 15 ms–1. The driver of train A applies brakes to produce a deceleration of
1.0 ms-2. what should be the minimum distance between the trains to avoid the accident .

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

ANSWER
EXERCISE – I
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-WISE)
1. B 8. B 15. C 22. A 29. A
2. C 9. B 16. D 23. A 30. A
3. B 10. B 17. C 24. D 31. D
4. A 11. A 18. C 25. B 32. A
5. A 12. C 19. C 26. B 33. D
6. B 13. C 20. B 27. B 34. C
7. C 14. C 21. C 28. A 35. C

EXERCISE – II
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. C 5. B 9. B 13. A 17. B
2. A 6. C 10. B 14. D 18. B
3. A 7. C 11. D 15. D 19. B
4. A 8. A 12. B 16. D 20. B

EXERCISE – III
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Both rest and motion are relative terms.
2. When the object moves along a straight line and always in the same direction.
3. It will be a straight line, inclined with time-axis.
4. No. It is because, the x-t graph parallel to position axis indicates that the position of the object
is changing at a given instant of time.
5. No. It is because, the x-t graph parallel to time-axis indicates that the object is at rest.
6. Acceleration .
7. Both the balls will rise to the same height. It is because, for a body moving with given initial
velocity and acceleration, the distance covered by the body does not depend on the mass of
the body.
8. if an object is thrown vertical upward than at top point velocity will be zero but acceleration
will be non zero.
9. Instantaneous speed.
10. 20 sec.
11. (a) Three dimensional (b) One dimensional
(c) Three dimensional (d) Two dimensional.
(e) Two dimensional
 
12. Let VC and VS be the velocities of the car and the scooter respectively.
 
Here VC = 90 kmh–1 and VS = 60 kmh–1
The relative velocity of the car w.r.t. the scooter,
  
VCS  VC  VS or VCS = VC – VS
When the car is ahead of the scooter :
VCS = 90 – 60 = 30 km h–1 (away from the scooter)
When the scooter is ahead of the car :
vCS = 90 – 60 = 30 km h–1 (towards the scooter)
14. two hours
16. When an object is thrown up, the direction of motion of the object and its velocity are along
vertically downward and upward direction but acceleration is along vertically downward
direction. Therefore, the direction of motion of the object is that of the velocity and not that of
acceleration.

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

17. The average speed in a small time interval is equal to the slope of
the x-t graph in that interval. Since the slope of the graph is
maximum in the time interval 3 and least in the interval 2; the
average speed is greatest in interval 3 and is least in interval 2.
Further, the slope of x-t graph is positive in the time intervals 1
and 2 and it is negative in the interval 3. Therefore, in interval 1
and 2, the average velocity is positive; and in the interval 3, the
average velocity is negative.
1 1
s n1  u(n  1)  .a  n  1
2
19. s n  u.n  .a.n2
2 2
a
s nth  s n  s n1  u   2n  1
2
20. 50 km/h
23. For a uniformly accelerated motion, the speed-
time graph is a straight line, whose slope is equal
25 A
to the acceleration of the motion. Since both the
cars start with a given speed at zero time and 20 CarA
have zero speed at a later time, the v-t graph in

Speed(ms–1)
each case can be obtained by joining these points 15
C
with a straight line. Thus, AB represents v-t
graph for the car A and CD represents that for 10 CarB
the car B.
(a) The distance travelled by each car is equal to 5
the area under its v-t graph. Therefore, D' B D
distance travelled by the car A, O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
x1 = area of OAB Time (s)
1 1
= AO × OB = × 25 × 10 = 125 m
2 2
distance travelled by the car B, x2 = area of COD
1 1
= CO × OD = × 15 × 20 = 150 m
2 2
Since x2 > x1, the car B travels farther.
(b) If the car B decelerates at the same rate as the car A, then its v-t graph should be a
straight line drawn from the point C and parallel to AB. Therefore, dotted line CD’ represents
the v-t graph of the car B decelerating at the same rate as the car A.
Since corresponding to point D’, t = 6s, the car B will then stop in 6s.
25. vr = 25 – 15 = 10m/s and ar = –1 so by v2 = u2 + 2as
100
S=  50m
2 1

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