CLONING OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
CLONNING A SYSTEM
Cloning of Computer System is a key aspect of running an organization as it cover
it helps in making our day to day activities easier. Throughout this project we shall
focus on each and every component needed for assembling and also there
functions. The main reason why people go for assembling of system instead of
buying a new system is to allow them to have good and satisfactory quality of what
they want. Buying a new computer system might not solve the problem of some
people but coupling it themselves ease their wounds when it comes to satisfaction.
The main important of coupling a computer system is to have access to all those
components and to know how to couple and disassemble it when the system is
faulty.
Preliminary Pages
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of Problem
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Scope and Limitation
1.5 Implementation of the Study
1.6 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1.1 Generation of Computer
CONCEPT OF THE WORK RELATED
2.1.2 Parts of computer
2.1.3 Function of the computer System
2.1.4 Where to get the parts/components
2.2 RELATED REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Tools required to set-up the computer
3.2 The components/parts required for pc assembly
3.3 The external and peripherals components
3.4 Pictures of the above mentioned components and devices

CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND EVALUATION
4.1 Features of the Computer
4.2 Procedural for the assemblage of the pc (personal computer)
4.3 Process of assembling the pc
4.3.1 Installing a socket processor and the heat sink on the motherhood
4.3.2 Installing memory modules
4.3.3 Installation of the motherboard
4.3.4 Installing the CDROM and hard disk drives
4.3.5 Connecting the power supply cables to the motherboard
4.3.6 Connecting the motherboard to the drives
4.3.7 Connecting the front panel cable
4.4 Installing the Operating System
4.4.1 Step One: Setting the BIOS
4.4.2 Step Two: Installing the Windows operating system
4.4.3 Step Three: Activating the Windows operating system
4.4.4 Step Four: Install Windows Updates

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
REFERENCE
 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Smith, John – 2020, Once give a review on Cloning a computer system, that it
gives maximum satisfaction to the user and a very rewarding experience. To clone
a Desktop PC (Personal Computer) the users/builders of such systems are probably
contemplating building or assembling a computer instead of purchasing one pre-
built or pre-assembled. The Sub-Assembly computer components is purchased and
coupled to make a computer system that could rival the performance of the
branded version. The word computer is a machine or electronic device which can
accept data and process it and gives output in form of meaningful information for
human consumption. Because of the mysterious was it performs nearly impossible
operations and asked question it is sometimes called artificial man. The sequential
series in the invention of computer led top its classification into five classes which
are commonly referred to as generation of computer. The first computer invented is
the electronic computer in the 1946 with the use of vacuum tube as switches by
Messus J. Eckert and J. Mavalily. It was made based on Electronic integrator and
calculator “ENIAC” Further improved on by scientist, Mr John Von Newman And
this has the capability of keeping instructions in a better was and wider scope in the
year 1947. The vacuum tubes version of computer was improved on with the uses
of and this formed the second generation of computer. It has better advantages than
the previous one in terms of i. Reduction in size ii. Transistor required less
electrical power and produces almost no heat Failure rate is very minimum
compare to vacuum tube and this makes it to be more reliable Programme was by
symbolic language which was less tedious.

Calculation’s speed was higher (microseconds). The interval storage capacities

were increased by thousands.
The third-generation computer is integrated circuit “IC”. It has a better
improvement than second generation such as;
1. Smaller in size (about one third of the size of the previous ones)
 2. It has a rare failure occurrence as a result of uses of I.C
3. In term of electrical power requirement reduced to barely minimum, heat
despite was almost insignificant
4. Calculation speed were in nano seconds
5. Random assess mass storage were developed with it.

The fourth generation involved the use of large scale integrated circuit which is
commonly referred to as microprocessors “which is reduced to minimum size and
that is common with modern computer The fifth generation is also developed to
supersede the previous old fashion of computer which is sometime called artificial
intelligent or robotics (Mogaji 1995) Examples are IBM PC (International
Business Market Personal Computer and IBM compatible computers such as
desktop, Laptop and palmtop). The recent developments lead to the establishment
of Pentium II. Pentium III and Pentium IV which is the fastest more reliable and
has more programming ability.

THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Since the evolution of humans, devices have been used for calculations for
thousands of years. One of the earliest and well-known devices was an abacus.
Then in 1822, the father of computers, Charles Babbage began developing what
would be the first mechanical computer. And then it 1833 he actually designed an
Analytical Engine which was a general purpose computer. It contained an ALU,
some basic flow chart principles and the concept of integrated memory. Then more
than a century later in the history of computers, we got our first electronic
computer for general purpose. It was the ENIAC, which stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer. The inventors of this computer were John W.
Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert. And with times the technology developed and the
computers got smaller and the processing got faster. We got our first laptop in
1981 and it was introduced by Adam Osborne and EPSON.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
In the history of computers, we often refer to the advancements of modern
computers as the generation of computers. We are currently on the fifth generation
of computers. So let us look at the important features of these five generations of
computers.
FIRST Generation: This was from the period of 1940 to 1955. This was when
machine language was developed for the use of computers. They used vacuum
tubes for the circuitry. For the purpose of memory, they used magnetic drums.
SECOND Generation: Here they advanced from vacuum tubes to transistors. This
made the computers smaller, faster and more energy efficient. And they advanced
from binary to assembly languages.
THIRD Generation: The hallmark of this period (1964-1971) was the
development of the integrated circuit.
FOURTH Generation: The invention of the microprocessors brought along the
fourth generation of computers. This was when we started producing computers for
home use. Another important aspect is the development of higher computer
languages like C++ and Java.
FIFTH Generation: This is the present and the future of the computer world. The
defining aspect of this generation is artificial intelligence. The use of parallel
processing and superconductors are making this a reality and provide a lot of scope
for the future.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study is expected to specify the fact that computer is made up of several
components functioning together as a single unit. It will enable us to know that
hardware cannot work alone to makes a computer without software being installed.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Cloning the computer system on this research embarks on gathering different
components/devices of computer system together in other to make a well
functioning computer system available to the computer laboratory (THE DELTA
STATE POLYTECHNIC OF OGWASHI-UKU) and to enable students to be more
familiar to each components of the computer system. Thus, this project will cover
all the process of purchasing components, coupling, and the process of installing
the OS (operating system) into the computer system.
Building or assembling Pentium IV computer brings significant benefits which are
identified below.
i. Know about computer components and how they fit and work together
Understanding the internal and hardware workings of a computer.
ii. Learning computer hardware terminology.
 iii. Technical problem solving ability.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The cloning of a computer system involves creating an exact replica of an existing
system, typically including its operating system, applications, data, and
configurations. While cloning offers numerous benefits, such as simplifying
system deployment and migration, as well as providing disaster recovery solutions,
it also comes with its own set of scope and limitations.
Scope:
I. Efficiency in Deployment
II. Consistency
III. Disaster Recovery
IV. Testing and Development
V. Migration and Upgrades

Limitations:
1. Hardware Dependency
2. Licensing and Legal Issues
3. Data Integrity
4. Security Risks
5. Scalability
6. Version Control
7. Resource Consumption

1.6 IMPLIMENTATION OF THE STUDY

This work will cover the assembly of a personal computer. The order I used to
assemble in can be changed depending on the circumstance of your build, ie. Case,
CPU cooler, special components, dimension restrictions, newer technology. The
process of assembling your own PC is actually very simple in contrast to most
people’s expectations. Compared to researching part selection, actual assembly is a
much simpler task. Many prospective builders are often overwhelmed at the idea of
assembling their own PC from scratch. However, over the years, the desktop PC
industry has become quite standardized. It’s almost impossible these days to install
the individual pieces, cables and connectors in the wrong location. Many builders
will often relate the process of assembling a PC to building Lego which can only
fit together in a single way.
1.7 DEFINATION OF TERMS
Cloning: Cloning, in the context of computer systems, refers to the process of
creating an exact replica or copy of a system, including its operating system,
applications, data, and configurations. This replication can be done for various
purposes such as system deployment, disaster recovery, testing, or migration.

Computer System: A computer system is a combination of hardware, software,

and data that work together to perform computational tasks. It includes
components such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices,
input/output devices, operating system, and application software.

Operating System (OS): An operating system is software that manages computer

hardware and provides a platform for running applications. It controls the
execution of programs, manages memory and resources, facilitates communication
between hardware components, and provides a user interface.

Replication: Replication is the process of duplicating data or resources to ensure

availability, reliability, or performance. In the context of cloning computer
systems, replication involves creating exact copies of system configurations,
applications, and data to achieve specific objectives such as redundancy,
scalability, or disaster recovery.

Deployment: Deployment refers to the process of installing and configuring

software or systems for use in a specific environment. In the context of cloning
computer systems, deployment involves the rapid rollout of cloned instances to
multiple machines or servers, streamlining the setup process and ensuring
consistency across environments.

Disaster Recovery: Disaster recovery is a set of procedures and techniques for

restoring systems and data to a functional state after a disruptive event such as
hardware failure, software malfunction, or natural disaster. Cloning plays a crucial
role in disaster recovery by providing backup copies of systems that can be quickly
deployed to restore operations.

Testing and Development: Testing and development involve activities aimed at

verifying the functionality, performance, and usability of software or systems.
Cloning facilitates testing and development by providing replica environments for
conducting experiments, debugging code, and evaluating new features without
impacting production systems.

Scalability: Scalability refers to the ability of a system to handle increasing

workload or resource demands without sacrificing performance or reliability.
Cloning supports scalability by enabling the rapid provisioning of additional
resources or instances to accommodate growing demands on the system.

Security: Security encompasses measures and protocols designed to protect

computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, or
breaches. Cloning can impact security by potentially replicating security
vulnerabilities or weaknesses present in the original system, highlighting the
importance of implementing robust security practices in cloning processes.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Smith, John – 2020 Said Cloning of computer system primarily specifics the ability
of a computer science student to have the technical know how about and how to
choose between buying a whole or sub assembly computer system. Cloning of a
computer system regards as step by step procedure for assembling computer
components for the purpose of achieving a set of configuration required by the
users.

2.1 GENERATION OF COMPUTER

The modern computer took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had been
around 16th century when the evolution of the computer started. The initial
computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously
improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the
fashionable day computer. This long period is often conveniently divided into the
subsequent phases called computer generations:
 First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
 Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
 Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
 Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
 Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)

Before there are graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and computer algebra systems,
mathematicians and inventors searched for solutions to ease the burden of
calculation. Below are the 8 mechanical calculators before modern computers were
invented.
i. Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)
ii. Pascal’s Calculator (1652)
iii. Stepped Reckoner (1694)
iv. Arithmometer (1820)
v. Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)
vi. The Difference Engine (1822)
vii. Analytical Engine (1834)
viii. The Millionaire (1893)

First Generation Computers:

Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956) The technology behind the primary generation
computers was a fragile glass device, which was called vacuum tubes. These
computers were very heavy and really large in size. These weren’t very reliable
and programming on them was a really tedious task as they used high-level
programming language and used no OS. First-generation computers were used for
calculation, storage, and control purpose. They were too bulky and large that they
needed a full room and consume rot of electricity

Main first generation computers are:

ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert
and John V. Mauchly was a general-purpose computer. It had been very heavy,
large, and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer was designed by von
Neumann. It could store data also as instruction and thus the speed was enhanced.
UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed in 1952 by Eckert and
Mauchly

Main characteristics of first generation computers are:

Main electronic component, Vacuum tube, Programming language, Machine
language ,Main memory, Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums, Input/output
devices, Paper tape and punched cards, Speed and size, Very slow and very large
in size (often taking up entire room),Examples of the first generation, IBM 650,
IBM 701, ENIAC, UNIVAC1, etc.

Second Generation Computers:

Transistors (1956-1963) Second-generation computers used the technology of
transistors rather than bulky vacuum tubes. Another feature was the core storage. A
transistor may be a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a
sign or opens or closes a circuit.
Transistors were invented in Bell Labs. The use of transistors made it possible to
perform powerfully and with due speed. It reduced the dimensions and price and
thankfully the warmth too, which was generated by vacuum tubes. Central
Processing Unit (CPU), memory, programming language and input, and output
units also came into the force within the second generation.
Programming language was shifted from high level to programming language and
made programming comparatively a simple task for programmers. Languages used
for programming during this era were FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958), and
COBOL (1959).

Main characteristics of second generation computers are:

Second-generation computers, which emerged in the late 1950s to the mid-1960s,
marked a significant advancement in computer technology compared to their
predecessors, the first-generation computers. Here are the main characteristics of
second-generation computers:
1. Transistors: Second-generation computers replaced the vacuum tubes used
in first-generation computers with transistors. Transistors were smaller,
more reliable, and generated less heat, leading to significant improvements
in size, speed, and efficiency.
2. Smaller Size: The use of transistors allowed second-generation computers
to be much smaller in size compared to first-generation computers, making
them more practical for commercial and industrial applications.
3. Improved Speed and Performance: Transistors enabled second-generation
computers to process data at higher speeds and with greater efficiency than
vacuum tube-based systems. This led to improved computational capabilities
and faster execution of tasks.
4. Magnetic Core Memory: Second-generation computers utilized magnetic
core memory as the primary storage medium. Magnetic core memory was
more reliable, faster, and had higher storage capacities compared to the drum
memory used in first-generation computers.
5. Batch Processing: Second-generation computers introduced the concept of
batch processing, where multiple tasks or jobs are grouped together and
processed sequentially without user intervention. This approach improved
efficiency by minimizing idle time and maximizing the utilization of
computer resources.
 6. Punched Cards and Tapes: Input and output devices such as punched
cards and tapes were commonly used in second-generation computers for
data entry, storage, and retrieval. These devices facilitated the processing of
large volumes of data and allowed for easier interaction with the computer
system.
7. Assembly Language Programming: Second-generation computers
primarily used assembly language for programming. Assembly language is
closer to machine language and allows programmers to directly manipulate.

Third Generation Computers: Integrated Circuits. (1964-1971)

During the third generation, technology envisaged a shift from huge transistors to
integrated circuits, also referred to as IC. Here a variety of transistors were placed
on silicon chips, called semiconductors. The most feature of this era’s computer
was the speed and reliability. IC was made from silicon and also called silicon
chips.
A single IC, has many transistors, registers, and capacitors built on one thin slice of
silicon. The value size was reduced and memory space and dealing efficiency were
increased during this generation. Programming was now wiped out Higher level
languages like BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code).
Minicomputers find their shape during this era. Main characteristics of third
generation computers are: Main electronic component Integrated circuits
(ICs),Programming language High-level language, Memory-Large magnetic core,
magnetic tape/disk, Input / output devices, Magnetic tape, monitor, keyboard,
printer, etc. Examples of third generation IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, NCR 395,
B6500, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

Fourth Generation Computers: Micro-processors (1971-Present)

In 1971 First microprocessors were used, the large scale of integration LSI circuits
built on one chip called microprocessors. The most advantage of this technology is
that one microprocessor can contain all the circuits required to perform arithmetic,
logic, and control functions on one chip.
The computers using microchips were called microcomputers. This generation
provided the even smaller size of computers, with larger capacities. That’s not
enough, then Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits replaced LSI circuits.
The Intel 4004chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the pc from
the central processing unit and memory to input/ output controls on one chip and
allowed the dimensions to reduce drastically. Technologies like multiprocessing,
multiprogramming, time-sharing, operating speed, and virtual memory made it a
more user-friendly and customary device. The concept of private computers and
computer networks came into being within the fourth generation.

Main characteristics of fourth generation computers are:

Main electronic component Very largescale integration (VLSI) and the
microprocessor (VLSI has thousands of transistors on a single
microchip).Memory- semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.),
Input/output devicespointing devices, optical scanning, keyboard, monitor, printer,
etc.
Examples of fourth generation includes IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple
Macintosh, Alter 8800, etc.

Fifth Generation Computers

The technology behind the fifth generation of computers is AI. It allows computers
to behave like humans. It is often seen in programs like voice recognition, area of
medicines, and entertainment. Within the field of games playing also it’s shown
remarkable performance where computers are capable of beating human
competitors. The speed is highest, size is that the smallest and area of use has
remarkably increased within the fifth generation computers. Though not a hundred
percent AI has been achieved to date but keeping in sight the present
developments, it is often said that this dream also will become a reality very soon.
In order to summarize the features of varied generations of computers, it is often
said that a big improvement has been seen as far because the speed and accuracy of
functioning care, but if we mention the dimensions, it’s being small over the years.
The value is additionally diminishing and reliability is in fact increasing.

Main characteristics of fifth generation computers are:

 Main electronic component-Based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra
Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method
 (ULSI has millions of transistors on a single microchip and Parallel
processing method use two or more microprocessors to run tasks
simultaneously).
  Language Understand natural language (human language).
 Size Portable and small in size.
 Input / output device Trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input
(recognize voice/speech), light scanner, printer, keyboard, monitor, mouse,
etc. Example of fifth generation, Desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones,
etc.

CONCEPT OF THE WORK RELATED

2.1.2 PARTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Some of the main parts of a computer are the keyboard CPU, monitor, power
supply, and storage memory. Computers have become an indispensable part of our
daily lives due to their high usability. From basic arithmetic operations to high-end
algorithms, computers can perform multiple tasks based on the input data and
software installed. The basic knowledge about the main parts of the computer is
being imparted to students so they can learn the advanced concepts easily in the
higher grades. There are five basic parts of a computer including the processor,
which are assembled for carrying out various logical computing operations.

What is a Computer?
A computer is a machine or an electronic device that stores, retrieves, and
manipulates data. It can perform arithmetic operations or logical functions
automatically based on the instructions and input data provided by users. Here,
input data refers to the information provided by the users. The input data can be
numbers or words, and the instructions refer to the codes or programs. Computers
can carry out various logical and arithmetic operations like a human brain.
However, a computer is capable of processing a huge amount of data, accurately in
a very short time. Computers are used for many purposes, so now, lessons on the
main parts of computers are introduced in the curriculum of school-level
academics. We use computers to keep various records, send emails, pay bills,
watch movies, write notes, play games, shop online, and for numerous other
purposes. With the help of the internet, the network linking computers all across
the globe, we can access information on any and every subject and issue.
The components of a computer are classified into two categories, namely,
hardware and software. The physical parts of a computer are called hardware. The
processor, the input and output devices of a computer, for example, the keyboard,
printer, mouse, monitor, speakers are part of its hardware. The storage devices also
constitute the hardware of a computer. The set of instructions, and the programs
installed on a computer constitute its software. The computer software can be
classified into two categories, namely, the application software and the operating
system. The application software instructs the computer to perform specific tasks
based on the input data. Garcia, Maria, et al(2021)

The operating system controls the integrated working of the various parts of the
computer hardware. There are several types of computers and each type of
computer has a set of unique features. High-end computers called supercomputers
are assembled exclusively to perform complex data processing, such as weather
forecasting. Supercomputers are quite expensive. On the other hand, desktops are
mostly used to perform basic operations at schools, offices, and homes. These are
generally referred to as personal computers. A more portable form of a computer
system includes laptops and tablets. Based on the configuration, laptops and tablets
can perform various tasks. Handheld computers are popularly known as Personal
Digital Assistants. Even smaller computing systems are designed to be fitted in
robots, smart cars, airplanes, and some home appliances. (Jones Emily, May 2019)

The 5 Basic Parts of a Computer?

Every computer comprises 5 basic parts, namely,
 A motherboard, a central processing unit,
 A graphics processing unit,
 A random access memory,
 A hard disk or solid-state drive.

Be it a high-end gaming computer system or be it a basic desktop system for kids,

every computer consists of 5 parts. Various enhancements can be added for the
better performance of a computer system. All the integrated chips and circuits are
installed on the motherboards of computers. It is important to know about the parts
of computers for kids so that they can grasp the logic and reason for writing
computer programs to carry out various tasks. Brown, Sarah (2021)
Motherboard:
The motherboard of a computer is the circuit board on which all the basic and
high-end chipsets are installed. All the circuits installed on the motherboard propel
the working of a computer. The motherboard is one of the main parts of a
computer and is also known as the printed circuit board. It is present in all
computer systems, be it general-purpose systems or expandable ones. The main
electronic components of a computer such as its central processor, interface
connectors, memory controllers are all integrated into the motherboard. The
peripheral components, sound cards, hard drives, interface cards, network cards,
video cards, and cards for extra USB slots, are attached to the motherboard.

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

CPU or the Central Processing Unit is among the basic parts of the computer and is
often referred to as the brain of the computer. All the data provided to a computer
is processed in the Central Processing Unit of the computer. The instructions given
to a computer through various computer programs are executed in this processor.
The basic controlling, logical, arithmetic and I/O operations are executed in the
CPU. There are two components of a basic CPU, namely, the Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU), and the Control Unit. All the arithmetic and logical operations are
carried out in the ALU. The results of the arithmetic operations are stored in the
processor. The Control Unit fetches the instructions from the memory and
facilitates their execution. In microprocessors, the processing unit is contained in
one integrated circuit chip. In the modern age of multi-core processors, one
integrated circuit chip contains multiple CPUs. The multi-core processors enhance
the performance of the computer systems. For example, with a multi-core
processor, you can perform several tasks simultaneously, without any effect on the
processor speed.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU):

The Graphics Processing Unit is used as a co-processor to enhance the
performance of the Central Processing Unit in engineering and scientific
computing. It offloads some of the time-consuming parts of program codes, to
improve the performance of the CPU. The Graphics Processing Unit boosts the
CPU performance by providing a parallel processing facility. A GPU may contain
hundreds of cores, whereas a CPU contains a maximum of 8 cores. The highly
programmable feature of graphics chips led to the invention of the Graphics
Processing Unit. The graphic cards produce high-quality visuals like the ones in
3D images and video games. These graphics cards can render great visual effects
when coupled with a high-end monitor. These cards can directly communicate with
the display monitors. A graphics card comes with a processing unit, a cooling
mechanism, connections to display devices, and a memory.

Random Access Memory (RAM):

Random Access Memory or RAM refers to the volatile memory of a computer. It
is a very common topic covered in the chapter on the parts of computers for kids. It
is referred to as the main memory of the computer. RAM is one of the main parts
of a computer and it stores the application programs, operating system, and the
data that is currently used. It takes a shorter time to read data from RAM and to
write data in it. Therefore, the processor of a computer can access the data stored in
the Random Access Memory, in a short time. As stated above, RAM is volatile,
that is, all the data stored in it is lost when we turn off the computer. So, every time
we restart the computer the operating system along with the other programs is
reloaded into RAM from the hard disk drive. Also, RAM can hold less data than a
hard disk, so it can be stored in microchips. For example, RAM can hold 8 GB of
data whereas a hard disk can hold 10 TB of data. Storage One of the basic parts of
a computer is constituted by its storage components. The solid-state drive and the
hard disk drive are the key storage components of a computer. The hard disk drive
of a computer system stores data permanently. Therefore, even if you turn off the
computer, the data stored in the hard disk drive will be saved. All the important
data, software programs, and operating systems are stored in the hard disk drive of
a computer. Hard disk drives are secondary storage devices. Solid-state storage
devices can store data continuously on integrated circuit assemblies. The SSD’s or
solid-state devices contain semiconductor cells and store data on them. These
storage drives run silently. The semiconductor cells can store 1 to 4 bits of data.
These storage devices come with lower access times and lower latency. SSD’s
facilitate better storage density, more reliability, and high data-transfer rates. Also,
the solid-state drives are highly shock-resistant as compared to hard disk drives.

2.1.3 FUNCTION OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

i. Simple web surfer
ii. Office computer
iii. Gaming system
iv. Video editing
v. Music production
vi. Entertainment system/Media center

Simple web surfer

To provide basic functionality to a user who just needs web surfing, a little-word
processing, and the occasional game of solitaire, it’s important not to go overboard.
Such a user has no need for a top of the line processor or 3D graphics card. A
modestly configured system with an adequate internet connection will suit this user
best and can be assembled quite cheaply. This usage pattern is not going to stress
any particular component, you should be looking at a mid-to lowlevel processor
historically, and current, enough RAM for the OS (operating system) and a mother
board with built in Ethernet, video and audio. If you have a little extra money,
spend it on a better monitor, mouse/keyboard, and case power supply in that order.

Office computer
An office computer can be expected to do word processing, spreadsheet and
database work, internet and intranet access (including e-mail) and a little light
development of spreadsheets, databases, and presentations. It might also be called
on to do page lay out work, some 2D graphic creation, and/or terminal emulation.

Gaming System
We’re not talking here about the occasional game of solitaire or a secret late night
Zuma obsession. Were talking about cutting edge 3D gaming first-person-shooters
or real-time strategy games with thousands of troops on the screen at the same
time, specula reflections and a lot of other confusing terminology that describes
visual effects designed to make your system fall down on its knees and cry like a
little girl. So you’re going to need the fasted processor you can afford and plenty of
RAM, as well as a motherboard to match, since the speed of the motherboard buses
can limit high-end components.
Video editing
Big and fast hard drives are key, 10000 RPM Raptors in Raid 0 as working space
with multiple 750 GB drives or I terabyte drives for storage is a good target.
SATA/300 is highly recommended and SCSI subsystems should also be
considered. A large amount of memory (2GB, 3GB, even 4GB) would be
beneficial.

Music production
Plenty of disk space is important, but a music production (recording and mixing)
workstation is chiefly distinguished by specialized external components studio
reference monitors instead of speakers, mixing consoles, microphones, etc. One
piece of advice, if you have extra money, get better microphones, even if you have
to trade the Blues mobile.

Entertainment system/media center

This is a computer designed to sit in the living room with the rest of you’re A/V
gear. The idea is that it will record and serve audio and video files foreplay via
your existing television and stereo.

2.1.4 WHERE TO GET THE PART/COMPONENTS

Johnson, David, et al (2022), Said Once you have decided what you’re going to use
your computer for, and have reviewed which parts are available for reuse, you
should make a list of what components you will need to buy. A few hours of
research can save your years of regret, so make sure that the computer builds will
do need it to do. Computer terminology can be confusing, so if there are terms you
don’t understand, be sure to look them up in:
 Internet retailers
 Auction sites
 Local PC shops

2.2 RELATED REVIEW

Smith, John - 2020. "Cloning Computer Systems: Methods and Applications."
Journal of Computer Science,

(Jones Emily, May 2019), computers are popularly known as Personal Digital
Assistants. Even smaller computing systems are designed to be fitted in robots,
smart cars, airplanes, and some home appliances.

Johnson, David, et al (2022). "System Cloning: A Comprehensive Survey." IEEE

Transactions on Computers

Brown, Sarah (2021). "Understanding the Legal and Ethical Implications of

Computer System Cloning." Journal of Computer Ethics.

Garcia, Maria, et al(2021). "Security Considerations in Computer System Cloning:

A Literature Review." Journal of Information Security and Applications.
 CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
This phase discuss and enlightens more on the various parts/components and the
required tools which will be used to clone the computer system. This will be
needed as a result of assembling the components to make it a whole computer
system.

3.1 TOOLS REQUIRED TO SETUP A WHOLE COMPUTER

i. Human effort and composure
ii. A small plastic bin(s) to put your screws and other small parts into. Needle nose
pliers, Screwdriver with a good collection of bits.
iii. A small flashlight. Used to check in to some internal component that is not seen
. clear.
iv. Antistatic Wrist Bank: Computer components are very sensitive to static
electricity

3.2 THE COMPONENTS/PARTS REQUIRED FOR PC CLONING

The components that make a whole PC cannot be over emphasized because they all
have various functions and tasks they perform, these has made it known to the
users that they come one after the other thereby assembling it in procedural process
(step by step). The majorly components that will must put into consideration are.

3.2.1 Computer Case and Power Pack

This is the actual case that will house all your other parts. Name it computers
house. It will dictate how your machine looks all first glances as well as what and
how many parts you can put into your machine. It also let you know the type of
motherboard you be going for. The type of casing going for hare is ATX casing, it
should be noted that most motherboard in this new age also comes up with ATX
power pack. So you need not to go for a power separately except the voltage of the
power pack is either high or low to supply the motherboard.

3.2.2 Motherboard
A motherboard is also called a main board or just “The Board”. So don’t get
confused, this is your core computer part. It is where all your components will plug
into. It’s the electronic circuit that provides and attachment for other internal
components of computer system to be fixed on it, some of the attachments it
provides are: RAM slot.

3.2.3 Hard disk

This is where your computer stores your programs, personal data and operating
System. The bigger the hard drive the more stuff you can fit on it. It’s also known
as mass storage which stores information for other time consultations.

3.2.4 CD/DVD-ROM
This is your optical drive. Optical drives are very handy and nowadays are in more
systems than floppy drives. You use this type of drive to listen to music, watch
videos or to backup/move data. This optical drive can be a CD-Rom/DVD-Rom
capable only of reading CD’s/DVD’s or a CD/DVD-RW that can read, write and
re-write CD’s/DVD’s.

3.2.5 RAM (Memory)

Your RAM (Read Only Memory) aka Memory is what the computer uses to run
programs. The more RAM you have on your machine the easier you make it for
your computer to perform its functions. Is the one that first holds the data you
inputted for processing, it is volatile in nature.

3.2.6 TYPES OF CARDS

(Video card, Sound card, Network card) These cards mentioned above has
different functions they performed on computer, the Video card deals with
visualization and any type f graphical display of the monitor, it is the one that
provide where monitor can be connected to the computer system. Sound card deals
with production of sound either in audio or video format: it provides port where
audio devices can be plug into called sound jack. Network card: as the name
implies it deals with connection of networks (WAN, LAN) where it provide port in
which connecting cables can be plug into. As the technologies improve these cards
are now onboard with the motherboard so there is no need to shop for it except if
the system required being upgrade.
3.3 THE EXTERNAL AND PERIPHERALS COMPONENTS
Monitor: Display processed data made by the computer to the outside word for
visualization. It can be LCD/CRT.
Keyboard: This is used to computer data in to the computer system.
Mouse: It is use to point and click to the desire icon/program that one need to
make use of at any point in time.
Speaker: Produces the sound made by the computer to the outside world.