Economics of Power Generation @ “The team Economics of Power Generation relates tothe ferent terms to understand the cost of electrical power generation at powerplants, The capacity ofa power station mainly depends on the toad demand. The load onthe power station s not constant but varias from time to time. Before fuing the size and number of units generated in a power station it is necessary to study the ‘echnical and economical feasibility ofthe power station. Henee, the project engineer should have the fallowing information with him Nature of the load Fusure load conssitions| Location of the loos) Refbilty of supphy Reserve capacity Minimum capital and operating (Running Cost) “The load on 2 power station varies from time to time due to uncertain demands of the consumers and is known as the variable lond on the station Load Curve “The load on the power station ie net constant ut varies om time ta time. The curve obtained by plating time in hours ay. mgggh. or yagr}.on X-axis and load (RW or MW) on Y-axis is known as the oad curve. & load curve the plot of 105d vs tine. “The load curve gives information about the following: Ths variation a oad during lifer hours of the day i rea under the loa curve represents the total numberof nts generated n KN in day Hire mecmum and minimum loa na day harem ner ta oa ce vis by the uber of hours (24 hare) oves he verge lon onthe power sation Wi wea unre eas ire vied by the are of the rectangle in tien is cantina gives ‘the load factor.‘ig Load curve and load duration curve Load Duration Curve The load Curve gives the variations of load, But inthe Load Duration Curve al the loads ae arranged in descending order of magnitudes from the greatest load on the lft and te least lads on the extreme right. This curve gives the numberof hours fr which a particular load ison the power station “The aes under this curve azo ghee the numiner af unite generated Important Terms and Factors ‘The variable load problem has introduced the fllowing terms and factors in power plants Connected Load CConnscted Load isthe sum of continuous ratings ofall equipment cannected tothe supa aytem. ——— ‘A power sation supplies loads to numerous consumers. Each consumer has certain equipment installed at his premises. The sum ofthe continuous ratings ofall the equipment inthe consumer's premises isthe “connected load” of the consume. For exampla if consumer has connections off 100-wat lamps and a power point of 500 wats, ‘han the connected land ofthe consumer ie § 3100 » $00 = 1000 watts. The sum ofthe connectes loads ofall the consumers ithe gonnectad logs to the power tation Maximum Demand“Ike Maximum of all demands (oad) on 3 power station during 3 given period is known 3¢ Maximum Demand Gos SISOS ROT SaT ON HREM Wal conse eed fon simultaneously, then the load is equal tothe connected lead. Hence, Maximum Demand i always less than or equal tothe connected oad, Maximum demand helps in determining the size and cost of heinsalaton - It is the greatest demand of load on the power station duting a given perio. Demand Factor ‘The demand factor is definad 25 the ato of maximum demand on the power station to its connected Sand cor formulaisasfollows, Demand Factor = Mii . ‘The value ofthe demand factor te usually lass than (<1). Ths ie because the pasion demand on the [power station is generally les than the connected loss There iia unit for the Demand factor as both ‘the numerster ane denominator are in the same units W ar WW. For Example Ifthe maximum demand en the power station is 80 MIN and the connected load is 100 IM, then the demand factor = 80/100 = 08, The concept of damans factor ie vital determining the ‘capacity ofthe plant equipment Average load “The average of nds accurring on the power station in 2 given pari (day or month or yess) is known 1a: the average load or average demand Ber enn BWA) Daily Average Load Ture) Monthly Average Toad = Pitman [ness tA 0=) Bor ot mF) mor oar yo BT] Yearly Average Load = Load factor——_ ‘The lead factors defined asthe ratio of the average lead to the maximum demand of a power station during a certain period of time. Are td Dama Load Factor = spn Done es ba Teal tne ss SNR AS Sa sa ene gered SS Ur cof unt that cau nave baer gaanrned WAT Fae Same msm demand “Load Factor = Steed me cn pit ence ry SimneLF HR xs “Racin Dean Hors of errata en Pd ‘As the average load ofthe power station is ahways les than the maximum demand. the load factor is always less than unity (<1). the period considered is a day the load factor isthe daily load factor ‘Monthly and yearly loa factors can be obtained, by considering the period as month or yea usually expressed asa percentage Diversity Fector vrversity ractor Isielafines asthe ratio ofthe sum of te incisal demands ofall ensures tothe mars demand of the power station. The diversity factor formula is as follow Diversity Factor — Seon einen Denes “The sum of indivi maximum demand i always greater than the masimam damand ofthe power station. Hence, the diversity factoris always greater than unity (27). The diversity factor reduces the ‘capital cost ofthe station and the fate of ganeation of elect. eroeoreoeoe ———a————r—r—everr Coincidence factor Ris defined as the reciprocal ofthe diversity factor, tis aaystoss than unity, Co — incidence factor = earsEffect of Load factor and Diversity Factor on the cost of Electrical Energy Load factar and avers factor ply an important rola in deccing the cost of elctrieal anergy Higher ‘he values ef te Load factor and diversity factor, the wer wil be the overall east of unit ganeration Tie higher the Load factor greater the average loa reciting in more units generated fora given ‘maximum demand, At 100% load factor, the installed capacity is used to the maximum extent. ence ‘maximum energy & generated and the cost of unit energy is minimum. ‘he capital cost of « power station dapande onthe insalec capasty ofthe station Laver the capacity ofthe station the lower the installed capacity, and hence lower isthe capital cost of the plant. Nom. higher diversity factor means, the smaler the maomum demand and thereby the smaller the capital cost ofthe power station. The effect ofthe diversity factors to reduce the maximum demand, which results in reduced capital cost and consequently lower overal cost of generation of eletiy. The variation of cost of energy wih load factor and diversity factor is ilustrated here. 1A testoook 160 125 wa Generation Cost Season © 20 40 60 80 100 Lead ofa factorin % > Diversity factorin % Fig 2 Effect of Load factor and Diversity Factor Plant Capacity Factor‘The capacity factor of plants equalto the Plant Capacity factor. The capacity Factor alo called the Plant Capacity factor. isthe rato of actual eneTgy produced tothe maximum possible energy that could have been produced during 2 given period ie. Plant Capacity Factor — yprp ists a oa Fd Plant Capacity Factor = fat emia ‘Thus if the considered period is one year Anna Wh Out Annual Plant Capacity Factor = (ezes! Wh Outre ‘The plant capacity factor i an indication ofthe reserve capacity ofthe plant. A power station isso designed that it has some rezerve capacity for meeting the increased load demand inthe future, ‘Therefore, the installed capacity ofthe plant i avays somewhat greater than the maximum demand fon the plant eset Cap Tank Capacity - Max Demand ‘pieieTening Ta note that” the difference between the load factor and plant capacity factor is an Incication of reserve capaci f the maximum demand on the plant is equal to the plant capacity, then the load factor and plant eapacity factor will have the same value. In such a ease, the plant will hhave no reserve eapacty” Plant Use Factor tis the ratio of kWh generated to the product of plant capacity and the numberof hours for which the plant was in operaton ie station Opa oa 8 Plant use Factor = _Sshmmurete hh Example: Suppose» plant having an insalad expacty of 29 MIN pracuces on annual ourput of 735 » 106 kWh and remains in operation for 2190 hours ina year. Then = atssat_ Plant use Factor = 28204 = 0.167Utilization Factor tis defined asthe ratio of the Maximum demand ofthe power plant tothe Rated capaciy of the powerplant. simu denandof the poser sont vtitisation factor = TE Tapctge] Repeat Typical Demand actors ‘This table represents the values of demand factors values for different types of consumers and their respective loads ‘Type of Consumer Loads Demand Factor uw 109 Residence Lightning ‘aw 08 ‘Over 1 kW 05: Resourant= o7 ‘Theatres 08 ‘Commercial Lighting Hotels 05. Schools ossSmall industy 28. store 079 ‘General Fower Service ore ons 1020HP oss, 20-1004 055, Over 100 os, Typical Diversity factors ‘The below table represents the typical diversity factors . Residential lighting Commercial lighting General power supply Benveen consumers 3-4 1s 15 Between transformers 13 8 3 Benwean feecers 12 2 2 Betweon substations | 1.1 aa 1.pe Load factor, Diversity Factor, and Capacity Factor Solved Examples [Example 14 power station has 2 masimum demand of 150 MAW with an annual ond factor of 20%. Calculate the electrical energy generated par annum. Solution 1: Given data Maximum demand (MD) = 150 MW tect a YQ fa Wehave Load Factor ~ esmman Poni a aa Energy generated/annum = Load factor maximum demand x No.of hours per annum Lex MD «8760 0.5 150 « 10° x 8760 = 657 x LORWh units Example 2: A poner station has 2 maximum demand of 20.0001, an annual load factor is 505, and plant capacity factor. 40% determine the reserve capacty ofthe plant. Solution 2: Given, Maximum demand (MD) = 20 MW Load factor LF) = 50% Plant capacity actor, 6 Aras oad Load Factor = Deval‘Average load = load factor x max demand x hours in use 20,000 « 0.5 8760, 576 MBH toad capacity = “0 — 25 MW Reserve capacity = load expaciy - Max demand 2S Mw - 20 MVE wrt Example 3:A powerplant suppies the following load: to various caneumers: Incr corsumets = 1500 KW Commercial established = 750 kW Domestic power = 100.W Domestic Light = 450 kW the mamum semand on the satan ie 2500 kW and the no. kWh generated yearie AS x 10% Determine the diversity fsctor and annual load factor. Solution 3: Given, Maximum demand = 2500 kW Nofunits generated paryenr = 48 x 10 Diversity Factor — “ecm Demand of Poort Satin Diversity actor = osm a8 92eof onerted Aer ge toad rain working Average oad = 23? = 613.60 RW load factor = 35 — 0.205 the average load to the maximum demand ofa power station during 3 certain period ef time. Average oe (Demand) Load Factor ~ rs Devnd pak fF axaminations. Te boost your ck Tess for Electrical Engineering Exams, Visit the Testbook app to keep yourself So the upcoming examinations, inducing GATE preparation you should test yourset tht You can check the slisbus forthe AEE ean updated with al the exam oriented inform Electrical and AE/JE Electrical exam