E Book - Ratio & Proportion, Indices, Logarithm - PDF Only

CHAPTER
Ratio and Proportion,

1 Indices, Logarithm
RATIO
DEFINITION OF RATIO
A ratio is a comparison between two or more quantities of the same kind, where by “same
kind” we means that they are similar in nature (like gold is comparable to silver but not to
apple).
If a and b are two quantities of the same kind (in same units, E.g. - Kg and gram are two
different units of weights).
It is represented by a : b
a
Then, fraction of a and b is called the ratio of a and b which is written as
b
The quantities a and b are called terms of the ratio.
E.g.: In 3: 4, 3 and 4 are terms of ratio.
a is called the first term or antecedent.
E.g.: In 3 : 4 , 3 is first term or antecedent.
b is called the second term or consequent.
E.g.: In 3 : 4 , 4 is second term or consequent.
Example 1. The ratio of two quantities is 3 : 4. What is antecedent and what is consequent?
(a) 3, 4 (b) 4, 3 (c) 3, 3 (d) None of these
Sol. (a) As per the definition,
The term ‘3’ is the antecedent and the term ‘4’ is the consequent.
Hence, the correct option is (a).
Example 2. The ratio of two quantities is 3 : 4. If the antecedent is 15, the consequent is
(a) 16 (b) 60 (c) 22 (d) 20
Sol. (d) Given: Ratio of two quantities = 3 : 4
Let ‘x’ be the consequent of the ratio whose antecedent is 15.
According to the problem,
3 15
=
4 x
On cross-multiplication, we get
3x = 4 × 15
3x = 60
Dividing both sides by 3, we get For option (c): 22
60 On substituting x = 22 in eq (i), we have
x = = 20
3 3 15
= , which is not true
Alternate Solution: 4 22
3 15 For option (d): 20

Since, =
4 x …(i) On substituting x = 20 in eq (i), we have
Now, for option (a): 16 3 15
=
On substituting x = 16 in eq (i), we have 4 20
3 15 , which is not true 3 3

= = , which is true
4 16 4 4
For option (b): 60 Therefore, when the antecedent is 15 in a
On substituting x = 60 in eq (i), we have ratio of 3 : 4, the consequent is 20.
3 15 Hence, the correct option is (d).
=
4 60
3 1
= , which is not true
4 4
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART A)

1. The antecedent and consequent in the ratio 5 : 16 is ____ and ____ respectively.
(a) 5, 5 (b) 16, 5 (c) 5, 16 (d) 16, 16
2. The ratio of two quantities is 2 : 5. If the antecedent is less than the consequent by
Rs. 9000, the consequent will be …….
(a) 3000 (b) 6000 (c) 9000 (d) 15000
3. The ratio of two quantities is 5 : 8. If the consequent is is 40, then the antecedent is
(a) 25 (b) 40 (c) 5 (d) 8
Answer Key
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a)
KEY CONCEPTS REGARDING RATIOS

Both terms of a ratio can be multiplied or divided by the same (non-zero) number.
E.g.: If we have a ratio of 2 : 3, we can multiply both terms by 2 to get 4 : 6 and do
the similar with division.
Usually, a ratio is expressed in lowest terms (or simplest form).
E.g.: If we have a ratio of 6 : 8, we can simplify it to 3 : 4 by dividing both terms by
their greatest common divisor, which is 2.
The order of the terms in a ratio is important.
E.g.: The ratio 2 : 3 is different from the ratio 3 : 2. They both represent different
quantities.
2 Quantitative Aptitude
Ratio exists only between quantities of the same kind.
E.g.: We can compare the ratio of apples to oranges, but not apples to minutes.
Quantities to be compared (by division) must be in the same units.
E.g.: If we want to compare the ratio of the lengths of two objects, one measured in
inches and the other in centimeters, we need to convert them to the same unit (e.g.,
both in inches or both in centimeters) before dividing them.
To compare two ratios, convert them into equivalent like fractions.
E.g.: If we have the ratio 2 : 3 and the ratio 4 : 5, we can convert them into equivalent
10
fractions by converting to a common denominator. The ratios become and 12 ,
15 15
respectively, and we can then compare them easily.
Example 3. Which ratio is greater?

1 1
I. 3 : 4 or 2.5 : 4.5
2 2
1 1
(a) 3 : 4
2 2 (b) 2.5 : 4.5
(c) Both are equal (d) Cannot be determined
1 1
II. 2 : 3 or 3.6 : 4.0
5 5
1 1
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3.6 : 4.0 (c) Both are equal (d) Cannot be determined
5 5
Sol. I. (a) We know,
1 1
3 : 4 can be simplified to 3.5 : 4.5
2 2
3.5 2.5
Now, on comparing 3.5 : 4.5 and 2.5 : 4.5, i.e.,
and we see that the
4.5 4.5
denominators are equal thus we can compare the numerators.
Clearly, 3.5 is greater than 2.5
Thus, 3.5 : 4.5 is greater than 2.5 : 4.5.
1 1
Therefore, the ratio 3 :4 is greater than 2.5 : 4.5.
2 2
II. (b) We know,
1 1 11 16 11
2 :3 can be simplified to = : 11
= : 16
5 5 5 5 16
36 9
Also, 3.6 : 4.0
= =
40 10
Making the denominators equal to 80 i.e.,
11 5 55 9 8 72
= × and
= ×
16 5 80 10 8 80
Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 3

On comparing both the ratios, we see
55 < 72
55 72
<
80 80
1 1
i.e., 2 :3 < 3.6 : 4.0
5 5
1 1
Therefore, the ratio 3.6 : 4.0 is greater than 2 :3
5 5
Hence, the correct option is (b).
If a quantity increases or decreases in the ratio a: b. The fraction by which the original
quantity is multiplied to get a new quantity is called the factor multiplying ratio.
E.g.: Let’s say you have a quantity of 100 apples and it increases in the ratio of 2 : 3
Then, New quantity = Original quantity × Factor multiplying ratio
3
New quantity= 100 × = 150 apples
2
Example 4. Earlier shoe company produced 2000 shoes in a day. They increased their
production 5 : 6. What will be the new production?
(a) 2500 (b) 2400 (c) 2000 (d) 3000
Sol. (b) Given: Original production of the shoe company in a day = 2000
ince, the increased production ratio is given as 5 : 6, thus the new production is 6/5
S
times the original production.
 6
Thus, New production = 2000 ×   = 2400
5
Therefore, the new production of the shoe company is 2400 shoes in a day.
Example 5. If Rajni eats 12 chapati in a day. If she reduces her chapati by 6 : 5. How many
chapati does she eat now?
(a) 12 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 15
Sol. (c) Given: Original number of chapatis Rajni eats = 12
Reduced chapati intake ratio = 6 : 5
 5  60
Thus, New quantity =12 ×   = =10
6 6
Therefore, Rajni now eats 10 chapatis.
Hence, the correct option is (c).
1 2 4
Example 6. Simplify the ratio : :
2 3 5
(a) 15 : 20 : 24 (b) 10 : 25 : 24
(c) 2 : 3 : 5 (d) 1 : 2 : 4
Sol. (a) We know that,
L.C.M. (2, 3, 5)
2 2 −3 −5
3 1 −3 −5
5 1 −1 −5
1 −1 −1
L.C.M. = 2 × 3 × 5 = 30
Thus, making the denominator of each ratio equal to 30, we get
1 15 15
× =
2 15 30
2 10 20
× =
3 10 30
4 6 24
× =
5 6 30
Therefore, the simplified form of given ratios is 15 : 20 : 24.
1 1 1
Example 7. Simplify the ratio : : (ICAI)
3 8 6
(a) 8 : 3 : 4 (b) 8 : 5 : 1 (c) 7 : 2 : 6 (d) 1 : 3 : 5
L.C.M (3, 8, 6)
2 3 −8 −6
2 3 −4 −3
2 3 −2 −3
3 3 −1 −3
1 −1 −1
L.C.M (3,8,6) = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24
Thus, making the denominator of each ratio equal to 24, we get
1 8 8
× =
3 8 24
1 3 3
× =
8 3 24
1 4 4
× =
6 4 24
Therefore, the simplified form of given ratios is 8 : 3 : 4
Example 8. Anand earns ₹80 in 7 hours and Promod ₹90 in 12 hours. The ratio of their
earnings is (ICAI)
(a) 32 : 21 (b) 23 : 12 (c) 8 : 9 (d) None of these
Sol. (a) Given that,
Earning of Anand in 7 hours = `80
Earning of Pramod in 12 hours = `90
80
Thus, earning of Anand in 1 hour =
7
90
Earning of Pramod in 1 hour =
12
80 90 80 × 12 32
Therefore, Ratio of their earnings = ÷ = =
7 12 7 × 90 21
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) i.e., 32 : 21
Example 9. The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7 : 8. If the second train runs 400
km in 5 hours, the speed of the first train is (ICAI)
(a) 10 km/hr (b) 50 km/hr (c) 70 km/hr (d) None of these
Sol. (c) Let the speed of two trains be 7x km/hr and 8x km/hr.
It is given that the second train runs 400 km in 5 hours, thus we have
Speed = Distance/Time
400
8x =
5
8x = 80
x = 10
Therefore, the speed of the first train is 7 × 10 = 70km/hr
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) i.e., 70 km/hr.
Example 10. 40 feet rope is cut into 2. One piece is 18 feet longer than the other. What is
the length of the shorter piece?
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 18 (d) 22
Sol. (a) Let’s assume the length of the shorter piece of the rope is ‘x’ feet.
According to the problem,
Length of the longer piece = (x + 18) feet
Since, the total length of the rope is 40 feet, thus
x + (x + 18) = 40
⇒ 2x + 18 = 40
Subtracting 18 from both sides, we get
⇒ 2x = 22
Dividing both sides by 2, we get
x = 11
Therefore, the length of shorter piece is 11 feet.
Example 11. The ratio of two numbers is 7 : 10 and their difference is 105. The numbers
are (ICAI)
(a) (200, 305) (b) (185, 290) (c) (245, 350) (d) None of these
Sol. (c) Given that, Ratio of numbers = 7 : 10
Difference between the numbers = 105
Then, the numbers are 7x and 10x respectively.
As per question,
Difference between the numbers = 105
10x - 7x = 105
⇒ 3x = 105
⇒ x = 35
Therefore, the numbers are:
7x = 7 × 35 = 245 and 10x = 10 × 35 = 350
Hence, the correct option is (c) i.e., (245, 350).
Example 12. Division of ₹324 between X and Y is in the ratio 11 : 7. X & Y would get rupees
(a) (204, 120) (b) (200, 124) (c) (180, 144) (d) None of these (ICAI)
Sol. (d) We need to divide ₹324 between X and Y in the ratio 11 : 7.
Let X’s shares be 11a
Let Y’s shares be 7a
Since, sum of their shared amount = `324
11a + 7a = 324
⇒ 18a = 324
324
⇒ a =
18
⇒ a = 18
Therefore, X’ shares = 11 × 18 = 198
And Y’s shares = 7 × 18 = 126
Hence, the correct option is (d).
Example 13. If the salary of P is 25% lower than that of Q and the salary of R is 20% higher
than that of Q, the ratio of the salary of R and P will be
(a) 5 : 8 (b) 8 : 5 (c) 5 : 3 (d) 3 : 5
Sol. (b) Given, Salary of P is 25% lower than that of Q i.e.,
25 75
P =Q − 25% of Q =
Q− Q = Q =
0.75Q
100 100
P
⇒ = 0.75 ...(i)
Q
Also, salary of R is 20% higher than that of Q i.e,
20 120
R =
Q + 20% of Q =
Q+ Q = Q =
1.2Q
100 100
R
⇒ 1.2
= ...(ii)
Q

R R Q 1.2
Thus, = × =
P Q P 0.75

R 16 8
⇒ = 1.6 = =
P 10 5
Therefore, the ratio of the salary of R and P is 8 : 5.
Example 14. The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls in a school of
720 students is 3 : 5. If 18 new girls are admitted in the school, then find how many new
boys may be admitted so that the ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls may
change to 2 : 3.
(a) 40 (b) 42 (c) 45 (d) None of these
Sol. (b) Given: Total students = 720
Ratio of number of boys to girls = 3 : 5
Let the number of boys and number of girls be 3a and 5a.
Thus, 3a + 5a = 720
⇒ 8a = 720
⇒ a = 90
So, number of boys = 3(90) = 270 and number of girls = 5(90) = 450
Now, 18 new girls are admitted in the school
Thus, new girls = 450 + 18 = 468
Let ‘x’ be the number of boys admitted in the school.
According to the question,
270 + x 2
=
468 3
⇒ 810 + 3x = 936
⇒ 3x = 126
⇒ x = 42
Therefore, the new number of boys admitted in the school is 42.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART B)

1. In a school, where the ratio of boys to girls is 7 : 5, if the total number of students is
2400, how many girls are enrolled in the school?
2. A bag contains 25 paise, 10 paise, 5 paise are in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1. The total value of
coins is Rs. 40, then the number of 5 paise coin is:
(a) 40 (b) 80 (c) 240 (d) 480
3. If the division of `252 between A and B is in the ratio 5 : 4, how much will A receive?
(a) `140 (b) `120 (c) `112 (d) `100
4. The ratio of boys and girls in a college is 7 : 5. If the number of boys increases by 40%
and the number of girls increases by 20% , what will be the new ratio of boys and girls?
(a) 4 : 2 (b) 30 : 49 (c) 49 : 30 (d) 49 : 47
5. The ratio of two numbers is 2 : 9, and their difference is 91. What are the numbers?
(a) (13, 117) (b) (26, 91) (c) (26, 117) (d) None of these
Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c)
INVERSE RATIO
One ratio is the inverse of the other if their product is 1.
a b
E.g.: b : a is the inverse ratio of a: b since × =1
b a
Example 15. The inverse ratio of 11 : 15 is

Sol. (a) As per the definition,
The inverse ratio of 11 : 15 is 15 : 11
Example 16. The ratio of the quantities is 5 : 7. If the consequent of its inverse ratio is 25,
the antecedent is

Sol. (c) Given: Ratio of the quantities = 5 : 7
Thus, the inverse ratio of the given ratio = 7 : 5
Also, the consequent of its inverse ratio = 25
Let x be the antecedent of the ratio whose consequent is 25, thus
7 x
=
5 25
⇒x = 7 × 5
⇒ x = 35
Therefore, the required antecedent is 35.
Greater Inequality Ratio Less Inequality Ratio

A ratio a : b will be of greater Inequality if A ratio a : b will be of less inequality if
a > b a<b
The ratio 2 : 1 represents a greater inequality because the first term (2) is greater than
the second term (1).
The ratio 3 : 4 represents less inequality because the first term (3) is smaller than the
second term (4).
Example 17. The ratio of 8 : 15 is
(a) Greater inequality ratio (b) Less inequality ratio
(c) Equal to 1 (d) None of these
Sol. (b) We know that,
A ratio a: b will be of less inequality if a < b
In ratio 8 : 15,
8 < 15 i.e, a < b
Therefore, the ratio of 8 : 15 is less inequality ratio.
Example 18. The ratio of 20 : 15 is
(a) Greater inequality ratio (b) Less inequality ratio
(c) Equal to 1 (d) None of these
A ratio a : b will be of greater inequality if a > b.
In ratio 20:15,
20 > 15 i.e, a > b
Therefore, the ratio of 20 : 15 is a greater inequality ratio.
COMPOUNDED RATIO
A ratio resultant of compounding two or more ratios.
E.g.: If there are ratios 5 : 6, 7 : 8 and 9 : 10 then the compounded ratio will be:
(5 × 7 × 9) : (6 × 8 × 10)
5 ×7 ×9 7×3 21
= = =
6 × 8 × 10 2 ×8× 2 32
Example 19. The ratio compounded of 5 : 6,9 : 2,4 : 3 and 1 : 5 is

The compounded ratio of 5 : 6, 9 : 2, 4 : 3 and 1 : 5 is:
5 ×9× 4 ×1 180
= = = 1:1
6×2×3×5 180
Example 20. The ratio compounded of 2 : 3, 9 : 4, 5 : 6 and 8 : 10 is
The compounded ratio of 2 : 3, 9 : 4, 5 : 6 and 8 : 10 is:
2 ×9× 5 ×8 720
= = = 1:1
3 × 4 × 6 × 10 720
Example 21. If a : b = 2 : 3, b : c = 4 : 5 and c : d = 6 : 7, then a : d is
(a) 24 : 35 (b) 8 : 15 (c) 16 : 35 (d) 7 : 15
Sol. (c) Given, a : b = 2 : 3, b : c = 4 : 5 and c : d = 6 : 7
a 2 b 4 c 6
i.e.,
= = , and =
b 3 c 5 d 7
a a b c 2 4 6 16
Thus, = × × = × × =
d b c d 3 5 7 35
Therefore, a : d = 16 : 35
Example 22. P, Q and R are three cities. The ratio of average temperature between P and
Q is 11 : 12 and that between P and R is 9 : 8. The ratio between the average temperature
of Q and R is
Sol. (b) Given: Ratio of average temperature between P and Q = 11 : 12
Ratio of average temperature between P and R = 9 : 8
P 11 P 9
i.e., = and =
Q 12 R 8
Q P P
Thus, = ÷
R R Q
9 11 9 12 27
= ÷ = × =
8 12 8 11 22
Therefore, the ratio between the average temperature of Q and R is 27 : 22.
When the ratio of two similar quantities can be expressed as a ratio of two integers, the
quantities are considered to be Commensurable.
On the other hand, if the ratio cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers, the
quantities are considered to be Incommensurable.
DUPLICATE RATIO
A ratio compound to itself is called a Duplicate ratio. For ratio a : b, its duplicate ratio will
be a2 : b2
E.g.: For ratio 2 : 3, its duplicate ratio will be 22 : 32 = 4 : 9
TRIPLICATE RATIO
For ratio a : b, its triplicate ratio will be a3 : b3
E.g.: For ratio 2 : 3, its triplicate ratio will be 23 : 33 = 8 : 27
Example 23. The duplicate ratio of 5 : 9 is

Sol. (c) We know that, a2 : b2 is the duplicate ratio of a : b.
Thus, the duplicate ratio of 5 :9 is
52 : 92 = 25 : 81

Example 24. The triplicate ratio of 5 : 7 is
Sol. (c) We know that, a3 : b3 is the triplicate ratio of a : b
Thus, the triplicate ratio of 5 : 7
= 53 : 73 = 125 : 343
SUB DUPLICATE RATIO

For a : b, the sub duplicate ratio will be a : b
E.g.: For ratio 4 : 9, its sub duplicate ratio will be 4 : 9 = 2:3
SUB TRIPLICATE RATIO

For a : b, the sub triplicate ratio will be 3
a : 3
b
E.g.: For ratio 8 : 27, its sub triplicate ratio will be 8: 27 = 2 : 3

3 3
Example 25. The sub-duplicate ratio of 121 : 25 is

(a) 6 : 5 (b) 36 : 25 (c) 50 : 72 (d) 11 : 5
Sol. (d) We know that, a : b is the sub-duplicate ratio of a : b.

Therefore, the sub – duplicate ratio of 121 : 25 is
121 : 25 = 11 : 5
Example 26. The sub - triplicate ratio of 64 : 27 is
Sol. (b) We know that, 3

a : 3
b is the sub triplicate ratio of a : b.
Therefore, the sub – triplicate ratio of 64 : 27 is
3
= a : 3b 64 : 3 27
3
= 4:3
Example 27. The ratio compounded of triplicate ratio of 2 : 3 and the duplicate ratio of
3 : 4 is
Sol. (c) We know that,
a2 : b2 is the duplicate ratio of a : b.
a3 : b3 is the triplicate ratio of a : b.
Thus, the triplicate ratio of 2 : 3 is 23 : 33 = 8 : 27
The duplicate ratio of 3 : 4 is 32 : 42 = 9 : 16
Therefore, the compounded ratio of 8 : 27 and 9 : 16 is
8×9 1
= =
27 × 16 6
Example 28. The ratio compounded of duplicate ratio of 4 : 5, triplicate ratio of 3 : 2, sub
duplicate ratio 25 : 81 and sub - triplicate ratio of 1000 : 27 is
Sol. (c) As per the definitions,
The duplicate ratio of 4 : 5 is 42 : 52 = 16:25
The triplicate ratio of 3 : 2 is 33 : 23 = 27:8
The sub duplicate ratio 25 : 81 is 25 : 81 = 5 : 9
The sub – triplicate ratio of 1000 : 27 is 3

1000 : 3
27 = 10 : 3
Therefore, the compounded ratio of 16 : 25, 27 : 8, 5 : 9 and 10 : 3 is
16 × 27 × 5 × 10 2×2 4
= = =
25 × 8 × 9 × 3 1 1
Therefore, the required compounded ratio is 4 : 1
Example 29. If A : B = 2 : 5, then (10A + 3B): (5A + 2B) is equal to:
(a) 7 : 4 (b) 7 : 3 (c) 6 : 5 (d) 7 : 9
Sol. (a) Given: A : B = 2 : 5
Let A = 2x and B = 5x
Then, (10A + 3B) : (5A+2B)
10A + 3B = 10(2x) + 3(5 x) 20x + 15 x 35 x 7
= = = =
5 A + 2B 5(2x) + 2(5 x) 10x + 10x 20x 4
Example 30. If 2s : 3t is the duplicate ratio of 2s - p : 3t - p, then (ICAI)
(a) p2 = 6st (b) p = 6st (c) 2p = 3st (d) None of these
a2 : b2 is the duplicate ratio of a : b.
Since, 2s : 3t is the duplicate ratio of 2s - p : 3t - p
So, the duplicate ratio of 2s – p : 3t – p = (2s – p)2 : (3t – p)2
According to given condition,
⇒ (2s – p)2 : (3t – p)2 = 2s : 3t
⇒ 4s2 + p2 – 4sp : 9t2 + p2 – 6tp = 2s : 3t
On cross multiplying,
⇒ 12s2t + 3p2t – 12spt = 18st2 + 2sp2 – 12stp
⇒ 12s2t + 3p2t = 18st2 + 2sp2
⇒ p2(3t – 2s) = 6st(3t – 2s)

⇒ p2 = 6st
Example 31. If p : q is the sub-duplicate ratio of p - x2 : q - x2, then x2 is
[ICAI, (2006, 2019)]
p q pq
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
p+q p+q p+q
Sol. (c) Detailed method:

Given: p : q is the sub-duplicate ratio of p - x2 : q - x2
p p − x2
Thus, =
q q − x2
On squaring both the sides, we get

p2 p − x2
=
q2 q − x2
p2q – x2p2 = pq2 – q2x2
⇒ p2q – pq2 = x2(p2 – q2)
⇒ pq(p – q) = x2(p – q)(p + q)
⇒ pq = x2(p + q)
pq
⇒ x2 =
p+q
Alternate solution:
Go by choices: For option (c)
pq
When x 2 = , then
p+q
pq p2
p − x 2 =p − =
p+q p+q
pq q2
And q − x =q −
2
=
p+q p+q
Thus, the sub-duplicate ratio of p - x2 : q - x2, is

p2
p2 q2 p+q p2 p
: = = =
p+q p+q q2 q2 q
p+q
= p : q, which is true
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART C)
1. Three friends A, B, and C shared a total amount of ₹3,000 in the ratio of 5 : 3 : 2.
How much did B receive?
(a) ₹700 (b) ₹750 (c) ₹900 (d) ₹300
2. If x : y = 5 : 2 then the value of (8x + 9y) : (8x + 2y)
(a) 22 : 29 (b) 26 : 61 (c) 29 : 22 (d) 61 : 26
3. Find the compounded ratio of 3 : 5 , 2 : 3, 5 :1 and 4 : 3.
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 4 : 5 (c) 3 : 8 (d) 8 : 3
4. The compounded ratio of inverse ratio of 15 : 28, sub-duplicate ratio of 36 : 49 and
the triplicate ratio of 5 : 4 is
5. Find the compounded ratio of 7 : 4, duplicate ratio of 5 : 8, triplicate ratio of 2 : 7,
sub-duplicate ratio of 16 : 25 and sub-triplicate ratio of 125 : 343.
(a) 1 : 40 (b) 4 : 45 (c) 1 : 56 (d) 7 : 58
Answer Key
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c)
CONTINUED RATIO
It is the comparison between the magnitudes of three or more quantities of the same kind.
The continued ratio of three similar quantities a,b,c is written as a : b : c.
E.g.: Consider three similar quantities: Lengths of three sides of a triangle.
Let’s say the lengths of the sides are a = 2 units, b = 4 units and c = 6 units.
The continued ratio of these side lengths is written as a : b : c, which in this case is

2 : 4 : 6.
This indicates the side lengths in comparison to each other. The ratio can be simplified to
1 : 2 : 3 by dividing all the terms by their greatest common divisor, which in this case is 2.
Example 32. The angles of a triangle are in ratio 2 : 7 : 11. The angles are (ICAI)
(a) (20°, 70°, 90°) (b) (30°, 70°, 80°)
(c) (18°, 63°, 99°) (d) None of these
Sol. (c) Given: Ratio of angles of triangle = 2 : 7 : 11
Let the angles of the triangle be 2x, 7x, 11x.
We know that, the sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
⇒ 2x + 7x + 11x = 180°
⇒ 20x = 180°
180°
⇒ x =
20
⇒x =9
Thus, the angles of the triangle is 2 × 9°, 7 × 9°, 11 × 9° i.e., (18°, 63°, 99°)
Hence, option (c) is correct i.e., (18°, 63°, 99°).

Example 33. Find three numbers which are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, such that the sum of their
squares is equal to 504. (Dec 2013)
(a) 6, 12, 18 (b) 3, 6, 9 (c) 4, 8, 12 (d) 5, 10, 15
Sol. (a) Given: Ratio of three numbers = 1 : 2 : 3
Let the three numbers be x, 2x and 3x
Sum of their squares = 504
⇒ x2 + (2x)2 + (3x)2 = 504
⇒ x2 + 4x2 + 9x2 = 504
⇒ 14x2 = 504
⇒ x2 = 36
⇒x =6
Therefore, the three numbers are 6, 6 × 2, 6 × 3 i.e., 6, 12, 18.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART D)

1. If p : q = 2 : 3 and x : y = 4 : 5, then the value of 5px + 3qy : 10px + 4qy is:
19 4
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) None of above
9 28 19
Answer Key
1. (b)
PROPORTION
WHAT IS PROPORTION?
An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. If we take four quantities a, b, c, d, they
will be said to be in proportion if a/b = c/d i.e., ad = bc
a, b, c and d are called its terms of the proportion.
First and fourth terms are called extremes.
Second and third terms are called means (or middle terms).
Also, it can be written as a : b :: c : d.
E.g.: Consider four quantities: a = 2, b = 4, c = 3, and d = 6.
In this case, the terms of the proportion are 2, 4, 3 and 6.
The first and fourth terms, a = 2 and d = 6, are called the extremes.
The second and third terms, b = 4 and c = 3, are called the means or middle terms.
We can express this proportion as a : b :: c : d, which indicates the equality of the ratios
a/b and c/d.
The ratio a/b is 2/4, which can be simplified to 1/2.
The ratio c/d is 3/6, which can also be simplified to 1/2.
Thus, we can say a = 2, b = 4, c = 3, and d = 6 are in proportion.
CROSS PRODUCT RULE
Product of extremes = Product of means
Let’s consider the following proportion: a, b, c and d
a c
i.e., =
b d
In this proportion, a and d are the extremes, while b and c are the means.
he cross product rule states that the product of the extremes (a × d) is equal to the product
T
of the means (b × c)
Example 37. 8, 12, * , 15 are in proportion. Then * is

If a, b, c and d are in proportion, then a/ b = c/d.
Let * be represented by x.
Since, 8, 12, * , 15 are in proportion then
8 x
=
12 15
8
⇒ x= × 15
12
⇒x = 2 × 5
⇒ x = 10
Therefore, * is 10.
Example 38. The fourth proportional to 2, 4, 8 is
Sol. (a) Let the fourth proportion be x.
We know that,
a c
If a, b, c and d are in proportion, then = .
b d
Since, 2, 4, 8 and x are in proportion then
2 8
=
4 x
8× 4
⇒ x =
2
⇒ x = 16
Therefore, the fourth proportional to 2, 4, 8 is 16.
Example 39. The fourth proportional to 2a, a2, c is (ICAI)

ac 2
(a) (b) ac (c) (d) None of these
2 ac
Sol. (a) Let the fourth proportion be x.
We know that,
a c
If a, b, c and d are in proportion, then = ..
b d
Since, 2a, a2, c and x are in proportion, then
2a c
=
a 2
x
c × a2
⇒ x =
2a
c×a
⇒ x =
2
ac
⇒ x =
2
1 1 1 1
Example 40. If four numbers , , , are proportional then x is (ICAI)
2 3 5 x
6 5 15
5 6 2
If a, b, c and d are in proportion, then a/b = c/d.
1 1 1 1
Since, , , , are proportional then
2 3 5 x
Product of extremes = Product of means
1 1 1 1
× = ×
2 x 3 5
1 1
⇒ =
2x 15
⇒ 2x =
15
15
⇒ x =
2
Example 41. The number which has the same ratio to 22 that 5 has to 11 is
15
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) (d) None of these
2
Sol. (b) Let the number which has the same ratio to 22 that 5 has to 11 be x, then
x : 22 :: 5 : 11
x 5
⇒ =
22 11
22 × 5
⇒ x =
11
⇒ x = 2×5
⇒ x =
10
Therefore, the required number is 10.
CONTINUOUS PROPORTION
If 3 quantities: a, b, c are of same kind (in same units), they will be in continuous
proportion if a : b = b : c
a b
i.e., = or b2 = ac
b c
The middle term b is called the mean proportional between a and c.
a is first proportional and c is the third proportional.
E.g.: Consider three quantities: a = 2, b = 4 and c = 8
a 2 1
Here, = =
b 4 2
b 4 1
= =
c 8 2
a b
Since, = thus a, b, c are in continuous proportion.
b c
We can say, 2 and 8 are first and third proportional respectively and 4 is the mean
proportional.
Example 42. The mean proportional between 16, 25 is
If b is the mean proportional of a and c then b2 = ac.
Let b be the mean proportional between 16 and 25 then
b = 16 × 25
2

⇒ b= 16 × 25
⇒ b = 4 × 5
⇒ b = 20
Therefore, the mean proportional between 16, 25 is 20.
Example 43. The third proportional to 2, 6 is

Sol. (b) Let the third proportional to 2, 6 is x, then
2 : 6 :: 6 : x
2 6
⇒ =
6 x
6×6
⇒ x =
2
36
⇒ x =
2
⇒ x = 18
Therefore, the third proportional to 2, 6 is 18.
Example 44. The mean proportional between 12x2 and 27y2 is (ICAI)
(a) 18xy (b) 81xy (c) 8xy (d) None of these
If b is the mean proportional of a and c then b2 = ac.
Let b be the mean proportional between 12x2 and 27y2 then
b2 =12x2 × 27y2
⇒
= b 12x 2 × 27y2
⇒b = 3 × 3 × 2 × x × y
⇒ b = 18xy
Therefore, the mean proportional between 12x2 and 27y2 is 18xy.
Example 45. Find 2 numbers such that the mean proportional between them is 18 and 3rd
proportional between them is 144. (Dec 2012)
(a) 9; 36 (b) 8; 32 (c) 7; 28 (d) 6; 24
If b is the mean proportional of a and c then b2 = ac
Let the two numbers be x and y
Then, xy = (18)2 = 324 …(i)
Also, 3rd proportional between them = 144
Then, x, y, 144 are in continued proportion
x y
i.e., =
y 144
⇒ y2 = 144x
 324 
⇒ y2 =
144  
 y 
⇒ y3 = 144 × 324
⇒ y3 = 12 × 12 × 12 × 3 × 3 × 3
Thus, y = 12 × 3 = 36
324
So,
= x = 9
36
Therefore, the numbers are 9 and 36.
TRICK
Go by choices:
For option (a):
Mean proportion between 9 and 36 = 9 × 36 = 3 × 6 = 18
If 3rd proportion between them is 144, then
9 36
=
36 144
9 9
i.e., = , which is true.
36 36
For option (b):
Mean proportion between 8 and 32 = 8 × 32 = 8 × 2 = 16 which is not true.
Both conditions given in the questions are satisfied only by option (a) i.e., 9 and 36.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART E)

B C
1. If A
= = , then A : B : C is
2 5
(a) 1 : 1 : 1 (b) 5 : 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 : 5 (d) None of these
2. If A : B = 5 : 6 and B : C = 7 : 8, what is the value of A : B : C?
(a) 48 : 42 : 35 (b) 5 : 42 : 8 (c) 60 : 42 : 58 (d) 35 : 42 : 48
3. The third proportional to 7, 14 is
4. The mean proportional of 16 and 9 is
5. Find the fourth proportional to 4, 8 and 5
6. If a : b : c = 2 : 1 : 3 and 2a – 3b + c = 8 then a + b + c is
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 15
7. Find 2 numbers such that the mean proportional between them is 14 and 3rd proportional
between them is 112.
Answer Key
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a)

INVERSE PROPORTION
If a ratio is equal to the reciprocal of the other, then either of them is in inverse (or reciprocal)
proportion of the other.
ote: In a ratio a : b, both quantities must be of the same kind while in a proportion i.e.,
N
a : b = c : d, all the four quantities need not be of the same type.
Properties of Proportion:
1. If a : b = c: d, then ad = bc (Product of extremes = Product of means)
E.g.: If 2 : 3 = 4 : 6, then (2)(6) = (3)(4), which simplifies to 12 = 12.
2. If a: b = c: d, then b : a = d : c (Invertendo)
E.g.: If 5 : 10 = 2 : 4, then 10 : 5 = 4 : 2.
3. If a : b = c : d, then a : c = b : d (Alternendo)
E.g.: If 3 : 9 = 2 : 6, then 3 : 2 = 9 : 6.
4. If a : b = c : d, then (a + b) : b = (c + d) : d (Componendo)
E.g.: If 4 : 6 = 2 : 3, then (4 + 6) : 6 = (2 + 3) :3, which simplifies to 10 :6 = 5 : 3.
5. If a : b = c : d, then (a - b) : b = (c - d) : d (Dividendo)
E.g.: If 9 : 4 = 18 : 8, then (9 - 4) : 4 = (18 - 8) : 8, which simplifies to 5 : 4 = 10 : 8
6. If a : b = c : d, then (a + b) : (a - b) = (c + d) : (c - d) (Componendo and Dividendo)
E.g.: If 5 : 2 = 10 : 4, then (5 + 2) : (5 - 2) = (10 + 4) : (10 - 4), which simplifies
to 7 : 3 = 14 : 6.
7. If a : b = c : d = e : f = ..., then each of these ratios is equal to (Addendo)
(a + c + e +…) : (b + d + f + ----)
E.g.: If 2 : 4 = 3 : 6 = 1 : 2, then each of these ratios is equal to (2 + 3 + 1) :
(4 + 6 + 2), which simplifies to 6 : 12.
8. If a : b = c : d = e : f = ….. , then each of these ratios is equal to (a - c - e - …) :
(b - d - f - …..) (Subtrahendo)
E.g.: If 5 : 10 =3 : 6 = 1 : 2, then each of these ratios is equal to (5 - 3 - 1) :

(10 - 6 - 2), which simplifies to 1 : 2.
x z y w
Example 46. If = , implies = , then the process is called (ICAI)
y w x z
(a) Dividendo (b) Componendo
(c) Alternendo (d) None of these
Sol. (d) We know that,
By the process of Invertendo,
If a : b = c : d, then b : a = d : c
According to the question
x z y w , it is the process of Invertendo.
If = , implies =
y w x z
p r p−r
Example 47. If = = , the process is called (ICAI)
q s q−s
(a) Subtrahendo (b) Addendo (c) Invertendo (d) None of these
By the process of Subtrahendo,
If a : b = c : d = a – c : b - d
According to the question, we have
p r p−r
= =
q s q−s
It is the process of Subtrahendo.
a b c a+b+c
Example 48. = = , then is (ICAI)
4 5 9 c
a b c
Sol. (b) Given: = =
4 5 9
a b c
Let = = = k , then
4 5 9
a = 4k, b = 5k and c = 9k
Thus, a+b+c 4k + 5k + 9k 18k

= =
c 9k 9k
18 2
⇒ ⇒ = 2
9 1
a b
Example 49. If = then (ICAI)
4 5
a+4 b−5 a+4 b+5
(a) = (b) =
a−4 b + 5 a−4 b−5
a−4 b+5
(c) = (d) None of these
a+4 b − 5

By the process of Componendo and Dividendo,
If a : b = c : d, then a + b : a – b = c + d : c – d
a b
Since, = then
4 5
a+4 b+5
=
a−4 b−5

x y z
Example 50. If = = , then the value of x : y is
2 3 7
6 23 2 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
23 6 3 6
x y z
Sol. (c) Given: = =
2 3 7
Since, x/2 = y/3
x y
i.e., =
2 3
x 2
⇒ =
y 3
5 x − 3y 3
Example 51. If = , then the value of x : y is
5 y − 3x 4

5 x − 3y 3
Sol. (d) Given: =
5 y − 3x 4
⇒ 4(5x – 3y) = 3(5y – 3x)
⇒ 20x – 12y = 15y – 9x
⇒ 20x + 9x = 15y + 12y
⇒ 29x = 27y
x 27
⇒ =
y 29
Thus, the value of x : y is 27 : 29
x y z
Example 52. = = , then (b - c)x + (c - a)y + (a - b)z is equal to
b+c−a c+a−b a+b−c
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 5 (d) None of these (ICAI)
x y z
Sol. (b) Given: = =
x y z
Let = = = k
x y z
Thus,= k, = k and = k
So, x = k(b + c – a), y = k(c + a – b) and z = k(a + b – c)
Now, Putting the values of x, y, z in (b – c)x + (c – a)y + (a – b)z, we get
(b – c)k(b + c – a) + (c – a)k(c + a – b) + (a – b)k(a + b – c)
= k[(b – c)(b + c – a) + (c – a)(c + a – b) + (a – b)(a + b – c)]
= k[(b – c)(b + c) – a(b – c) + (c – a)(c + a) – b(c – a) + (a – b)(a + b) – c(a – b)]
= k(b2 – c2 – ab + ac + c2 – a2 – bc + ab + a2 – b2 – ac + bc) = k(0) = 0
Therefore, the value of (b – c)x + (c – a)y + (a – b)z is 0.
Hence, the correct option is (b) i.e., 0.
Example 53. The sum of the ages of 3 persons is 150 years. 10 years ago, their ages were
in the ratio 7 : 8 : 9. Their present ages are
(a) (45, 50, 55) (b) (40, 60, 50)
(c) (35, 45, 70) (d) None of these
Sol. (a) Given: Ratio of ages of 3 persons 10 years ago = 7 : 8 : 9
Let the ages of three persons 10 years ago were 7x, 8x and 9x.
Thus, their present ages i.e, their ages after 10 years are
7x + 10, 8x + 10 and 9x + 10
Sum of the ages of 3 persons = 150 years
⇒ 7x + 10 + 8x + 10 + 9x + 10 = 150
⇒ 24x + 30 = 150
⇒ 24x = 120
⇒x = 5
Therefore, the present ages of three persons are:
7(5) + 10, 8(5) + 10 and 9(5) + 10 = 45, 50, 55
Example 54. If a : b = 4 : 1, then a b is : (ICAI)

+
b a
5
(a) (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) None of these
2
Sol. (a) Given, a : b = 4 : 1
i.e., a = 4
b 1
a b
Thus, +
b a
4 1 1 5
= + =2+ =
1 4 2 2
Example 55. A person has assets worth `1,48,200. He wishes to divide it amongst his wife,
son and daughter in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1 respectively. From this asset, the share of his son will
be:
(a) `24,700 (b) `49,400 (c) `74,100 (d) `37,050

Sol. (b) Given: Shares of wife, son and daughter = 3 : 2 : 1
Value of assets = `1,48,200
Let the shares of wife, son and daughter be 3x, 2x and x respectively.
3x + 2x + x = 1, 48,200
⇒ 6x = 1,48,200
⇒ x = 24,700
Therefore, the share of the son is 2x.
= 2(24,700) = 49,400
Example 56. The students of two classes are in the ratio 5 : 7, if 10 students left from each
class, the remaining students are in the ratio of 4 : 6 then the number of students in each
class is:
(a) 30, 40 (b) 25, 24 (c) 40, 60 (d) 50, 70
Sol. (d) Given: Ratio of students of two classes = 5 : 7
Let the students of two classes be 5x and 7x respectively.
5 x − 10 4
=
7x − 10 6
6(5x – 10) = 4(7x – 10)
⇒ 30x – 60 = 28x – 40
⇒ 30x – 28x = 60 – 40
⇒ 2x = 20
⇒ x = 10
Therefore, the number of students in each class are 5x and 7x i.e., 50 and 70.
Example 57. A dealer mixes rice costing `13.85 per kg with rice costing `15.54 and sell the
mixture at `17.60 per kg so, he earned a profit of 14.6% on his sale price. the proportion
in which he mixes the two qualities of rice is
(a) 3 : 7 (b) 5 : 7 (c) 7 : 9 (d) 9 : 11
Sol. (a) Given,
Cost of type 1 rice = `13.85
Cost of type 2 rice = `15.54
Selling price of mixture = `17.60
Profit percent = 14.6%
14.6
Thus, profit = 17.60 × = 2.57
100
Cost price = 17.6 – 2.57 = 15.03
13.85 15.54
15.03
0.51 1.19
0.51 51 3
Therefore, the required proportion
= = =
1.19 199 7
Example 58. Two numbers are in the ratio 7 : 8. If 3 is added to each of them, their ratio
becomes 8 : 9. The number are: (2007 Feb)
(a) 14, 16 (b) 24, 27 (c) 21, 24 (d) 16, 18
Sol. (c) Given: Ratio of numbers = 7 : 8
Let the numbers be 7x and 8x.
If 3 is added to each of them, their ratio becomes 8 : 9 i.e.,
7x + 3 8
=
8x + 3 9
⇒ 9(7x + 3) = 8(8x + 3)
⇒ 63x + 27 = 64x + 24
⇒ 63x – 64x = 24 – 27
⇒ –x = –3
⇒x =3
Therefore, the numbers are 7(3) and 8(3) i.e., 21 and 24.
Example 59. Two numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3 and the difference of their squares is 320.
The numbers are
Sol. (b) Given: Ratio of two numbers = 2 : 3
Let the two numbers are 2x and 3x.
The difference between their squares is 320.
i.e., (3x)2 – (2x)2 = 320
⇒ 9x2 – 4x2 = 320
⇒ 5x2 = 320
⇒ x2 = 64
⇒x =8
Therefore, the numbers are 2(8) and 3(8) i.e., 16 and 24.

Example 60. The monthly income of A and B are in the ratio 4 : 5 and their monthly
expenditures are in the ratio 5 : 7. If each saves `150 per month, find their monthly incomes.
(a) (`40, `50) (b) (`50, `40) (c) (`400, `500) (d) None of these
Sol. (c) Given: Ratio of monthly incomes of A and B = 4 : 5
Ratio of their expenditures = 5 : 7
Let the monthly income of A be 4x and that of B be 5x
Let the monthly expenses of A be 5y and that of B be 7y
4x – 5y = 150 ...(i)
5x – 7y = 150 ...(ii)
Multiply eq (i) with 5 and (ii) by 4, thus we get
20x – 25y = 750
20x – 28y = 600
On solving both equations, we get
3y = 150
y = 50
Thus, 4x – 250 = 150
4x = 400
x = 100
Therefore, the monthly income of A = 4x = 4(100) = `400
Monthly income of B = 5x = 5(100) = `500
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART F)

1. A bag contains ₹187 in the form of 1 rupee, 50 paise and 10 paise coins in the ratio
3 : 4 : 5. Find the number of each type of coins: (May, 2007)
(a) 102, 136, 170 (b) 136, 102, 170
(c) 170, 102, 136 (d) None of these
2. Ratio of earnings of A and B is 4 : 7. If the earnings of A increase by 50% and those of
B decrease by 25%, the new ratio of their earnings becomes 8 : 7. What is A’s earning?
(August, 2007)
(a) `21,000 (b) `26,000 (c) `28,000 (d) Data inadequate
3. The incomes of A and B are in the ratio 3 : 2 and their expenditures in the ratio 5 : 3.
If each saves `1,500, then B’s income is: (Nov, 2007)
(a) `6,000 (b) `4,500 (c) `3,000 (d) `7,500
4. In a 40 litres mixture of glycerine and water, the ratio of glycerine and water is 3 : 1.
The quantity of water added in the mixture in order to make this ratio 2 : 1 is
(a) 15 litres (b) 10 litres (c) 8 litres (d) 5 litres (February, 2008)
5. In what ratio should tea worth `10 per kg be mixed with tea worth `14 per kg, so that
the average price of the mixture may be `11 per kg? (June, 2008)
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 4 : 3
6. If A, B and C started a business by investing `1,26,000, `84,000 and `2,10,000. If at
the end of the year profit is `2,42,000 then the share of each is (2008, December)
(a) 72,600; 48,400; 1,21,000 (b) 48,400; 1,21,000; 72,600
(c) 72,000; 49,000; 1,21,000 (d) 48,000; 1,21,400; 72,600
7. In a film shooting, A and B received money in a certain ratio and B and C also received
the money in the same ratio. If A gets `1,60,000 and C gets `2,50,000. Find the amount
received by B? (2011, June)
(a) `2,00,000 (b) `2,50,00 (c) `1,00,000 (d) `1,50,000
8. If 15(2p2 - q2) = 7pq, where p and q are positive, then p : q will be
(a) 5 : 6 (b) 5 : 7 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 8 : 3
9. The ratio of third proportion of 12, 30 to the mean proportion of 9, 25 is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 5 : 1 (c) 7 : 15 (d) 3 : 5 (2015 Dec)
10. What number must be added to each of the numbers 10, 18, 22, 38 to make the
numbers in proportion? (2015 Dec)
11. If x : y = 2 : 3, y : z = 4 : 3 then x : y : z is
(a) 2 : 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 3 : 2 (c) 3 : 2 : 4 (d) None of these
12. The numbers 14, 16, 35 are not in proportion. The fourth term for which they will be
in proportion is:
Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b)
INDICES
The power, also known as the index, tells you how many times you have to multiply the
number by itself and number will be called as base.
In other words: If n is a positive integer, and ‘a’ is a real number, i.e. n ε N and a ε R (where
N is the set of positive integers and R is the set of real numbers).
Then, an = a × a × a × a.... to n factors
Example 61. The values of

(I) 24 (II) 33 (III) 182
(a) 8, 9, 36 (b) 16, 27, 36 (c) 16, 27, 324 (d) None of these
Sol. (c) 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16
Now, 33 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27

Also, 182 = 18 = 324
Therefore, 24 = 16,33 = 27 and 182 = 324
Any base to the power (or index) 0 is 1 i.e., a0 = 1 for a ≠ 0.
Example 62. The values of
 1 °
(I) 12° (II) 32° (III)  
 18 
1
(a) 12, 32, 18 (b) 12, 32, (c) 1, 1, 1 (d) None of these
18
a° = 1 for a ≠ 0
Here, 12° = 1
Also, 32° = 1
1 1
Now, = = 1
18° 1
1
Therefore, 12° = 1, 32° = 1 and = 1
180
1
Finding the roots : If you have to find nth root of base a i.e. n
a it will give value equal to a n .
1
Negative Powers: If you have power as negative integer, -n (let) for base a, then a − n = .
an
Calculator trick to find nth root:

1. Type the number
2. Press ‘√’ for 12 times
3. Subtract 1 from it and then divide by n
4. Add ‘1’
5. Press ‘× =’ for 12 times
1
E.g.: To find (16) 4

1. Type ‘16’
2. Press ‘√’ for 12 times
3. Subtract 1 from it and then divide by 4
4. Add ‘1’
5. Press ‘× =’ for 12 times
We will get 2.00035 ≈ 2
1
Therefore, (16) 4 = 2
Example 62. Find out the values of each of the indices:
(I) 4 (II) 16–4 (III) (3)–3 (IV) 9–5

1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 2, , , (b) 2, , , 5
2 9 310 2 27 3
1 1 1
(c) 2, , , 10 (d) None of these
2 27 3
Sol. (c) (I) 4 = 2×2 = 2

(II) We have, 16-4
1
= (2 4=
)−4 2 4=
x −4
2
= −1
2
1
Thus, 16−4 =
2
1 1
(III) (3)=
−3
=
33 27
1
Thus, (3)−3 =
27
1 1 1
(IV) 9=
−5
= =
95 (3 )
2 5
310
1
Thus, 9−5 =
310
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART G)

1 1
1. Find out the values of each: (i) 16 4 and (ii) 3433
3
−
2. The value of 16 4
is
1 1
(a) 8 (b) (c) (d) None of these
8 16
−2
 1
3. Simplify .
 5 
1
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 25 (d)
25

1
 8 3
4. The value of  is
 125 
2 5 2
5 2 25
 2p2 q3 °
5. The value of   where p, q, x, y ≠ 0 is equal to
 3xy 
 
Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
LAW 1
am × an = am+n
Case-I: When m and n are positive integers; then am × an = am+n
E.g.: 6762 = 67+2 = 69
Case-II: When n = –m, m is positive integer then am × a–m = a° = 1
E.g.: 232–3 = 23–3 = 2° = 1
Case-III: When m and n are any integers
4 4 4 −6 2
−2 −
E.g.: 7 =
−2
7 7= 7=
33
7 3 3
3 7
Example 64. Find the value of 5 5 . 5 .
−
2
−4 41 29 29
(a) 5 7 (b) 5 (c) 5 10 (d) 5
− −
10 10
3 7
Sol. (d) We have, 5 5 . 5
−
2
3  7 6 − 35 29
+ − −
Thus, 5 = 5 10 = 5 10
5  2 

1
Example 65. The value of 83 is (ICAI)
(a) 3 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) None of these

1
Sol. (c) To find: 83
= 3
2×2×2= 2
1
Example 66. The value of 2 x 32 ( ) 5

is (ICAI)
1
Sol. (c) To find: 2 x 32 ( ) 5
= 2× 5
2×2×2×2×2 = 2×2 = 4
1
Therefore, the value of 2 x 32 ( ) 5

is 4.
1
( )
−
Example 67. The value of 2 256 8
is (ICAI)
1
2
1
( )
−
Sol. (a) To find: 2 256 8
2 2 2
= = = = 1
1 8
2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 2
(256) 8
( )
−
Therefore, the value of 2 256 8
is 1.
Example 68. 4x-1/4 is expressed as
(a) –4x1/4 (b) x-1 (c) 4/x1/4 (d) None of these
4
Sol. (c) We have, 4x -1/4 = 1
x4
4
Therefore, 4x −1/4 =
1
x4
Example 69. Simplify 4x1/3 × 2x-1 if x = 4.
1 5
(a) 2 3 (b) 2 (c) 2 3 (d) None of these

Sol. (c) We have, 4x1/3 × 2x-1
At x = 4
1
4x 1/3=
2x −1 4(4) 3 × 2(4)−1
1 1 1 2 5
1 + −1 +1
= 4 3
× 2 = 4 3 × 2 = (2 2 ) 3 × 2 = 2 3 = 23
Example 70. xa - b × xb - c × xc - a is equal to
(a) x (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
Sol. (b) To find: xa-b × xb - c × xc-a
We know that,
am × an = am+n
Thus, xa-b × xb-c × xc-a = xa–b+b–c+c–a = x0
Since, a0 = 1 for a ≠ 0
Therefore, xa-b × xb-c × xc-a = x0 = 1
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART H)

1. The value of 4-3 × 45 is
2. The value of 92 × 93 × 95 is
3. The value of 53 × 72 × 54 × 73 is
(a) 3512 (b) 53 × 72 (c) 57 × 75 (d) None of these
2 3
4. The value of (125 ) 3 × (625 ) 4 is :

Answer Key
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c)
LAW 2
am
= am − n , when m and n are positive integers and m > n.
a n
23 1
E.g.: = 2=
3− 4
2
= −1
24 2
Example 71. Which of the following option is correct when you simplify the following:
(I) 4/(16)1/4 (II) (27)2/3/ (9)3/2
1 1 1
(a) 2, (b) , (c) 2, -3 (d) None of these
3 2 3
Sol. (a) (I) 4/(16)1/4
4 4 4
= = = = 2
1 1
2
16 4 (2 × 2 × 2 × 2) 4
(II) (27)2/3/ (9)3/2

2 2
27 3 (33 ) 3 32 1
= = = = 32=
−3
3=
−1
3 3
33
3
92 (32 ) 2
4
Example 72. The value of 1
is (ICAI)
(32) 5

4
Sol. (b) We have, 1
(32) 5
4 4 4
= = = = 2
1 1
2
(32) 5 (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2) 5
4
Therefore, 1
= 2
(32) 5
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART I)

1. The value of (10)7 ÷ (10)5 is
(a) 1 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 100
2. The value of 35 × 36 ÷ 32 is
(a) 3 (b) 33 (c) 39 (d) 312
3. The value of 12y6 ÷ 6y-5 is
(a) 2 (b) 2y (c) 2y-1 (d) None of these
1 2 7
−
2a 2 × a 3 × 6a 3
4. Simplify 5 3
if a = 4
−
9a a
×a a2
3
1 4
(a) 3 (b) (c) (d) 4
3 3
Answer Key
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b)
LAW 3
(am)n = amn when m and n are positive integers
1 5 5 5
×5 4×
E.g.: ((16) =
) (16)
= 16
= (2=
1/4 5
) 2= 25 4 4 4 4 4
1
3 5
 2 
Example 74. Find the value of  (27) 3
⋅ (9) 2

 

1
3 5
 2 
Sol. (b) We have,  (27) ⋅ (9) 2 
3
 
1 1
3 5 1 1
 3 2   3× 2 2 × 3  5
= (3 ) ·(3 )  = 3 ·3
3 2 2 3 2
 = 3 =
 2
·3 
3 5

3 
=5 5
 3
   
1
 8 3
Example 75. The value of   is (ICAI)
 27 
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/2 (c) 2/9 (d) None of these
1
 8 3
Sol. (a) We have,  
 27 
1 1
3× 1
 23  3  2 3  2 2
=  3 =   =   =
3   3  3 3

1
 n n − 1  n +1
Example 76. (x ) n 
  (ICAI)
(a) xn (b) xn+1 (c) xn-1 (d) None of these
1
1
 n −  n +1
Sol. (c) We have, (x n ) n 
 
1 1
 n 2 −1  n + 1
 (n −1)(n + 1) n + 1
 (n −1)(n + 1)
= (x ) n 
n
= (x n ) n
 = (x ) n(n +1)
n
   
(n −1) n(n − 1)
= (x n ) n = x n
= x n −1

a+b b+c c+ a
 xa   xb   xc 
Example 77. The value of  b  ×  c ×  a (ICAI)
x  x  x 
Sol. (a) We have,
a +b b+c c+a
 xa   xb   xc 
 b  × c  × a  = (x a −b )a +b × (x b −c )b + c × (x c−a )c+ a
x x
x     
= x(a–b)(a+b) × x(b–c)(b+c) × x(c–a)(c+a) = x a × xb × xc = x0 = 1

2
− b2 2
− c2 2
− a2
= xa
2
− b 2 + b 2 − c2 + c2 − a 2
Example 78. If a3 -b3 = (a- b) (a2 +ab +b2), then the simplified form of (ICAI)
2 2 2 2 2 2
l + lm + m m + mn + n l + ln + n
 xl   xm   xn 
 m × n × l 
x 
x  x 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) x (d) None of these
l 2 + lm + m 2 m 2 + mn + n 2 l 2 + ln + n 2
 xl   xm   xn 
Sol. (b) We have,  m  × n × l 
x  x  x 
l 2 + lm + m 2 m 2 + mn + n 2 l 2 + ln + n 2
= xl −m  ×  x m − n  ×  x n −l 
We know that,
a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + b2 + ab)
 (l −m )(l 2 +lm + m 2 )   (m − n )(m 2 + mn + n 2 )   (n −l )(l 2 +ln + n 2 ) 
= x  ×  x  ×  x 

= xl × xm × xn = xl x= 1
3
− m3 3
− n3 3
−l3 3
− m3 + m3 − n3 + n3 −l3 0
=
Example 79. If (25 )150 = (25 x)50 , then the value of x will be
(a) 53 (b) 54 (c) 52 (d) 5
Sol. (b) Given: (25)150 = (25x)50
⇒ (25)150 = (2550)(x50)
(25 )150
⇒ x 50 = 50
(25 )
⇒ x50 = (25)150–50
⇒ x50 = (25)100
⇒ x50 = (52)2×50
⇒ x50 = (54)50
On comparing, we get
x = 54
64(b 4 a3 )6
Example 80. The value of is
 4(a3b)2 × (ab)2 
 
(a) 16a10b20 (b) 4a20b10 (c) 8a10b20 (d) 4a10b20
64(b 4 a3 )6
Sol. (a)
 4(a3b)2 × (ab)2 
 
64b 24 a18 64b 24 a18

= = = 16b 24 − 4 a18−8 = 16b 20 a10
 4a6b 2 × a2b 2   4a8b 4 
   

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART J)
1. The value of (42)5 is
2. If (35)6 = 3m (35)6 = 3m, then the value of m is
1 1 1
3. On simplification, + + is equal to (ICAI)
1+a +a 1+a +a 1+a +a
m −n m−p n −m n−p p −m p−n
1
(a) 0 (b) a (c) 1 (d)
a
4. [{(2)1/2. (4)3/4. (8)5/6. (16)7/8. (32)9/10}4]3/25 is (ICAI)
(a) A fraction (b) an integer (c) 1 (d) None of these
Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b)
LAW 4
(ab)n = an bn when n can take all of the values.
E.g.: 63 can be written as (2 × 3)3 = 23 × 33
Example 81. The value of (8)3(27)3 is

Sol. (c) We have, (8)3(27)3
= (23)3(33)3 = (29).(39) = (2 × 3)9 = 69
Example 82. Simplify 6a2b3c2 × 4b-3c-2d. (ICAI)
(a) 0 (b) 24a2d (c) 24a2bcd (d) None of these
Sol. (b) We have, 6a2b3c2 × 4b-3c-2d
= 6 × 4 × a2 × b3 × b–3 × c2 × c2 × c–2 × d
= 24 × a2 × b3–3 × c2–2 × d = 24a2b0c0d = 24a2d
Example 83. The simplified value of 16x-3y2 × 8-1x3y-2 is (ICAI)
xy
(a) 2xy (b) (c) 2 (d) None of these
2
Sol. (c) We have, 16x-3 y2 × 8-1x3 y-2
16
= × x −3 × x 3 × y2 × y−2= 2 × x −3 + 3 × y2 − 2 =
2 × x 0 × y0 =
2
8
Therefore, 16x-3y2 × 8-1x3y-2 = 2
1 1 1
Example 84. If x= y= z z and xyz = 1, then the value of p + q + r is (ICAI)

q p
1
2
1 1 1
Sol. (b) Given: x= y= p q

z r and xyz =1
1 1 1
Let x=
p
y
= q
z=
r
k
1
Since x = k , thus
p
p
 1
 x p  = kp ⇒ x = kp  (x m )n = x mn 
   
 
[∴(xm)n = xmn]
1
Similarly, y = k
q
q
 1
y  = kq ⇒ y = kq
q
 
Also, z1/r = k
r
 1
x  = k ⇒ z = k
r r r
 
Substituting the values of x, y and z in xyz =1, we get

kp × kq × kr = 1
⇒ kp+q+r = 1 (∴am . an = am + n)
⇒ kp+q+r = k0 (∴ a0 = 1)
On comparing, we get p + q + r = 0
Hence, option (b) is correct.
2 x + 3 × 32 x − y × 5 x + y + 3 × 6y + 1
Example 85. On simplification reduces to
6x + 1 × 10 y + 3 × 15 x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) None of above
2 x + 3 × 32 x − y × 5 x + y + 3 × 2 y + 1 × 3y + 1
Sol. (b)
2 x + 1 × 3x + 1 × 2 y + 3 × 5 y + 3 × 3x × 5 x
2 x +3 × 2y+1 32 x − y × 3y + 1 5 x + y+3
⇒ × ×
2 x +1 × 2y+3 3x + 1 × 3x 5 y+3 × 5 x
2x+3+y+1-x-1-y-3 × 32x-y+y+1-x-1-x × 5x+y+3-y-3-x
⇒ 2 0 × 30 × 50 = 1

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART K)
1. If 3x +2 = 27, what is the value of x?
1 1 1
2. If 2 x = 3 = 6− z ,
y
+ + is (ICAI)
x y z
3/2
3. The value of {(x + y) (x − y) x + y × (x − y)2 } 6 is
2/3
(ICAI)
(a) (x + y)2 (b) (x - y) (c) x + y (d) None of these
4. {(33)2 × (42)3 × (53)2} / {(32)3 × (43)2 × (52)3} is (ICAI)
(a) 3/4 (b) 4/5 (c) 4/7 (d) None of these
7 /2 −5 /2
 6−17 2   6−2 − 73 
5. The value of  2 −4  ×  is
6 7   637 −5 
Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d)
LOGARITHM
WHAT IS LOGARITHM?
Definition:
The logarithm is the inverse operation of an exponential equation of the form
n = ax, where ‘a’ represents the base and ‘x’ represents the exponent. The logarithm can
be found by interchanging the positions of ‘x’ (index) and ‘n’ in the equation.
E.g.: For 23 = 8, then log2 8 = 3
For all real numbers n and all positive numbers a and x where a ≠ 1 , x = logan if and
only if n = ax.
E.g.: For n = 1000 and a = 10.
Here, n = 1000 = (10)3 which is of the form n = ax
The expression loga n represents the base or index to which the base “a” must be raised
in order to obtain x.
Example 88. log2 8 is equal to
Sol. (c) We have, log2 8
log b
We know that, loga b =
log a
log 8 log 23 3 log 2
log2 8 = = = = 3×1 = 3
log 2 log 2 log 2
Therefore, log2 8 is equal to 3.
Example 89. log 2

64 is equal to
Sol. (a) We have, log 2

64
log b
log a
log 64
Thus, log 2
64 =
log 2
log 26 6 log 2
= = = 6 × 2 = 12
1
1
log 2 2 log 2
2
Therefore, log 64 = 12
2
Example 90. log2 3

1728 is equal to
(a) 2 3 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) None of these
Sol. (c) We have, log2 3

1728
= log2 3 (26 ×=
33 ) log2 3 (26 × ( 3)6 ) ( 3 = 3 × 3 ⇒ 33 = ( 3)6 )
= log2 3 (2 3)6  (x × y)m = x m × ym 

 
= 6 log2 3 (2 3)  log x n = n log x 

 a a 
= 6 × 1 = 6  loga a = 1 
 
Therefore, the value of log2 3

1728 is 6.
Hence, option (c) is correct.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART L)

1. The value of log3 27 is
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) Cannot be determined
 1
2. Find the value of log3  
 9
(a) 2 (b) -2 (c) 3 (d) None of these
3. The value of log 5832 is

3 2

(a) 2 3 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) Cannot be determined
Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c)
CHARACTERISTIC
The characteristic of the logarithm of any number greater than 1 is positive and is one less
than the number of digits to the left of the decimal point in the given number.
Mantissa: The mantissa is the fractional part of the logarithm of a given number.
E.g.: log 27 = 1.431, here 1 is the characteristic and 0.431 is mantissa.
Calculator Trick to find out Logarithm:

1. Type number and press root for 15 times.
2. Subtract 1 after step 1.
3. Divide number by 0.00007027 or multiply by 14230.
Example 91. Find

(I) log 4.221 (II) log 0.2312 (III) log 0.001294
Solution:
(I) First type 4.221 and press root for 15 times. After that subtract 1 from it . Now
divide it by 0.00007027 or multiply by 14230, thus we get
log 4.221 = 0.6254
(II) Following the above steps, we get
log 0.2312 = -0.636
(III) Following the above steps, we get
log 0.001294 = -2.88758
FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF LOGARITHMS

LAW 1
Logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the sum of the logarithms of the numbers
to the same base, i.e. loga mn = loga m + loga n
E.g.: loga(10) = loga(2 × 5) = loga 2 + loga 5
Example 92. log 20 can be expressed as

(a) log 2 + log 5 (b) log 5 + log 8
(c) log 5 + log 4 (d) None of these
Sol. (c) We know that, log ab = log a + log b
We have, log 20
= log(4 × 5) = log 4 + log 5
Example 93. log 6 + log 5 is expressed as
(a) log 11 (b) log 30 (c) log 5/6 (d) None of these
Sol. (b) We know that, log ab = log a + log b
Thus, log 6 + log 5 = log(6 × 5) = log 30
Example 94. log (1 × 2 × 3) is equal to
(a) log 1 + log 2 + log 3 (b) log 3
(c) log 2 (d) None of these
Sol. (a) We know that, log ab = log a + log b
Thus, log (1 × 2 × 3) = log 1 + log 2 + log 3
Example 95. If log x + log y = log (x + y), y can be expressed as
x
(a) x - 1 (b) x (c) (d) None of these
x−1
Sol. (c) We have, log x + log y = log (x + y) i.e., log xy = log (x + y)
Thus, xy = x + y
⇒ xy – y = x
⇒ y(x – 1) = x
x
⇒ y =
x−1
Example 96. Given log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771, the value of log 6 is
(a) 0.9030 (b) 0.9542 (c) 0.7781 (d) None of these
log ab = log a + log b
Thus, log 6 = log(2 × 3) = log 2 + log 3
= 0.3010 + 0.4771 = 0.7781
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART M)

1. Which of the following statements does not hold?
(a) log100 1 = 0 (b) log5 5 = 1
(c) log(2 + 3) = log(2 × 3) (d) log (1 × 2 × 3) = log 1 + log 2 + log 3
2. Given that log10 2 = x, log10 3 = y, then log10 60 is expressed in terms of x and y
(a) x – y + 1 (b) x + y + 1 (c) x – y – 1 (d) None of these
Answer Key
1. (c) 2. (b)

LAW 2
The logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is equal to the difference of their logarithms
 m
to the same base, i.e., loga=
 n  loga m − loga n
 27 
E.g.: log=
4 
log4 (27) − log4 (5 )
 5 
 32 
Example 97. log  is equal to
 4 
log 32
(a) (b) log 32 - log 4
log 4
(c) 23 (d) None of these

 a
Sol. (b) Using, log =
 b  log a − log b
 32 
Thus, log =
 4  log 32 − log 4

Example 98. log 20 – log 5 is equal to
(a) log 6 (b) log 16 (c) log 4 (d) None of these
 a
log =
 b  log a − log b
 20 
Thus, log 20 − log=
5 log  = log 4
 5 
Example 99. The simplified value of log10 5 + log10 8 – log10 4 is
1
2
loga mn = loga m + loga n
 m
loga=
 n  loga m − loga n
 5 × 8
Thus, log10 5 + log10 8 − log10 4 =
log10 
 4 
= log10(10) = 1
Therefore, log10 5 + log10 8 – log10 4 = 1.
Example 100. Given that log10 2 = x, log10 3 = y, then log10 1.2 is expressed in terms of x
and y as
(a) x + 2y – 1 (b) x + y – 1 (c) 2x + y – 1 (d) None of these
 12 
log10 1·2 log=
Thus, = 10 
log10 (12) − log10 (10)
 10 
= log10(2 × 2 × 3) – log10(10) = log10(22 × 3) – 1
= log10(22) + log10(3) – 1 = 2log10(2) + log10(3) – 1 = 2x + y – 1
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART N)

1. The value of log 500 - log 5 is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 10 (d) None of the above
2. If log102 = y and log103 = x, then the value of log1015 is (Dec 2022)
(a) x – y + 1 (b) x + y + 1
(c) x – y - 1 (d) y – x + 1
 x
3. If log3x = 2 and log3y = 3, what is the value of log3   ?
 y
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 5

10x
4. Given that log x = m + n and log y = m - n, the value of log is expressed in terms
y2
of m and n as
(a) 1 – m + 3n (b) m – 1 + 3n (c) m + 3n + 1 (d) None of these
Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a)
LAW 3
Logarithm of the number raised to the power is equal to the index of the power multiplied
by the logarithm of the number to the same base i.e. logamn = nlogam
E.g.: log2 24 = 4 log2 2
Example 103. log3 81 is equal to

Sol. (d) We have,
log3 81 = log3(34) = 4 log3(3) = 4(1) = 4
Therefore, log3 81 = 4
Example 104. The value of log 0.0001 to the base 0.1 is
1
(a) –4 (b) 4 (c) (d) None of these
4
Sol. (b) We have,
log 0.0001 to the base 0.1 which can be written as
= log0.1(0.0001) = log0.1(0.14) = 4 log0.1(0.1) = 4(1) = 4
Therefore, the value of log 0.0001 to the base 0.1 is 4.
 1 
Example 105. log  to the base 9 is equal to
 81 
1
(a) 2 (b) (c) –2 (d) None of these
2
 1 
Sol. (c) log  to the base 9 can be written as
 81 
1
 1  log 81 log 9−2 −2 log 9
= log9   = = = = −2
 81  log 9 log 9 log 9
 1 
Therefore, log  to the base 9 is equal to -2.
 81 
Example 106. The value of log2 [log2 {log3 (log3 273)}] is equal to
Sol. (c) We have,
log2 [log2 {log3 (log3 273)}]
= log2 [log2 {log3 (log3 273)}] = log2 [log2 {log3 (log3 (33)3)}]
= log2 [log2 {log3 (log3 39)}] = log2 [log2 {log3 (9 log3 3)}] = log2 [log2 {log3 9}]
= log2 [log2 {log3 32}] = log2 [log2 {2 log3 3}] = log2 [log2 2] = log2 1 = 0
Therefore, the value of log2 [log2 {log3 (log3 273)}] is equal to 0.
 1  1  1  1 
Example 107. log11  1 −  + log11  1 − 4  + log11  1 − 5  + … + log11  1 − 242 
 3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) –2 (d) None of these
 1  1  1  1 
Sol. (c) We have, log11  1 −  + log11  1 − 4  + log11  1 − 5  + ... + log11  1 − 242 
 3
 3 − 1  4 − 1  5 − 1  242 − 1 
⇒ log11  + log11  4  + log11  5  + … log11
 3   242 
 2  3  4 240 241
⇒ log11   + log11  4  + log11  5  +  + log 241 + log 242
 3
 2   1   1 
⇒ log11  
 242 
⇒ log11  
 121 
⇒ log11 
 112 
( )
⇒ log11 11−2 ⇒ −2 log11 11 ⇒ −2(1) ⇒ −2

Example: 108. The value of log(13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3) is equal to
(a) 3 log 1 + 3 log 2 + ... + 3 log n
(b) 2 log n + 2 log(n + 1) – 2 log 2
(c) log n + log(n + 1) + log(2n + 1) – log 6
(d) 1
2
 n(n + 1) 
Sol. (b) We know, Sum of cube of ‘n’ natural numbers =  
 2
Thus, log (13 + 23 + ... + n3)

2
 n(n + 1)   (n)(n + 1) 
= log
=   2 log  
 2   2 
= 2(log n + log (n + 1) – log 2 = 2log n + 2log(n + 1) – 2log 2
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART O)

−1
1. If log10000 x = , then x is given by:
4
1 1 1
100 10 20
2. If 2 log x = 4 log 3, then x is equal to

3. The value of log216 is
4. The value of log60 3 + log60 4 + log60 5 is
(a) log60 12 (b) log60 30 (c) 1 (d) 0

5  6 7  8
5. The value of log5   + log5   + log5   + log5   is
 6 7  8 5
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) -2

1
6. Solve: log10 4 − 2 log10 3 + log10 18
2
1
(a) 2 (b) (c) -2 (d) None of these
2

1
7. The simplified value of 2 log105 + log10 8 – log10 4 is
2
1
2
8. log [1 – {1- (1- x2)-1}-1]-1/2 can be written as
1
(a) log x2 (b) log x (c) log (d) None of these
x
Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b)
CHANGE OF BASE
loga m
logb m =
loga b
log10 27 log10 33 3 log10 3

log3 27
E.g.: = = = = 3
log10 3 log10 3 log10 3
21
Example 108. If log2 x + log4 x + log16 x = , these x is equal to
4
21
Sol. (a) Given: log2 x + log4 x + log16 x =
4
21
⇒ log2 x + log22 x + log24 x =
4
1 1 21  1 
⇒ log2 x + log2 x + = log2 x =
 logan x loga x
2 4 4 n 
 1 1 21
⇒ log2 x ×  1 + +  =
 2 4 4
7 21
⇒ log2 x × =
4 4
21 4
⇒ log2 x = × = 3
4 7
⇒ log2 x = 3
⇒ x = 23( loga b = c ⇒ b = ac)
⇒x = 8
Thus, the value of x is 8.
Example 109. The value of (logba × logcb × logac)3 is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) None of these
Sol. (c) We have, (logba × logc b × logac)3
log b
log a
3
 log a log b log c 
Thus, (logb a × logc b × loga c) = 
3
× ×  = (1)3 = 1
 log b log c log a 
Therefore, the value of (logba × logcb × logac)3 is equal to 1.
ANTILOGARITHM
If x is the logarithm of a given number n with a given base then n is called the antilogarithm
(antilog) of x to that base. This can be expressed as follows:
If logan = x then n = antilog x
To find Antilogarithm:
1. Multiply number by 0.000070274 or divide by 14230
2. Add 1 after step 1
3. Press “multiply & =” button for 15 times
Example 110. Find the antilog of

(i) 2.4523 (ii) -1.0451
Sol. (i) First multiply 2.4523 by 0.000070274 or divide by 14230 and then add 1 to
it. Now, press “multiply & =” button for 15 times, thus we get antilog (2.4523)
= 283.305
(ii) Type 1.0451 and then ‘+ -’ sign in the calculator to get -1.0451 or type ‘0 -
1.0451’.
Now multiply it by 0.000070274 or divide by 14230 and then add 1 to it. After
that, press “multiply & =” button for 15 times, thus we get antilog (-1.0451)
= 0.090114
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART P)

1. xa–c × xb–a × xc–b is equal to
(a) x (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
2. log2 16 is equal to

−1 −1
 8  3  32  5
3. The value of  × is
 27   243 
(a) 9/4 (b) 4/9 (c) 80 (d) 480
1
 n 2 −1  n + 1
4.  (x n
) n 
is equal to
 
(a) xn (b) xn + 1 (c) xn -1 (d) None of these
5. log
2
64 is equal to
25
6. If log4 x + log16 x + log64 x + log256 x =then the value of x is [July 2021]
6
(a) 64 (b) 4 (c) 16 (d) 2
7. The simplified value of log 4 7293 9−1 ·27 −4/3 is
(a) log 3 (b) log 2 (c) log1/2 (d) None of these

1 2
   
 
( )
8. logb  a 2  ⋅ logc b3 ⋅ loga  c 3  =
?
 
Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES AND LOGARITHM

2n + 2n − 1
1. Simplify
2n + 1 − 2n
(a) 1/2 (b) 3/2 (c) 2/3 (d) 1/3
2. The value of log4 9 . log3 2 is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 9 (d) 1
 x − y 1
3. If log
=   (log log x + log log y) , then the value of x2 + y2 is
 2  2
(a) 2xy (b) 4xy (c) 2x2y2 (d) 6xy

4. If log3 [log4 (log2 x)] = 0, then the value of ‘x’ will be
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 32
5. The ratio of the number of `5 coins and `10 coins is 8 : 15. If the value of `5 coins is
`360, then the number of `10 coins will be
(a) 72 (b) 120 (c) 135 (d) 185
6. There are a total of 23 coins of `1, `2 and `5 in a bag. If their value is `43 and the
ratio of coins of `1 and `2 is 3 : 2. Then the number of coins of `1 is
(a) 12 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 14
7. If log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771, then the value of log 24 is
(a) 1.0791 (b) 1.7323 (c) 1.3801 (d) 1.8301
8. If 3x = 5y = 75z, then
2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1
(a) x + y – z = 0 (b) x + y =z (c) x + y =z
(d) + =
x z y
1 1 1
9. The value of + + is
log3 60 log4 60 log5 60
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 60
10. An alloy is to certain copper and zinc in the ratio 9 : 4. The zinc required to melt with
24 kg of copper is
2 1 2
(a) 10 kg (b) 10 kg (c) 9 kg (d) 9 kg
3 3 3
11. A box contains `56 in the form of coins of one rupee, 50 paise and 25 paise. The number
of 50 paise coins is double the number of 25 paise coins and four times the number of
one rupee coins. The numbers of 50 paise coins in the box is
(a) 64 (b) 32 (c) 16 (d) 14
−1
12. If log10000 x = , then x is given by
4
1 1 1
(a) (b) (d) (d) None of these
100 10 20
13. Ratio of earning of A and B is 4 :7. If the earnings of A increase by 50% and those of B
decrease by 25%, the new ratio of their earnings becomes 8 : 7. What is A’s earning?
(a) `21000 (b) `28000
(c) `28000 (d) Data inadequate
14. The ratio compounded of duplicate ratio of 4 : 5, triplicate ratio of 3 : 2, sub duplicate
ratio 25 : 81 and sub–triplicate ratio of 1000 : 27 is
15. The third proportional between (a2 - b2) and (a + b)2 is
a+b a−b (a − b)2 (a + b)3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a−b a+b a+b a−b
16. If 2x – 2x-1 = 4, then xx is equal to
(a) 7 (b) 3 (c) 27 (d) 9
17. log 144 is equal to
(a) 2 log 4 + 2 log 2 (b) 4 log 2 + 2 log 3
(c) 3 log 2 + 4 log 3 (d) 3 log 2 - 4 log 3

18. The number which when subtracted from each of the terms of the ratio 19 : 31 reducing
it to 1 : 4 is [ICAI]
19. log3 4 . log4 5 . log5 6 . log6 7 . log7 8 . log8 9 equal to [Dec. 2022]
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
1
20. If loga ( 3) = , find the value of ‘a’ [Dec. 2020]
6
(a) 81 (b) 9 (c) 27 (d) 3
1 1
21. The value of + is given by [ICAI]
1+a y− x
1 + ax − y
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) None of these
22. log(1 + 2 + 3) is equal to [ICAI]
(a) log1 + log2 + log3 (b) log (1 × 2 × 3)
(c) Both (d) None of these
3x − 2 2
23. is the duplicate ratio of , then find the value of x [ICAI]
5x + 6 3
(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 9
3t −1
24. Find the value of 1
[ICAI]
−
t 3

3 3
3 3
(a) t 3 (b) t 2 (c) (d)
1
t2
t 3
1
25. 4, *, 9, 13 are in proportion. Then * is [ICAI]
2
Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a)
SUMMARY
RATIO
a
If a and b are two quantities in the same units, then the fraction is called the ratio
b
of a to b. It is written as a : b.
The quantities a and b are called the terms of the ratio, a is called the first term or
antecedent and b is called the second term or consequent.
The ratio compounded of the two ratios a : b and c : d is ac : bd.
A ratio compounded of itself is called its duplicate ratio given by a2 : b2 and the triplicate
ratio of a : b is a3 : b3.
Similarly, Sub- duplicate ratio of a : b is a1/2 : b1/2 and the sub-triplicate ratio of
a : b is a1/3 : b1/3.
Inverse ratio for any ratio a : b is b : a
Continued Ratio is the relation between three or more Quantities of the same kind. The
continued ratio of three similar quantities a, b, c is written as a : b : c.
PROPORTION
The quantities a, b, c, d are called terms of the proportion; a, b, c and d are called its
first, second, third and fourth terms respectively and a : b = c : d.
First and fourth terms are called extreme terms, whereas Second and third terms are
called means (or middle terms).
a c
If a : b = c : d are in proportion then = ⇒ ad = bc i.e.
b d
Product of extremes = Product of means. This is called the cross product rule.
Three quantities a, b, c of the same units are said to be in continuous proportion, then
the middle term b is called the mean proportional between a and c, a is the first
proportional and c is the third proportional.
Few properties of proportions :
a b
If a : b = b : c i.e., = ⇒ b2 = ac
b c
Invertendo: p : q = r : s ⇒ q : p = s : r
Alternendo: a : b = c : d ⇒ a : c = b : d
Componendo: a : b = c : d ⇒ a + b : b = c + d : d
Dividendo: a : b = c : d ⇒ a – b : b = c – d : d
Componendo & Dividendo: a : b = c : d ⇒ a + b : a – b = c + d : c – d
Addendo: a : b = c : d = a + c : b + d
Subtrahendo: a : b = c : d = a – c : b – d
Generalising: If a : b = c : d = e : f = ... each of these ratios = (a – c – e – ...) : (b – d
– f – ...)
Indices: (If base is same)
am × an = am+n
am/an = am–n
(am)n = amn
a° = 1
1 1
a −m
= = & −m am
am
a
If ax = ay, then x = y
If xa = ya, then x = y
n
a = a1/n
If ax = n, then x = loga n
loga a = 1
LOGARITHMS
If base of log is e, then it is a natural logarithm and if base is 10 then it is called common
logarithm.
loga (m/n) = loga m – loga n
loga mn = nloga m
loga 1 = 0
logb a × loga b = 1
log a
logb a =
log b
logb a × logc b = logc a
logb a = 1/loga b
= x (Inverse logarithm)
loga x
a


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CHAPTER

Ratio and Proportion,

3 15 For option (d): 20

3 15 , which is not true 3 3

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART A)

KEY CONCEPTS REGARDING RATIOS

Example 3. Which ratio is greater?

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 3

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 7

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART B)

Example 15. The inverse ratio of 11 : 15 is

(a) 15 : 11 (b) 11 : 15 (c) 121 : 225 (d) None of these

(a) 7 (b) 35 (c) 35 (d) None of these

Greater Inequality Ratio Less Inequality Ratio

Example 19. The ratio compounded of 5 : 6,9 : 2,4 : 3 and 1 : 5 is

Example 23. The duplicate ratio of 5 : 9 is

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 11

SUB DUPLICATE RATIO

E.g.: For ratio 4 : 9, its sub duplicate ratio will be 4 : 9 = 2:3

SUB TRIPLICATE RATIO

E.g.: For ratio 8 : 27, its sub triplicate ratio will be 8: 27 = 2 : 3

Example 25. The sub-duplicate ratio of 121 : 25 is

Sol. (d) We know that, a : b is the sub-duplicate ratio of a : b.

Sol. (b) We know that, 3

The sub duplicate ratio 25 : 81 is 25 : 81 = 5 : 9

The sub – triplicate ratio of 1000 : 27 is 3

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 13

Sol. (c) Detailed method:

On squaring both the sides, we get

Thus, the sub-duplicate ratio of p - x2 : q - x2, is

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 15

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART D)

Example 37. 8, 12, * , 15 are in proportion. Then * is

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 17

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 19

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART E)

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 21

Thus, a+b+c 4k + 5k + 9k 18k

Sol. (b) We know that,

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 23

(a) 2 : 9 (b) 7 : 2 (c) 7 : 9 (d) None of these

Example 54. If a : b = 4 : 1, then a b is : (ICAI)

Sol. (a) Given, a : b = 4 : 1

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 25

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 27

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART F)

Example 61. The values of

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 29

Example 62. The values of

Calculator trick to find nth root:

E.g.: To find (16) 4

(I) 4 (II) 16–4 (III) (3)–3 (IV) 9–5

Sol. (c) (I) 4 = 2×2 = 2

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (PART G)

Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithm 31

Hence, the correct option is (d).

(a) 3 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) None of these

Example 66. The value of 2 x 32 ( ) 5

Sol. (c) To find: 2 x 32 ( ) 5

Example 54. If a : b = 4 : 1, then a b is : (ICAI)

Example 84. If x= y= z z and xyz = 1, then the value of p + q + r is (ICAI)

= log2 3 (2 3)6  (x × y)m = x m × ym 

= 6 log2 3 (2 3)  log x n = n log x 

Calculator Trick to find out Logarithm: