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DBMS Chapter 1

DBMS

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21 views23 pages

DBMS Chapter 1

DBMS

Uploaded by

nireekshashetty.puttur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATABASE AND USERS

DATABASE TERMINOLOGIES
• Data: It is a known facts that can be recorded
either manually electronically and have implicit
meaning.
Eg: Name, telephone numbers, place, address
• Data is primarily classified into two types
Numeric and Alphanumeric
• Datum: is a singular form of data (single piece of
information)
• Automation of data: keeping data in electronic
device
Different options to store data
1. Storing data in variable: it will be stored in primary storage
RAM. It is volatile in nature
2. Storing in file system: it is collection of related data stored
in secondary storage-hard disk

Disadvantages of file system


1. Data redundancy (Duplication of data) and inconsistency
The same data may be stored in several files. This redundancy
leads to higher storage. Since all these files are independent to
each other, it may lead to data inconsistency that is various
copies of the same data in different files may not match.
Eg: A student record might be stored in college office, library and
in examination department. When any changes are required in
student details then it has to be updated in all places otherwise, it
will create a risk of outdated values of data.
2. Accessing Anomalies (Difficulty in accessing data)
Accessing anomalies means it is not easy to access
data in desired way. The conventional file processing
system do not allow data to retrieved in a convenient
and efficient manner according to user choice.
Eg: If HOD wants those student details having
attendance shortage in two or more subjects or who
have secured more than 75% in examination, then we
require to create separate programs for each of these
requirement.
3. Poor Data Integrity
A collection of data is integrated only if it meets certain
consistency constraints (data validation). A programmer puts
these constraints in the programs by adding appropriate code.
In file system poor data integrity arises because it is very
difficult to add new constraint each time when new constraints
are to be added.
Eg: A maximum marks for subject can never be more than 100.
4. Poor data security
There is no security provided in file system to secure the data
from unauthorized access. Anyone can easily modify and
change the data stored in the files.
Eg: If student can access his data in the library, then he can
easily change book issued date and also he can change fine
details to zero.
All the users must have some restriction of accessing data up to
a certain level.
5. Atomicity Problem
Atomicity means, system should ensures that either all the steps in
transaction are executed successfully or none of them. If any step fails, the
system rollback the entire transaction to ensure that the database remains
consistent state. It is difficult to ensure atomicity in a file processing system
when transaction failure occurs due to power failure, networking problems
etc.
Eg: if you are buying a ticket from railway and you are in the process of
money transaction. Suddenly your internet got disconnected then you may or
may not have paid for the ticket. If you have paid then your ticket has to be
booked and if not, nothing should be charged to the passenger.

6. Data Isolation
In file system data are scattered in various files and it may be in different
formats. Writing program to retrieve the appropriate data is difficult.

7. Concurrent access
In the file processing system it is not possible to access a same file for
different transactions at same time.
DATABASE TERMINOLOGIES
• Record: It is a collection of related data items
• Information: It is a processed form of data on
which decisions are based and provides
meaningful values.
Eg: “The age of Ravi is 25”
• Database: It is an organized collection of related
information.
• Knowledge: It is practical use of information.

In order to store and manage the database we


require DBMS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
DBMS: It is a program which provides the user with the facility
to define, to store, to retrieve, to manage, to modify and to
control the access to the data in the database.
Eg: MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, IBM DB2 etc are a very popular
commercial DBMS which is used in different applications.
Facilities of DBMS
1. Defining - Specification of the data types , structures, and
constraints.
2. Constructing - The process of storing the data itself on some
media.
3. Manipulating - Includes functions such as querying, updating
and generating reports.
4. Sharing - Concurrently accessing the database by multiple
users and applications.
Database Users
Users may be divided into:
• Those who actually use and control the
database content, and those who design,
develop and maintain database applications
called Actors on the scene.
• Those who design and develop the DBMS
software and related tools and the computer
systems operators called Workers behind the
scene.
Workers behind the scene
• DBMS system designers and implementers:
design and implement the DBMS modules and
interfaces as a software package.
• Tool developers: design and implement tools-the
software packages that facilitate database
modeling and design, database system design
and improved performance.
• Operators and maintenance personnel: are
responsible for the actual running and
maintenance of the hardware and software
environment for the database system.

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